Titus Salt
Sir Titus Salt, 1st Baronet (20 September 1803 – 29 December 1876) was a manufacturer, politician and philanthropist in Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, who is best known for having built Salt's Mill, a large textile mill, together with the attached village of Saltaire, West Yorkshire.
Titus Salt | |
|---|---|
Illustration of Salt, 1872 | |
| Member of Parliament for Bradford | |
| In office 19 May 1859 – 1 February 1861 Serving with Henry Wickham Wickham | |
| Preceded by | Thomas Perronet Thompson |
| Succeeded by | William Edward Forster |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 20 September 1803 Morley, Yorkshire, England |
| Died | 29 December 1876 (aged 73) Lightcliffe, Yorkshire, England |
| Resting place | Saltaire Congregational Church |
| Political party | Liberal |
| Spouse | Caroline Whitlam (m. 1830) |
| Children | 11 |
| Education | Batley Grammar School |
| Occupation | Manufacturer, politician |
| Known for | Founding of Saltaire |
Early life edit
Titus Salt was born in 1803 to Daniel Salt, a drysalter and then a sheep farmer, and Grace Smithies, daughter of Isaac Smithies, of The Manor House, Morley. His father sent him to a school in Batley,[1] identified in some sources as Batley Grammar School,[2] and then to another near Wakefield, named in some sources as Heath School.[3] Between 1813 and 1819 the Salt family lived at The Manor House in Morley, before moving to Crofton, near Wakefield.[4]
Career edit
After working for two years as a wool-stapler in Wakefield (between 1820 and 1822),[2] Salt became his father's partner in the business of Daniel Salt and Son. The company used Russian Donskoi wool, which was widely used in the woollens trade but not in worsted cloth. Titus visited the spinners in Bradford trying to interest them in using the wool for worsted manufacture, with no success so he set up as a spinner and manufacturer.[3]
In 1836, Salt came upon some bales of Alpaca wool in a warehouse in Liverpool and, after taking some samples away to experiment, came back and bought the consignment. Though he was not the first in England to work with the fibre, he was the creator of the lustrous and subsequently fashionable cloth called 'alpaca'.[3] (The discovery was described by Charles Dickens in a slightly fictionalised form in the magazine Household Words).[5]
In 1833, he took over his father's business and within twenty years had expanded it to be the largest employer in Bradford.[6]
Salt was Chief Constable of Bradford before its incorporation as a borough in 1847 and afterwards a senior alderman. He was the second mayor in office from 1848 to 1849 and was later Deputy Lieutenant for the West Riding of Yorkshire. Smoke and pollution emanated from mills and factory chimneys, and Salt tried in 1842 unsuccessfully to clean up the pollution using a device called the Rodda Smoke Burner.[7][8]
Around 1850, he decided to build a mill large enough to consolidate his textile manufacture in one place, but he "did not like to be a party to increasing that already over-crowded borough"[9] and bought land three miles from the town in Shipley next to the River Aire, the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the Midland Railway. In 1851, he began building the model village of Saltaire. He opened Saltaire Mills, now known as Salt's Mill with a grand banquet on his 50th birthday, 20 September 1853 and set about building houses, bathhouses, an institute, hospital, almshouses and churches. In 1857, Salt was President of the Bradford Chamber of Commerce. In 1858–59, he built the congregational church, which is now Saltaire United Reformed Church, at his own expense and donated the land on which the Wesleyan chapel was built by public subscription in 1866–68. He forbade 'beershops' in Saltaire,[3] but the common supposition that he was teetotal himself is untrue.[10] He was a county Justice of the peace and also a Deputy Lord Lieutenant.[11]
Salt was a private man and left no written statement of his purposes in creating Saltaire, but he told Lord Harewood at the opening that he had built the place "to do good and to give his sons employment".[12]
In David James's assessment:
"Salt's motives in building Saltaire remain obscure. They seem to have been a mixture of sound economics, Christian duty, and a desire to have effective control over his workforce. There were economic reasons for moving out of Bradford, and the village did provide him with an amenable, handpicked workforce. Yet Salt was deeply religious and sincerely believed that, by creating an environment where people could lead healthy, virtuous, godly lives, he was doing God's work. Perhaps, also, diffident and inarticulate as he was, the village may have been a way of demonstrating the extent of his wealth and power. Lastly, he may also have seen it as a means of establishing an industrial dynasty to match the landed estates of his Bradford contemporaries. However, Saltaire provided no real solution to the relationship between employer and worker. Its small size, healthy site, and comparative isolation provided an escape rather than an answer to the problems of urban industrial society".[13]
From 1859 until he retired through ill health on 1 February 1861 Salt served as Liberal Member of Parliament for Bradford.[3] On 30 October 1869, he was created a Baronet, of Saltaire and Crow Nest in the County of York.[14]
In 1867, Salt provided the funds to pay for the first Royal National Lifeboat Institution lifeboat to be stationed at Stromness, Orkney. The boat was duly named Saltaire, and served from 1867 to 1891.[15]
Personal life and death edit
On 21 August 1830, Salt married Caroline, daughter of George Whitlam, of Great Grimsby and had they had eleven children; six sons and five daughters.[16] The children of Salt all have a street named after them in the village of Saltaire.[17]
- Sir William Henry Salt, 2nd baronet (11 December 1831 – 1892), married in 1854 Emma Dove Octaviana Harris (d1904), only child of John Dove Harris and Emma Shirley of Knighton, Leicester
- George Salt (22 April 1833 – 8 May 1913) married in 1875, Jennie Louisa Fresco of Florence
- Edward Salt of Bathampton House (3 April 1837 – 24 October 1903) married firstly in 1861, Mary Jane Susan, eldest daughter of Samuel Elgood, of Leicester; and secondly, married in 1871, Sarah Amelie, elder daughter of William Rouse, of Burley House, York
- Herbert Salt (17 April 1840 – 21 July 1912) married firstly, in 1889, Elizabeth, daughter of John Douglas Ferrell; and married secondly, in 1899, Margaret, widow of Christopher Robert de Lacey
- Titus Salt DL JP (28 August 1843 – 19 November 1887) married in 1866, Catherine, eldest surviving daughter of Joseph Crossley of Broomfield, Halifax, niece of Sir Francis Crossley, 1st Bt.
In 1876 Salt died at Crow Nest,[18] Lightcliffe, near Halifax and was buried at Saltaire Congregational Church. "Estimates vary, but the number of people lining the route [of the funeral] probably exceeded 100,000."[19]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Balgarnie 1970, p. 16.
- ^ a b James, David. "Salt, Sir Titus, first baronet". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24565. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ a b c d e Holroyd, Abraham (2000) [1873]. Saltaire and its Founder. Piroisms Press in collaboration with Falcon Books. ISBN 0-9538601-0-8.
- ^ Balgarnie 1970, p. 20.
- ^ Greenhalf, Jim (8 February 2012). "Dickens's creative take on Bradford's mill success". Bradford Telegraph and Argus. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
- ^ Dishman, Andrea (2020). Seeking the Hidden Histories of the Victorian Child-millworker as Offspring, Worker and Pupil in Saltaire, West Yorkshire 1853 – 1878 (Thesis). Sheffield: University of Sheffield. p. 60. OCLC 1255865553.
- ^ Simkin, John (17 November 1992). "Education: Cleaning up Bradford's textile industry - Bright Spark / Innovators and those behind them. This Week: the British industrialist Salt (1803-1876)". The Guardian. p. 12. ISSN 0261-3077.
- ^ Adams, Guy (24 September 2010). "Philanthropists past and present". The Independent. No. 7, 473. p. 11. ISSN 1741-9743.
- ^ From Titus Salt's speech and the opening banquet, 20 September 1853. (from Holroyd)
- ^ Guardian Staff (16 September 1999). "Corrections and clarifications". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
- ^ "Obituary: Sir Titus Salt". Journal of the Society for Arts. 25 (1, 259). Royal Society for the Arts: 123. January 1877. ISSN 1852-1908.
- ^ Introduction (2000) by Derek Bryant to Piroisms reprint of Holroyd, op. cit.
- ^ James, David (23 September 2004). "Salt, Sir Titus, first baronet (1803–1876)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24565. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Burke's Peerage & Baronetage (106th ed.) (Salt of Saltaire)
- ^ Morris, Jeff (June 1999). The History of the Stromness Lifeboats (2nd ed.). Lifeboat Enthusiasts Society. pp. 1–46.
- ^ Balgarnie 1970, pp. 78, 108.
- ^ "Biography Sir Titus Salt" (PDF). saltsmill.org.uk. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
- ^ Our History, Crow Nest Park, crownestgolf.co.uk Salt bought the Crow Nest property in 1867 for £26,500.
- ^ Greenhalf, Jim (1998). Salt & Silver: A Story of Hope. Bradford Libraries. ISBN 0-907734-52-9.
- Bibliography
- Balgarnie, Robert (1970) [1877]. Sir Titus Salt, baronet. Settle: Brenton Publishing. ISBN 0902847007.
- Burnley, James (1885). Sir Titus Salt and George Moore. London: Cassell & Co. ("The World's Workers" series).
- Kidd, Charles; Williamson, David (1990). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage. London and New York: St Martin's Press.
- James, David (2004). "Salt, Sir Titus, first baronet (1803–1876)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24565. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- . Archived from the original on 24 June 2007. Retrieved 20 June 2007.
- Valentine, S. R, Sir Titus Salt: The Founder of Saltaire and its Mill, Themelios Publishing, London, 2021.
- "The vision of Titus Salt 1853" (video in 5 sections). A history of Britain: Changing lives. Timelines.tv. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
- Kidd, Charles (2003). Burke's Peerage and Baronetage (106th ed.). London.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.