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Slovak literature

April 12, 2024

Slovak literature is the literature of Slovakia.

History edit

Middle Ages edit

The first monuments of literature from territory now included in present-day Slovakia are from the time of Great Moravia (from 863 to the early 10th century). Authors from this period are Saint Cyril, Saint Methodius and Clement of Ohrid. Works from this period, mostly written on Christian topics include: the poem Proglas as a foreword to the four Gospels, partial translations of the Bible into Old Church Slavonic, Zakon sudnyj ljudem, etc.

The medieval period covers the span from the 11th to the 15th century. Literature in this period was written in Latin, Czech and slovakized Czech. Lyric poetry (prayers, songs and formulas) was still under the influence of the Church, while epic poetry concentrated on legends. Authors from this period include Johannes de Thurocz, author of the Chronica Hungarorum, and Maurus. Secular literature also emerged and chronicles were written in this period.

1500–1650 edit

Literature of a national character first emerged in the 16th century, much later than for other national literatures. Latin dominated as the written language in the 16th century. Besides Church topics, there was a development of antique topics, related to ancient Greece and Rome.

The first Slovak language book printed in territory of today Slovakia is Bardejov Catechism of 1581.[1][2][3][4][5][6]

 
Bardejov Catechism

An early Slovak Renaissance love poem is the anonymous epic Siládi and Hadmázi (1560), set against a background of the Turkish incursions into Central Europe.[7]

Juraj Tranovský was sometimes called the father of Slovak hymnody and issued several collections of hymns, the first being the Latin Odarum Sacrarum sive Hymnorum Libri III in 1629, but his most important and most famous word was Cithara Sanctorum (Lyre of the Saints), written in Czech, which appeared in 1636 in Levoča. This latter volume has formed the basis of Czech and Slovak Lutheran hymnody to the present day. Against the background of the scarcity of Slovak literature, Tranovský's Slovak hymns formed a source for raising national consciousness.[7]

1650–1780 edit

With the distinction between religious and secular literature that had started to develop in the Renaissance period, the religious conflicts in Slovakia during the Baroque period led to a clear division between sacred and profane.

Daniel Sinapius-Horčička wrote Latin poems and school dramas, religious prose, proverbs and select Slovak spiritual poetry. His prose displays national consciousness, lauding Slovak and criticizing the lack of patriotism among his fellow Slovaks.

Hugolín Gavlovič authored religious, moral, and educational writings in the contemporary West Slovak vernacular, and was a prominent representative of baroque literature in Slovakia. His most famous piece of work is Valašská škola, mravúv stodola, a work of 17,862 verses, as well as numerous versified couplet-marginalia.

1780–1840 edit

Slovak Classicism was part of the larger European neo-Classicist movement of the Enlightenment. The rise of nationalism in the aftermath of the French Revolution gave rise to a national revival in literature. Until the mid-nineteenth century, Slovak was generally written in the form of Czech, with various degrees of Slovakization.[8] Anton Bernolák's Gramatica Slavika used a West Slovak dialect as the standard written form, a transitional step to modern literary Slovak, but ultimately a failure. Even so, significant works were published using Bernolák's standards, beginning with Juraj Fándly's 1879 Dúverná zmlúva medzi mňíchom a ďáblom (An intimate treaty between the monk and the Devil). Lutheran Slovaks like Augustin Dolezal, Juraj Palkovič and Pavel Jozef Šafárik tended to prefer a common Czech-Slovak identity and language.

The first Hungarian newspaper Magyar Hirmondó was published in Pressburg (Bratislava) in 1780, followed in 1783 by the first Slovak newspaper, a short-lived periodical, Prešpurské Noviny in 1783.[9]

Jozef Ignác Bajza is best known for his novel René mláďenca príhodi a skúsenosťi (original, modern spelling René mládenca príhody a skúsenosti – 1784), which was the first novel written in Slovak.

Pan-Slavic unity served as the template for many poems of this period. Ján Kollár's collection of 150 poems, Slávy Dcera, glorifies pan-Slavic ideals in three cantos named after the Saale, Elbe and Danube. Jan Holly's epic poem Svätopluk, published in 1833, serves as the most significant text of the period.[10]

1840–1871 edit

Ľudovít Štúr was the leader of the Slovak national revival in the 19th century, the creator of standard Slovak, eventually leading to the modern standard Slovak. The central Slovak dialect was chosen as the basis of the standard language. Štúr's codification work was disapproved by Ján Kollár and the Czechs, who saw it as an act of Slovak withdrawal from the idea of a common Czecho-Slovak nation and a weakening of solidarity. But the majority of Slovak scholars, including the Catholics (using Bernolák's codification until then), welcomed the notion of codification. In 1844, he wrote Nárečja slovenskuo alebo potreba písaňja v tomto nárečí ("The Slovak dialect or the necessity to write in this dialect"). In 1853 the only compilation of his poetry, Spevy a piesne ("Singings and songs") was published in Pressburg.

Janko Kráľ was one of the first poets to start writing in modern Slovak standard freshly codified (in 1843) by Ľudovít Štúr and his companions.

Dramatist Ján Chalupka's first works were in Czech, but after 1848 he started writing in Slovak and translated Czech originals into Slovak.

1872–1917 edit

Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav wrote his youthful poems only in Hungarian until the 1860s. In 1871 he participated in the preparation of the Almanach Napred ("Forward") which marks the beginning of a new literary generation in Slovak literature. He introduced the syllabic-tonic verse into Slovak poetry and became leading representative of Slovak literary realism. His style is characterized by extensive use of self-coined words and expressions making it difficult to translate his works into foreign languages.

Martin Kukučín was the most notable representative of Slovak literary realism, and is considered to be one of the founders of modern Slovak prose.

1918–1945 edit

As a result of the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and subsequent establishment of Czechoslovakia, the sociolinguistic pressures of Magyarization disappeared.[11] During the interwar period, the preeminence of poetry gave way to prose.[12] Milo Urban's 1927 work Živý bič (The Living Whip) and Jozef Cíger-Hronský's 1933 novel Jozef Mak both focused on the village, and the nature of change.

During the turbulent years of the Slovak Republic and reestablishment of Czechoslovakia, two separate literary movements dominated, the lyrical prose of Hronský, František Švantner, Dobroslav Chrobák, Ľudo Ondrejov and Margita Figuli (Three Chestnut Horses), and the Slovak surrealists (Štefan Žáry, Rudolf Fabry, Pavel Bunčák and others).

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20049794/slovak-national-library-publishes-oldest-book-in-slovakia.html
  2. ^ https://ikaros.cz/bardejovsky-katechizmus-z-roku-1581-najstarsia-slovenska-kniha
  3. ^ https://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.cf230c1d-ecb4-335a-b32d-b993f5cc3116
  4. ^ https://kultura.pravda.sk/kniha/clanok/345904-kniha-tyzdna-najstarsia-dolozena-vytlacena-slovenska-kniha/
  5. ^ https://www.teraz.sk/kultura/sr-bratislava-bardejovsky-katechizmus/81390-clanok.html
  6. ^ https://www.loc.gov/item/2021666943/
  7. ^ a b Petro, Peter (1995). A History of Slovak Literature. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 0853238901.
  8. ^ Murray, Christopher John. Encyclopedia of the romantic era, 1760–1850, Volume 1. 2004, p.244
  9. ^ Seton-Watson, RW (1965). A History of the Czechs and Slovaks. Hamden: Archon.
  10. ^ Petro, Peter. A History of Slovak Literature. 1995, p.59
  11. ^ Petro, Peter. A History of Slovak Literature. 1995, p.131
  12. ^ Petro, Peter.A History of Slovak Literature. 1995, p.134

External links edit

  • Zlatý fond denníka SME – Slovak digital library (in Slovak)
  • Slovak literature in English translations, Slovak Studies Program, University of Pittsburgh
  • Slavic Literature Resources from the Slavic Reference Service, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign[permanent dead link]
  • Slovak Drama in Translation
  • Toronto Slavic Quarterly
  • Penniless Press
  • THE LONDON MAGAZINE
  • STAND Magazine
  • Diversity – Collection of poetry, fiction and essay of PEN International 1

April 12, 2024
slovak, literature, literature, slovakia, contents, history, middle, ages, 1500, 1650, 1650, 1780, 1780, 1840, 1840, 1871, 1872, 1917, 1918, 1945, also, references, external, linkshistory, editmiddle, ages, edit, first, monuments, literature, from, territory, . Slovak literature is the literature of Slovakia Contents 1 History 1 1 Middle Ages 1 2 1500 1650 1 3 1650 1780 1 4 1780 1840 1 5 1840 1871 1 6 1872 1917 1 7 1918 1945 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksHistory editMiddle Ages edit The first monuments of literature from territory now included in present day Slovakia are from the time of Great Moravia from 863 to the early 10th century Authors from this period are Saint Cyril Saint Methodius and Clement of Ohrid Works from this period mostly written on Christian topics include the poem Proglas as a foreword to the four Gospels partial translations of the Bible into Old Church Slavonic Zakon sudnyj ljudem etc The medieval period covers the span from the 11th to the 15th century Literature in this period was written in Latin Czech and slovakized Czech Lyric poetry prayers songs and formulas was still under the influence of the Church while epic poetry concentrated on legends Authors from this period include Johannes de Thurocz author of the Chronica Hungarorum and Maurus Secular literature also emerged and chronicles were written in this period 1500 1650 edit Literature of a national character first emerged in the 16th century much later than for other national literatures Latin dominated as the written language in the 16th century Besides Church topics there was a development of antique topics related to ancient Greece and Rome The first Slovak language book printed in territory of today Slovakia is Bardejov Catechism of 1581 1 2 3 4 5 6 nbsp Bardejov CatechismAn early Slovak Renaissance love poem is the anonymous epic Siladi and Hadmazi 1560 set against a background of the Turkish incursions into Central Europe 7 Juraj Tranovsky was sometimes called the father of Slovak hymnody and issued several collections of hymns the first being the Latin Odarum Sacrarum sive Hymnorum Libri III in 1629 but his most important and most famous word was Cithara Sanctorum Lyre of the Saints written in Czech which appeared in 1636 in Levoca This latter volume has formed the basis of Czech and Slovak Lutheran hymnody to the present day Against the background of the scarcity of Slovak literature Tranovsky s Slovak hymns formed a source for raising national consciousness 7 1650 1780 edit With the distinction between religious and secular literature that had started to develop in the Renaissance period the religious conflicts in Slovakia during the Baroque period led to a clear division between sacred and profane Daniel Sinapius Horcicka wrote Latin poems and school dramas religious prose proverbs and select Slovak spiritual poetry His prose displays national consciousness lauding Slovak and criticizing the lack of patriotism among his fellow Slovaks Hugolin Gavlovic authored religious moral and educational writings in the contemporary West Slovak vernacular and was a prominent representative of baroque literature in Slovakia His most famous piece of work is Valasska skola mravuv stodola a work of 17 862 verses as well as numerous versified couplet marginalia 1780 1840 edit Slovak Classicism was part of the larger European neo Classicist movement of the Enlightenment The rise of nationalism in the aftermath of the French Revolution gave rise to a national revival in literature Until the mid nineteenth century Slovak was generally written in the form of Czech with various degrees of Slovakization 8 Anton Bernolak s Gramatica Slavika used a West Slovak dialect as the standard written form a transitional step to modern literary Slovak but ultimately a failure Even so significant works were published using Bernolak s standards beginning with Juraj Fandly s 1879 Duverna zmluva medzi mnichom a dablom An intimate treaty between the monk and the Devil Lutheran Slovaks like Augustin Dolezal Juraj Palkovic and Pavel Jozef Safarik tended to prefer a common Czech Slovak identity and language The first Hungarian newspaper Magyar Hirmondo was published in Pressburg Bratislava in 1780 followed in 1783 by the first Slovak newspaper a short lived periodical Prespurske Noviny in 1783 9 Jozef Ignac Bajza is best known for his novel Rene mladenca prihodi a skusenosti original modern spelling Rene mladenca prihody a skusenosti 1784 which was the first novel written in Slovak Pan Slavic unity served as the template for many poems of this period Jan Kollar s collection of 150 poems Slavy Dcera glorifies pan Slavic ideals in three cantos named after the Saale Elbe and Danube Jan Holly s epic poem Svatopluk published in 1833 serves as the most significant text of the period 10 1840 1871 edit Ľudovit Stur was the leader of the Slovak national revival in the 19th century the creator of standard Slovak eventually leading to the modern standard Slovak The central Slovak dialect was chosen as the basis of the standard language Stur s codification work was disapproved by Jan Kollar and the Czechs who saw it as an act of Slovak withdrawal from the idea of a common Czecho Slovak nation and a weakening of solidarity But the majority of Slovak scholars including the Catholics using Bernolak s codification until then welcomed the notion of codification In 1844 he wrote Narecja slovenskuo alebo potreba pisanja v tomto nareci The Slovak dialect or the necessity to write in this dialect In 1853 the only compilation of his poetry Spevy a piesne Singings and songs was published in Pressburg Janko Kraľ was one of the first poets to start writing in modern Slovak standard freshly codified in 1843 by Ľudovit Stur and his companions Dramatist Jan Chalupka s first works were in Czech but after 1848 he started writing in Slovak and translated Czech originals into Slovak 1872 1917 edit Pavol Orszagh Hviezdoslav wrote his youthful poems only in Hungarian until the 1860s In 1871 he participated in the preparation of the Almanach Napred Forward which marks the beginning of a new literary generation in Slovak literature He introduced the syllabic tonic verse into Slovak poetry and became leading representative of Slovak literary realism His style is characterized by extensive use of self coined words and expressions making it difficult to translate his works into foreign languages Martin Kukucin was the most notable representative of Slovak literary realism and is considered to be one of the founders of modern Slovak prose 1918 1945 edit As a result of the breakup of the Austro Hungarian Empire and subsequent establishment of Czechoslovakia the sociolinguistic pressures of Magyarization disappeared 11 During the interwar period the preeminence of poetry gave way to prose 12 Milo Urban s 1927 work Zivy bic The Living Whip and Jozef Ciger Hronsky s 1933 novel Jozef Mak both focused on the village and the nature of change During the turbulent years of the Slovak Republic and reestablishment of Czechoslovakia two separate literary movements dominated the lyrical prose of Hronsky Frantisek Svantner Dobroslav Chrobak Ľudo Ondrejov and Margita Figuli Three Chestnut Horses and the Slovak surrealists Stefan Zary Rudolf Fabry Pavel Buncak and others See also editHistory of Slovak Slovak poetry Slovak proseReferences edit https spectator sme sk c 20049794 slovak national library publishes oldest book in slovakia html https ikaros cz bardejovsky katechizmus z roku 1581 najstarsia slovenska kniha https cejsh icm edu pl cejsh element bwmeta1 element cf230c1d ecb4 335a b32d b993f5cc3116 https kultura pravda sk kniha clanok 345904 kniha tyzdna najstarsia dolozena vytlacena slovenska kniha https www teraz sk kultura sr bratislava bardejovsky katechizmus 81390 clanok html https www loc gov item 2021666943 a b Petro Peter 1995 A History of Slovak Literature Liverpool Liverpool University Press ISBN 0853238901 Murray Christopher John Encyclopedia of the romantic era 1760 1850 Volume 1 2004 p 244 Seton Watson RW 1965 A History of the Czechs and Slovaks Hamden Archon Petro Peter A History of Slovak Literature 1995 p 59 Petro Peter A History of Slovak Literature 1995 p 131 Petro Peter A History of Slovak Literature 1995 p 134External links editZlaty fond dennika SME Slovak digital library in Slovak Slovak literature in English translations Slovak Studies Program University of Pittsburgh Slavic Literature Resources from the Slavic Reference Service University of Illinois Urbana Champaign permanent dead link Slovak Drama in Translation Toronto Slavic Quarterly Penniless Press THE LONDON MAGAZINE STAND Magazine Diversity Collection of poetry fiction and essay of PEN International 1 Diversity Collection of poetry fiction and essay of PEN International 2 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Slovak literature amp oldid 1208389505, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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