Chlorination of tetrachloroethylene at 100–140 °C with the presence of ferric chloride is the most commonly used commercial production method, however several other methods exist. A high purity form can be produced in a small scale by reacting chlorine together with barium carbide.[4]: 101 In September 1997, it was reported as no longer being produced in the United States for commercial distribution, but was produced as a by-product of industrial chlorination process.[4]: 101
Applications
Hexachloroethane has been used in the formulation of extreme pressure lubricants. It has also been used as a chain transfer agent in the emulsion polymerization of propylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer. Hexachloroethane has been used as an anthelmintic in veterinary medicine, a rubber accelerator, a component of fungicidal and insecticidal formulations as well as a moth repellant and a plasticizer for cellulose esters.[3]
Hexachloroethane has been used in the manufacture of degassing pellets to remove hydrogen gas bubbles from molten aluminum in aluminum foundries. This use, as well as similar uses in magnesium, is being phased out in the European Union.[5]
Use as smoke agent
Smoke grenades, called hexachloroethane smoke or HC smoke, utilize a mixture containing roughly equal parts of hexachloroethane and zinc oxide and approximately 6% granular aluminium. These smokes are toxic, which is attributed to the production of zinc chloride (ZnCl2).[6][7] According to Steinritz et al., "Due to its potential pulmonary toxicity," zinc chloride producing smoke grenades "have been discharged from the armory of most western countries (...)."[8]
Use as a riot control agent
HC smoke grenades, often used as smoke agents in combat, were used against protesters in Portland by Federal Protective Services and the Department of Homeland Security in Portland, Oregon during protests against police brutality. HC smoke began to be used more often by federal forces during Operation Diligent Valor. Despite numerous smoke canisters labeled "HC" being photographed by journalists and unusual levels of zinc and chloride, the two dominant combustion elements in HC smoke canisters, being found at protest locations, Rob Sperling, communications director for the Federal Protective Services denied the use of HC, claiming, "FPS doesn't have any items that contain HC."[9] The Portland Bureau of Environmental Services requested safety data sheets from FPS regarding the use of HC smoke. The request was denied.[9] While HC smoke has been most extensively used by FPS in Portland, Or during 2020-21 protests, police departments in other American cities, such as Milwaukee, Wi and Denver, Co have also purchased HC smoke canisters.[10] Most documented uses of HC smoke as a riot control agent occurred in the United States, with little being known about its use by other governments.
Health effects
Many protesters reported vomiting and a continued loss of appetite when exposed to the toxic smoke. Some have also reported changes in menstrual cycles. Despite its continued use by FPS as a riot control agent, the Department of Defense has begun to phase out the use of HC smoke after a 1994 report by the U.S. Army Biomedical Research and Development Laboratory due to ensure the safety of US soldiers, noting that, "Exposure of unprotected soldiers to high concentrations of HC smoke for even a few minutes has resulted in injuries and fatalities."[11] While HC related injuries have been common in Portland, Or, no deaths due to the use of HC smoke have been reported.
^ abcSnedecor, Gayle (1999). "Hexachloroethane". In Kroschwitz, Jacqueline I. (ed.). Kirk-Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 428. ISBN978-0471419617.
^ECHA, Annex XVII to REACH – Conditions of restriction, Restrictions on the manufacture, placing on the market and use of certain dangerous substances, mixtures and articles, entry 41: hexachloroethane
^(PDF). Australian Department of Veteran Affairs. December 2003. p. E-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-13. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
^National Research Council (1997). Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants, volume 1. Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. p. 127
^Steinritz, D., Zehfuß, F., Stenger, B., Schmidt, A., Popp, T., Kehe, K., Mückter, H., Thiermann, H., Gudermann, T. (2018). Zinc chloride-induced TRPA1 activation does not contribute to toxicity in vitro. Toxicology Letters, 293, 133–139. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.09.008
^ ab"Military-grade HC smoke used against Portland protesters". KOIN.com. 2020-10-20. Retrieved 2021-06-16.
^"Police deployed potentially lethal chemical during Black Lives Matter protests". Salon. 2021-02-21. Retrieved 2021-06-16.
^Lerner, Sharon (October 10, 2020). "Toxic Chemical Smoke Grenades Used in Portland". The Intercept. Retrieved 2021-06-16.
^ ab"Documentation for Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health Concentrations (IDLHs) Hexachloroethane". NIOSH. May 1994. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
US Government Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ToxFAQs for Hexachloroethane
US CDC NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
Scorecard.org chemical profile
US EPA Hexachloroethane fact sheet
May 01, 2023
hexachloroethane, also, known, perchloroethane, organochlorine, compound, with, chemical, formula, ccl3, white, solid, room, temperature, with, camphor, like, odor, been, used, military, smoke, compositions, such, base, eject, smoke, munitions, smoke, grenades. Hexachloroethane also known as perchloroethane is the organochlorine compound with the chemical formula CCl3 2 It is white solid at room temperature with a camphor like odor 3 It has been used by the military in smoke compositions such as base eject smoke munitions smoke grenades Hexachloroethane NamesPreferred IUPAC name HexachloroethaneOther names Carbon hexachloride Ethane hexachloride PerchloroethaneIdentifiersCAS Number 67 72 1 Y3D model JSmol Interactive imageChEBI CHEBI 39227 YChEMBL ChEMBL160929 YChemSpider 5979 YECHA InfoCard 100 000 606EC Number 200 666 4KEGG C19248 NPubChem CID 6214UNII G30K3QQT4J YCompTox Dashboard EPA DTXSID7020689InChI InChI 1S C2Cl6 c3 1 4 5 2 6 7 8 YKey VHHHONWQHHHLTI UHFFFAOYSA N YInChI 1 C2Cl6 c3 1 4 5 2 6 7 8Key VHHHONWQHHHLTI UHFFFAOYADSMILES ClC Cl Cl C Cl Cl ClPropertiesChemical formula C2Cl6Molar mass 236 74 g molAppearance colorless crystals 1 Odor camphor like 1 Density 2 091 g mL at 25 CMelting point sublimesBoiling point 183 to 185 C 361 to 365 F 456 to 458 K Solubility in water 0 005 22 2 C 1 Vapor pressure 0 2 mmHg 20 C 1 Magnetic susceptibility x 112 7 10 6 cm3 molHazardsOccupational safety and health OHS OSH Main hazards Probable carcinogen dangerous CNS depressionNFPA 704 fire diamond 200Flash point noncombustible 1 Lethal dose or concentration LD LC LD50 median dose 4460 mg kg rat oral 4970 mg kg guinea pig oral 2 NIOSH US health exposure limits PEL Permissible TWA 1 ppm 10 mg m3 skin 1 REL Recommended Ca TWA 1 ppm 10 mg m3 skin 1 IDLH Immediate danger Ca 300 ppm 1 Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 C 77 F 100 kPa N verify what is Y N Infobox references Contents 1 Manufacture 2 Applications 2 1 Use as smoke agent 2 2 Use as a riot control agent 2 2 1 Health effects 3 Toxicity 4 References 5 External linksManufacture EditChlorination of tetrachloroethylene at 100 140 C with the presence of ferric chloride is the most commonly used commercial production method however several other methods exist A high purity form can be produced in a small scale by reacting chlorine together with barium carbide 4 101 In September 1997 it was reported as no longer being produced in the United States for commercial distribution but was produced as a by product of industrial chlorination process 4 101 Applications EditHexachloroethane has been used in the formulation of extreme pressure lubricants It has also been used as a chain transfer agent in the emulsion polymerization of propylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer Hexachloroethane has been used as an anthelmintic in veterinary medicine a rubber accelerator a component of fungicidal and insecticidal formulations as well as a moth repellant and a plasticizer for cellulose esters 3 Hexachloroethane has been used in the manufacture of degassing pellets to remove hydrogen gas bubbles from molten aluminum in aluminum foundries This use as well as similar uses in magnesium is being phased out in the European Union 5 Use as smoke agent Edit Smoke grenades called hexachloroethane smoke or HC smoke utilize a mixture containing roughly equal parts of hexachloroethane and zinc oxide and approximately 6 granular aluminium These smokes are toxic which is attributed to the production of zinc chloride ZnCl2 6 7 According to Steinritz et al Due to its potential pulmonary toxicity zinc chloride producing smoke grenades have been discharged from the armory of most western countries 8 Use as a riot control agent Edit HC smoke grenades often used as smoke agents in combat were used against protesters in Portland by Federal Protective Services and the Department of Homeland Security in Portland Oregon during protests against police brutality HC smoke began to be used more often by federal forces during Operation Diligent Valor Despite numerous smoke canisters labeled HC being photographed by journalists and unusual levels of zinc and chloride the two dominant combustion elements in HC smoke canisters being found at protest locations Rob Sperling communications director for the Federal Protective Services denied the use of HC claiming FPS doesn t have any items that contain HC 9 The Portland Bureau of Environmental Services requested safety data sheets from FPS regarding the use of HC smoke The request was denied 9 While HC smoke has been most extensively used by FPS in Portland Or during 2020 21 protests police departments in other American cities such as Milwaukee Wi and Denver Co have also purchased HC smoke canisters 10 Most documented uses of HC smoke as a riot control agent occurred in the United States with little being known about its use by other governments Health effects Edit Many protesters reported vomiting and a continued loss of appetite when exposed to the toxic smoke Some have also reported changes in menstrual cycles Despite its continued use by FPS as a riot control agent the Department of Defense has begun to phase out the use of HC smoke after a 1994 report by the U S Army Biomedical Research and Development Laboratory due to ensure the safety of US soldiers noting that Exposure of unprotected soldiers to high concentrations of HC smoke for even a few minutes has resulted in injuries and fatalities 11 While HC related injuries have been common in Portland Or no deaths due to the use of HC smoke have been reported Toxicity EditHexachloroethane is not particularly toxic when taken orally 12 but is considered to be quite toxic by skin adsorption The primary effect is depression of the central nervous system 3 The concentration that is immediately dangerous to life or health is 300 ppm and the permissible exposure limit according to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration is 1 ppm skin 12 It is reasonably anticipated to be a carcinogen 13 References Edit a b c d e f g h NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards 0316 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH Hexachloroethane Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations IDLH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH a b c Snedecor Gayle 1999 Hexachloroethane In Kroschwitz Jacqueline I ed Kirk Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 4th ed New York John Wiley amp Sons Inc p 428 ISBN 978 0471419617 a b Hexachloroethane 101 PDF September 1997 ECHA Annex XVII to REACH Conditions of restriction Restrictions on the manufacture placing on the market and use of certain dangerous substances mixtures and articles entry 41 hexachloroethane Appendix E Smoke And Masking Agents PDF Australian Department of Veteran Affairs December 2003 p E 3 Archived from the original PDF on 2014 02 13 Retrieved 2012 10 04 National Research Council 1997 Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants volume 1 Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants Washington DC National Academy Press p 127 Steinritz D Zehfuss F Stenger B Schmidt A Popp T Kehe K Muckter H Thiermann H Gudermann T 2018 Zinc chloride induced TRPA1 activation does not contribute to toxicity in vitro Toxicology Letters 293 133 139 doi 10 1016 j toxlet 2017 09 008 a b Military grade HC smoke used against Portland protesters KOIN com 2020 10 20 Retrieved 2021 06 16 Police deployed potentially lethal chemical during Black Lives Matter protests Salon 2021 02 21 Retrieved 2021 06 16 Lerner Sharon October 10 2020 Toxic Chemical Smoke Grenades Used in Portland The Intercept Retrieved 2021 06 16 a b Documentation for Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health Concentrations IDLHs Hexachloroethane NIOSH May 1994 Retrieved 2012 10 04 Report on Carcinogens Twelfth Edition Hexachloroethane PDF NIH 2011 Retrieved 2012 10 04 External links EditUS Government Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ToxFAQs for Hexachloroethane US CDC NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards Scorecard org chemical profile US EPA Hexachloroethane fact sheet Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hexachloroethane amp oldid 1123206184, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
