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Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King

January 21, 2023

"SH-3" redirects here. For other uses, see SH3 (disambiguation).

The Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King (company designation S-61) is an American twin-engined anti-submarine warfare (ASW) helicopter designed and built by Sikorsky Aircraft. A landmark design, it was one of the first ASW rotorcraft to use turboshaft engines.[1]

SH-3 Sea King
A U.S. Navy SH-3H Sea King
Role Anti-submarine warfare, search and rescue, and utility helicopter
National origin United States
Manufacturer Sikorsky Aircraft
First flight 11 March 1959
Introduction 1961
Retired Retired by United States Navy in 2006
Status In service
Primary users United States Navy (historical)
Italian Navy (historical)
Brazilian Navy
Argentine Naval Aviation
Produced 1959–1970s
Number built 1,300+
Variants Sikorsky S-61L/N
Sikorsky CH-124 Sea King
Westland Sea King
Developed into Sikorsky S-61R
Sikorsky S-67 Blackhawk

The Sea King has its origins in efforts by the United States Navy to counter the growing threat of Soviet submarines during the 1950s. Accordingly, the helicopter was specifically developed to deliver a capable ASW platform; in particular, it combined the roles of hunter and killer, which had previously been carried out by two separate helicopters. The Sea King was initially designated HSS-2, which was intended to imply a level of commonality to the earlier HSS-1; it was subsequently redesignated as the SH-3A during the early 1960s.

Introduced to service in 1961, it was operated by the United States Navy as a key ASW and utility asset for several decades prior to being replaced by the non-amphibious Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk in the 1990s. In late 1961 and early 1962, a modified U.S. Navy HSS-2 Sea King was used to break the FAI 3 km, 100 km, 500 km, and 1000 km helicopter speed records. The Sea King also performed various other roles and missions such as search-and-rescue, transport, anti-shipping, medevac, plane guard, and airborne early warning operations.

The Sea King has also proved to be popular on the export market with foreign military customers, and has also been sold to civil operators as well. As of 2015, many examples of the type remain in service in nations around the world. The Sea King has been built under license by Agusta in Italy, Mitsubishi in Japan, and by Westland in the United Kingdom as the Westland Sea King. The major civil versions are the S-61L and S-61N.

Development

Origins

During the Cold War, the Soviet Navy built up a large and varied fleet of submarines which at one point was in excess of 200 operational submarines. The US Navy countered this threat by the improvement and development of various anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capabilities, which resulted in the development of the Sea King.[2] During the late 1950s, the US Navy took advantage of recent aerospace advances, such as the turboshaft engine, by commissioning the development of a new large naval helicopter. Sikorsky received a request from the service to design a new turbine-powered helicopter that would be capable of performing the ASW mission. The specification included a dipping sonar, mission endurance of four hours, and the ability to support a weapons load of 380 kg (840 lb).[3]

 
XHSS-2 Sea King prototype

In 1957, Sikorsky was awarded a contract to produce an all-weather amphibious helicopter for the US Navy. As per the earlier specification, this new rotorcraft was to excel at ASW; specifically, it would combine the roles of hunter and killer, as these two duties had previously been carried out by two separate helicopters.[3][4] It was also the first helicopter to be procured under the US Navy's new weapon system concept, under which Sikorsky was responsible not only for the design and production of the airframe, but all major onboard systems, such as the sonar, navigational equipment, electronic devices, and support equipment. As such, the navigation suite for the rotorcraft was developed jointly by Sikorsky and the US Navy.[5]

Key features of the emerging ASW helicopter included its amphibious hull, which enabled the rotorcraft to readily perform water landings, and its adoption of a twin-turboshaft engine arrangement that enabled it to be larger, heavier and better-equipped than had been possible with prior helicopters.[4][5][6] The designation HSS-2 was applied, allegedly to imply a level of commonality to the earlier HSS-1, should political sentiment turn against the development of an entirely new rotorcraft.[3] A total of ten prototypes were produced to support the development program.[7]

Into flight

 
SH-3As of HS-6 above Kearsarge in the early 1960s

On 11 March 1959, the first prototype conducted its maiden flight.[4] During early 1961, a pair of prototypes were stationed on board the aircraft carrier Lake Champlain to fulfill a demand for carrier suitability trials. These trials, which involved testing the folding mechanism of the main rotor blades and a series of takeoffs performed during winds of up to 50 mph (80 km/h), were completed successfully in mid-1961.[7][8] Shortly after the completion of suitability trials, the US Navy formally accepted delivery of the first HSS-2 rotorcraft, which was subsequently re-designated as the SH-3A, in September 1961.[9]

In late 1961 and early 1962, a modified US Navy HSS-2 Sea King was used to break the FAI 3 km, 100 km, 500 km and 1000 km helicopter speed records. This series of flights culminated on 5 February 1962 with the HSS-2 setting an absolute helicopter speed record of 210.6 mph (338.9 km/h).[10][11] This record was broken by a modified French Sud-Aviation Super Frelon helicopter on 23 July 1963 with a speed of 217.77 mph (350.47 km/h).[12]

Further developments

 
SH-3A landing on the sea in 1964

The base design of the Sea King had proved sound and several aspects were judged to be potentially useful for other operators, thus Sikorsky elected to pursue the further development of the rotorcraft for other markets beyond the US Navy.[7] One of the major variants of the Sea King to be produced was a model for civil operators, which was designated as the Sikorsky S-61L. The first operator of the S-61L was Los Angeles Airways, who introduced the type to service on 11 March 1962.[13][14] Another noteworthy Sea King variant, the significant change this time being the adoption of a conventional fuselage, the Sikorsky S-61R, was also concurrently developed for transport and search and rescue (SAR) duties, this type being extensively operated by the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Coast Guard.[15]

In US Navy service, the initial SH-3A model of the Sea King would be progressively converted into the improved SH-3D and SH-3H variants; these featured more powerful engines and improved sensors that gave the type greater operational capabilities as an ASW platform. It was also common for Sea Kings to be converted for non-ASW activities, these roles included minesweeping, combat search and rescue, and as a cargo/passenger utility transport.[4] The aircrew on ASW-tasked Sea Kings were routinely trained to carry out these secondary roles as aircraft could often be quickly adapted to perform different missions in the face of operational needs.[16]

In addition to those Sea Kings that were manufactured by Sikorsky, several license agreements were enacted with other firms to produce the type. These included the Japanese conglomerate Mitsubishi and the Italian aerospace company Agusta. Another licensee was the British helicopter manufacturer Westland Helicopters, which substantially redesigned the Sea King to produce various models of their own, collectively referred to as the Westland Sea King.[17][18][19] In contrast to the US Navy's Sea Kings, the Westland Sea King was intended for greater operational autonomy.[20] In total, Westland produced 330 Sea Kings; outside of its British-based operators, various export customers were found for the Westland Sea King. including the Indian Naval Air Arm, the German Navy, the Royal Australian Navy, and the Royal Norwegian Air Force.[21]

While Sikorsky opted to terminate its own Sea King production line during the 1970s, the type has had a lengthy service life. In September 2009, it was reported that nearly 600 Sea Kings were believed to still be operational.[22]

Design

The Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King is a twin-engine medium-sized amphibious rotorcraft. Many of the features on board the Sea King represented a considerable advancement over preceding helicopters. In addition to being fully amphibious and capable of operating under all weather conditions, it is the first operational American helicopter to be able to simultaneously hunt and destroy submarines.[5] Its twin-turboshaft powerplant layout gave the SH-3 a higher payload and greater reliability than previous anti-submarine helicopters.[4] In the event of a single engine failing, the Sea King could continue flying on a single engine.[23] The powerplant used on the Sea King was the General Electric T58-GE-8B, which was initially capable of generating up to 1,250 shp (930 kW) each.[5]

 
SH-3H deploying a dipping sonar, 1989

In normal operations, the Sea King typically would have a four-man crew on board; these being a pilot and copilot in the cockpit, and two aircrew stationed within the main cabin area. When conducting anti-submarine missions, the rear aircrew operated the aircraft's sensors and interpreted the generated data.[24] For search-and-rescue missions, the Sea King's cabin could accommodate up to 22 survivors. In a medical layout, a maximum of nine stretchers plus two medical officers could be carried. In the troop transport role, up to 28 soldiers can be accommodated.[25]

The Sea King features many design elements to support naval-orientated operations. The main rotor blades and the tail section can be folded via fully automated systems for storage onboard ships.[5] The adoption of an amphibious hull allowed a Sea King to conduct a water landing and, being completely watertight, would enable the rotorcraft to remaining floating for prolonged periods on the ocean's surface. Deployable airbags in the aircraft's sponsons added to the rotorcraft's stability and buoyancy, resisting pitching and rolling.[6] The hull design was compatible with landing on challenging terrain, including ice, snow, swamp land, and tundra.[5] Wheels are installed in the sponsons for land operations.[5]

The armament fitted upon a Sea King could vary considerably. For anti-submarine missions, the aircraft could carry up to four torpedoes or four depth charges. For anti-ship duties, some models were outfitted to carry one or two missiles, typically Sea Eagles or Exocets.[26] The Sea King could also be fitted to deploy the B57 nuclear bomb.[27] ASW equipment used on Sea Kings has included the AQS-13A/B/E dipping sonar which included specialized computers for processing sonar and sonobuoy data, various models of sonobuoys, ARR-75 Sonobuoy Receivers, and the ASQ-81 magnetic anomaly detector. The commonly fitted AKT-22 data link enabled the rapid dissemination of sonar information to other friendly elements.[28] Some later Sea King models featured the TACNAV digital navigation system (first generation GPS) and overhauled cockpit instrumentation for night vision compatibility.[29]

Operational history

 
Several UH-3H Sea Kings taking flight to fight the Cedar Fire in San Diego, California, in 2003

During June 1961, the Sea King became operational with the US Navy as the HSS-2; at the time, it was not only the largest amphibious helicopter in the world, but was also the first all-weather rotorcraft to reach production status for the US Navy.[5] When the unified aircraft designation system was introduced, the rotorcraft's designation wa changed to SH-3A. It was used primarily for anti-submarine warfare: the largely involved the detection and tracking of Soviet submarines. In the event of open warfare breaking out between the two powers, Sea Kings would have been used to attack these submarines with the intent to sink them.[30]

The Sea King was able to operate from the flight decks of many of the US Navy's vessels as well as shore bases. It could also operate from offshore platforms to extend their surveillance and strike ranges. The type was capable of conducting nighttime ASW operations, albeit these usually posed considerable difficulty for the flight crew.[31][32]

The Sea King also performed various other roles and missions such as search-and-rescue, transport, anti-shipping and airborne early warning operations. Aircraft carriers would typically deploy Sea Kings to operate near the carrier as a plane guard, ready to rescue air crew who crashed during takeoff or landing.[33] They were routinely used in a logistical capacity at sea, transferring personnel, mail, and other lighter cargoes between vessels.[31]

The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) became a major operator of the Sea King (see Sikorsky CH-124 Sea King) following its introduction to service in 1963. It remained Canada's dominant maritime helicopter for over 50 years, finally being withdrawn in 2018.[34] One notable innovation in Canadian operations, which was subsequently adopted by several other nations, was the use of a winch 'hauldown' landing and securing method, referred to as a 'Beartrap'. This device considerably increased the ability of Sea Kings to land in difficult conditions, such as on small flight decks or during poor weather conditions.[34][35]

The Sea King was exported in large numbers to various nations, such as Brazil, Italy, Japan and the United Kingdom.[36] Several operators have kept their Sea Kings in use for more than 50 years.[37][38]

During the Vietnam War, SH-3s rescued the crews of downed aircraft at sea and over land, typically being equipped with self-sealing fuel tanks, multiple machine guns and heavy armor when performing such missions.[39] Due to the type's greater range and the safety of having two engines, it was often used during rescue sorties into North Vietnam to retrieve downed aircrew.[7] The Sea King was also used for medical evacuations and disaster relief efforts.[31]

 
U.S. Marine Corps VH-3 Sea King, operating as Marine One, landing on the south lawn of the White House

The SH-3 was the primary helicopter for retrieving manned space capsules starting with Mercury-Atlas 7 in May 1962.[40] Helicopter 66 was the primary recovery vehicle for Apollo missions 8 and 10 to 13.[41] In February 1971, an SH-3A, operating from the amphibious assault ship USS New Orleans, recovered Apollo 14.[42] A specialist search and rescue variant of the SH-3, the HH-3, also performed in this capacity.[6]

Several Sea Kings, operated by the United States Marine Corps's HMX-1 unit, are used as the official helicopters of the President of the United States; in this capacity, the call sign 'Marine One' is used by the helicopter currently occupied by the President. As of 2012, a replacement helicopter fleet for the Sea King is pending under the VXX program.[43][44] In 1992, the US Justice Department sued Sikorsky over allegations of overcharged component pricing and deliberately misleading US Navy negotiators.[45] In 1997, the Justice Department issued further accusations against Sikorsky of willful overcharging on a contract to upgrade the Navy's Sea Kings.[46]

During the 1990s, the Sea King was replaced in the ASW and SAR roles by the U.S. Navy with the newer Sikorsky SH-60 Sea Hawk.[47] However, the SH-3 continued to operate in reserve units in roles including logistical support, search and rescue, and transport. On 27 January 2006, the SH-3 was ceremonially retired at NAS Norfolk, Virginia, by Helicopter Combat Support Squadron 2 (HC-2).[48] They have been replaced by increasingly advanced variants of the SH-60 Sea Hawk.[31] In the early 21st century, following their drawdown in US service, there have been a number of initiatives to refurbish ex-military Sea Kings for continued operations; in addition to civil operators, nations such as Egypt and India acquired refurbished former US Sea Kings to supplement their own aging fleets.[49][50][51]

Variants

 
A SH-3D Sea King helps recover Apollo 17. Ticonderoga is in the background
 
HH-3A on Bon Homme Richard
 
Army One, a VH-3A "Sea King" that served in the Presidential fleet from 1961 to 1976, on permanent display at the Nixon Library
 
SH-3G in 1981

US military

XHSS-2
The only prototype of the H-3 Sea King.[52]
YHSS-2
Pre-production S-61 aircraft, seven built for the U.S. Navy,[53] re-designated YSH-3A in 1962.[52]
HSS-2
Original designation of the Sea King. Changed to SH-3A by the 1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system
SH-3A
Anti-submarine warfare helicopter for the U.S. Navy; 245 built. Originally designated HSS-2.[4]
HH-3A
Combat search and rescue helicopter for the U.S. Navy. 12 converted from SH-3A.[4]
CH-3A
Military transport version for the U.S. Air Force; three converted from SH-3As into CH-3A configuration; they later became CH-3Bs.[54]
NH-3A (S-61F)
Experimental high-speed compound helicopter, with extensive streamlining, no floats, short wings carrying two turbojet engines for extra speed; one converted from SH-3A.[citation needed] Later modified with a tail rotor able to rotate 90° to serve as a pusher propeller; this helicopter demonstrated "Roto-Prop" pusher propeller for Sikorsky's S-66 design.[55]
RH-3A
Minesweeper helicopter for the U.S. Navy. Nine converted from SH-3A aircraft.[52]
VH-3A
VIP transport (Better known as Marine One or Army One 1957–1976.) helicopter for the U.S. Army and Marine Corps; originally designated HSS-2Z. Eight built, plus two SH-3A conversions rebuilt from damaged helicopters (one YHSS-2 and one SH-3A).[citation needed] The rest were returned to the U.S. Navy in 1975–76 and replaced by the VH-3D.
CH-3B
Military transport helicopter for the U.S. Air Force.[53]
SH-3D
Anti-submarine warfare helicopter for the U.S. Navy. 73 built and two conversions from SH-3As.[4]
VH-3D
VIP Presidential transport helicopter (better known as Marine One) for the U.S. Marine Corps, 11 built. It entered service in 1976.[56]
SH-3G
Cargo, utility transport helicopter for the U.S. Navy. 105 conversions from SH-3A and SH-3D.[4]
SH-3H
Upgrade of the SH-3G as an anti-submarine warfare (ASW) helicopter for the U.S. Navy.[4] It included SH-3G features with improvements for ASW, anti-ship missile detection and other airframe improvements. 163 SH-3A/D/Gs were upgraded to SH-3H configuration.[56]
SH-3H AEW
Airborne early warning version for the Spanish navy.
UH-3H
Cargo, utility transport version for the U.S. Navy; converted from SH-3H by removing ASW systems.[56]

Sikorsky designations

S-61
Company designation for the Sea King.[4]
S-61A
Export version for the Royal Danish Air Force. Wider pontoons without flotation bags, a 530-liter center tank instead of a dipping sonar and no automatic powered folding system.[57]
S-61A-4 Nuri
Military transport, search and rescue helicopter for the Royal Malaysian Air Force. It can seat up to 31 combat troops. 38 built.[53]
S-61A/AH
Utility helicopter for survey work and search and rescue in the Antarctic.
S-61B
Export version of the SH-3 anti-submarine warfare helicopter for the Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force.
S-61D-3
Export version for the Brazilian Navy.
S-61D-4
Export version for the Argentine Navy.
S-61NR
Search and rescue version for the Argentine Air Force.
S-61V
Company designation for the VH-3A. One built for Indonesia.
S-61L/N
Main article: Sikorsky S-61
Civil versions of the Sea King.
S-61R
Main article: Sikorsky S-61R
The S-61R served in the United States Air Force as the CH-3C/E Sea King and the HH-3E Jolly Green Giant, and with the United States Coast Guard and the Italian Air Force as the HH-3F Sea King (more commonly referred to by the nickname "Pelican").[58]

United Aircraft of Canada

Main article: CH-124 Sea King
 
Canadian Sikorsky CH-124A Sea King
CH-124
Anti-submarine warfare helicopter for the Royal Canadian Navy (41 assembled by United Aircraft of Canada).[59]
CH-124A
The Sea King Improvement Program (SKIP) added modernized avionics as well as improved safety features.[59]
CH-124B
Alternate version of the CH-124A without a dipping sonar but formerly with a MAD sensor and additional storage for deployable stores. In 2006, the five aircraft of this variant were converted to support the Standing Contingency Task Force (SCTF), and were modified with additional troop seats, and frequency agile radios. Plans to add fast-rope capability, EAPSNIPS (Engine Air Particle Separator / Snow & Ice Particle Separator) did not come to fruition.[59]
CH-124B2
Six CH-124Bs were upgraded to the CH-124B2 standard in 1991–1992. The revised CH-124B2 retained the sonobuoy processing gear to passively detect submarines but was also fitted with a towed-array sonar to supplement the ship's sonar. Since anti-submarine warfare is no longer a major priority within the Canadian Forces, the CH-124B2 were refitted again to become improvised troop carriers for the newly formed Standing Contingency Task Force.[59]
CH-124C
One CH-124 operated by the Helicopter Operational Test and Evaluation Facility located at CFB Shearwater. Used for testing new gear, and when not testing new gear, it is deployable to any Canadian Forces ship requiring a helicopter.[59]
CH-124U
Unofficial designation for four CH-124s that were modified for passenger/freight transport. One crashed in 1973, and the survivors were later refitted to become CH-124A's.[59]

Westland

Main article: Westland Sea King
 
Westland Sea King AEW.2A of the Royal Navy in 1998

The Westland Sea King variant was manufactured under license by Westland Helicopters Ltd in the United Kingdom, who developed a specially modified version for the Royal Navy. It is powered by a pair of Rolls-Royce Gnome turbines (license-built T58s), and has British avionics and ASW equipment. This variant first flew in 1969, and entered service the next year. It was until 2017 also used by the Royal Air Force in a search and rescue capacity, and has been sold to many countries around the world.

Agusta

AS-61
Company designation for the H-3 Sea King built under license in Italy by Agusta.
AS-61A-1
Italian export model for the Royal Malaysian Air Force.
AS-61A-4
Military transport, search and rescue helicopter.[60]
AS-61N-1 Silver
License built model of the S-61N, with a shortened cabin.
AS-61R
version basing upon Sikorsky S-61R
AS-61VIP
VIP transport helicopter.[60]
ASH-3A (SH-3G)
Utility transport helicopter
ASH-3D
Anti-submarine warfare helicopter. Flown by the Italian, Brazilian, Iranian, Peruvian and Argentinian navies.[60]
ASH-3TS
VIP, executive transport mission helicopter. Also known as the ASH-3D/TS, the Italian Air Force operated 2 from 1975 until 2012.[60][61]
ASH-3H
Anti-submarine warfare helicopter.[60]

Mitsubishi

S-61A
License-built version of the S-61A as Search-and-Rescue and Utility helicopters for the Japan Maritime Self Defense Force. 18 built.
HSS-2
License-built version of the S-61B as an anti-submarine warfare helicopter for the Japan Maritime Self Defense Force. 55 built.
HSS-2A
License-built version of the S-61B(SH-3D) as an anti-submarine warfare helicopter for the Japan Maritime Self Defense Force. 28 built.
HSS-2B
License-built version of the S-61B(SH-3H) as an anti-submarine warfare helicopter for the Japan Maritime Self Defense Force. 23 built.

Operators

 
A Brazilian Sea King
  Argentina
  Brazil
  India
  Indonesia
 
An Iranian Navy Sea King in 2012
  Iran
  Malaysia
  Peru
  United States
 
A Sikorsky S-61 of the Japan Maritime Self Defense Force
  Venezuela

Former

  Canada
  Denmark
  Iraq
 
LASD's Rescue 5, flies offshore near Rancho Palos Verdes.
  Italy
  Japan
  Malaysia
  Saudi Arabia
  Spain
  United States

Aircraft on display

Argentina

Denmark

United States

 
An SH-3 Sea King on display at the Patuxent River Naval Air Museum.

Specifications (SH-3D)

 
External video
  SH-3 at NAS Oceana Airshow, 2004
  External and cockpit footage of Sea King start up and take off

Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1979-80[107]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2 flight crew + 2 sonar operators
  • Capacity: (S-61A transport) 26 troops, or 15 stretchers, or 12 VIP passengers
  • Length: 54 ft 9 in (16.69 m)
  • Width: 16 ft 4 in (4.98 m) (rotors folded)
  • Height: 16 ft 10 in (5.13 m)
  • Empty weight: 11,865 lb (5,382 kg)
  • Gross weight: 18,626 lb (8,449 kg) (ASW mission)
  • Max takeoff weight: 21,500 lb (9,752 kg)
  • Powerplant: 2 × General Electric T58-GE-10 turboshaft engines, 1,400 shp (1,044 kW) each (total power limited to 2,500 hp (1,864 kW) by main gearbox)[108]
  • Main rotor diameter: 62 ft 0 in (18.90 m)
  • Main rotor area: 3,019 sq ft (280.5 m2)
  • Blade section: NACA 0012[109]

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 144 kn (166 mph, 267 km/h)
  • Cruise speed: 118 kn (136 mph, 219 km/h) for max range
  • Range: 542 nmi (625 mi, 1,005 km) with max fuel, 10% reserves
  • Service ceiling: 14,700 ft (4,480 m)
  • Rate of climb: 2,200 ft/min (11.2 m/s) at sea level
  • (All performance figures at weight of 20,500 lb (9,300 kg))

Armament

  • Up to 840 lb (380 kg) of weapons total
  • 2× Mk 46/44 anti-submarine torpedoes (SH-3H)
  • Various sonobuoys and pyrotechnic devices
  • B57 nuclear depth charge

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Notes

  1. ^ Leoni 2007, p. 251.
  2. ^ Fieldhouse and Taoka 1989, pp. 70–71, 74.
  3. ^ a b c Mutza 2010, p. 106.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Chant 1988, p. 464.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h "HSS-2." 18 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 15 May 1959. p. 696.
  6. ^ a b c Jackson 2005, p. 207.
  7. ^ a b c d Mutza 2010, p. 107.
  8. ^ "HSS-2 Completes Carrier Trials." 11 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Naval Aviation News, July 1961, pp. 22–23.
  9. ^ Frawley 2003, p. 194.
  10. ^ Taylor, John W. R., ed. (1963). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1963–1964. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. p. 509. ISBN 9780531039151. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  11. ^ "USN HSS-2's 200 m.p.h." 18 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 15 February 1962. p. 233.
  12. ^ Taylor, John W. R., ed. (1965). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1965–1966. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. p. 346. ISBN 9780531039151. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  13. ^ Apostolo, G. "Sikorsky S-61".The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Helicopters. Bonanza Books, 1984. ISBN 0-517-43935-2.
  14. ^ "The Self-Supporting Helicopter" 26 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine Time Magazine. 26 December 1960.
  15. ^ Apostolo, Giorgio. "Sikorsky S-61R". The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Helicopters. New York: Bonanza Books. 1984. ISBN 978-0-517-43935-7.
  16. ^ Williamson 2000, pp. 149, 167.
  17. ^ Uttley 2001, p. 206.
  18. ^ McGowen 2005, p. 119.
  19. ^ Thorn and Frawley 1998, p. 164.
  20. ^ Lake 1996, pp. 114–115.
  21. ^ McGowen 2005, pp. 120, 126.
  22. ^ Baruzzi, Cara. "Flight Plan: At 50, Sikorsky's Sea King gets an upgrade." New Haven Register, 6 September 2009.
  23. ^ Bishop and Chant 2004, p. 208.
  24. ^ Williamson 2000, p. 169.
  25. ^ "HSS-2." 18 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 15 May 1959. p. 697.
  26. ^ Byers 1986, p. 232.
  27. ^ Fieldhouse and Taoka 1989, pp. 72–73.
  28. ^ Biass 1985, p. 543.
  29. ^ Chesneau 1985, pp. 2–3, 5.
  30. ^ Blair 2004, p. 42.
  31. ^ a b c d Dorsey, Jack. "Navy bids farewell to Sea King helicopter." 28 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine Pilot Online, 28 January 2006.
  32. ^ S.R. Arends, Harrington, J.H., Karlsson, C.R., Pellerin, A. E., and Staley, M. "Military Use of Offshore Platforms." Naval War College Newport, 9 April 1979. ADA075840.
  33. ^ Bishop and Chant 2004, p. 91.
  34. ^ a b Gordon, Lisa, "The King at sea" 14 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Vertical Magazine, 9 December 2013. Accessed: 11 December 2013.
  35. ^ "Haze Gray & Underway – The Canadian Navy of Yesterday & Today – Sea King". from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
  36. ^ Chant 1988, pp. 182–183.
  37. ^ Tutton, Michael. "Gritty Sea King helicopters still flying after 50 years of service." 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Globe and Mail, 31 July 2013.
  38. ^ "BBC 2 programme Sea King: Britain's flying past 28 February 2013." 2 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine Fleet Air Arm Officers Association 18 February 2013.
  39. ^ Marolda 1996, pp. 70–80.
  40. ^ Blair 2004, p. 87.
  41. ^ Day, Dwayne (25 June 2007). "The last flight of Helo 66". Space Review. from the original on 14 July 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  42. ^ "Apollo 14 crewmen step aboard U.S.S. New Orleans after splashdown." NASA Images, Retrieved: 17 April 2012.
  43. ^ Trimble, Stephen. "Boeing says AW101 one of its three options for VXX." 11 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine FlightGlobal.com, 8 June 2010. Retrieved: 10 June 2010.
  44. ^ Cavas, Christopher P. "Former Competitors Join Forces for Helo Program." Archived 29 July 2012 at archive.today Defense News, 19 April 2010.
  45. ^ "Sikorsky sued over alleged Sea King overcharges." Defense Daily, 1 July 1992.
  46. ^ Pazniokas, Mark. "Testimony Begins In Sikorsky Trial." 28 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine Hartford Courant, 17 July 1997.
  47. ^ Blair 2004, p. 44.
  48. ^ "U.S. Navy Retires Sea Kings." Rotor & Wing, 15 March 2006.
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Further reading

  • Núñez Padin, Jorge Felix (2014). Núñez Padin, Jorge Felix (ed.). . Serie Aeronaval (in Spanish). Vol. 32. Bahía Blanca, Argentina: Fuerzas Aeronavales. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2014.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to H-3 Sea King.
  • S-61 Specs & Photo on flugzeuginfo.net
  • HELIS.com Sikorsky S-61/H-3/HSS-2 Database

January 21, 2023
sikorsky, king, redirects, here, other, uses, disambiguation, company, designation, american, twin, engined, anti, submarine, warfare, helicopter, designed, built, sikorsky, aircraft, landmark, design, first, rotorcraft, turboshaft, engines, kinga, navy, kingr. SH 3 redirects here For other uses see SH3 disambiguation The Sikorsky SH 3 Sea King company designation S 61 is an American twin engined anti submarine warfare ASW helicopter designed and built by Sikorsky Aircraft A landmark design it was one of the first ASW rotorcraft to use turboshaft engines 1 SH 3 Sea KingA U S Navy SH 3H Sea KingRole Anti submarine warfare search and rescue and utility helicopterNational origin United StatesManufacturer Sikorsky AircraftFirst flight 11 March 1959Introduction 1961Retired Retired by United States Navy in 2006Status In servicePrimary users United States Navy historical Italian Navy historical Brazilian NavyArgentine Naval AviationProduced 1959 1970sNumber built 1 300 Variants Sikorsky S 61L NSikorsky CH 124 Sea KingWestland Sea KingDeveloped into Sikorsky S 61R Sikorsky S 67 BlackhawkThe Sea King has its origins in efforts by the United States Navy to counter the growing threat of Soviet submarines during the 1950s Accordingly the helicopter was specifically developed to deliver a capable ASW platform in particular it combined the roles of hunter and killer which had previously been carried out by two separate helicopters The Sea King was initially designated HSS 2 which was intended to imply a level of commonality to the earlier HSS 1 it was subsequently redesignated as the SH 3A during the early 1960s Introduced to service in 1961 it was operated by the United States Navy as a key ASW and utility asset for several decades prior to being replaced by the non amphibious Sikorsky SH 60 Seahawk in the 1990s In late 1961 and early 1962 a modified U S Navy HSS 2 Sea King was used to break the FAI 3 km 100 km 500 km and 1000 km helicopter speed records The Sea King also performed various other roles and missions such as search and rescue transport anti shipping medevac plane guard and airborne early warning operations The Sea King has also proved to be popular on the export market with foreign military customers and has also been sold to civil operators as well As of 2015 many examples of the type remain in service in nations around the world The Sea King has been built under license by Agusta in Italy Mitsubishi in Japan and by Westland in the United Kingdom as the Westland Sea King The major civil versions are the S 61L and S 61N Contents 1 Development 1 1 Origins 1 2 Into flight 1 3 Further developments 2 Design 3 Operational history 4 Variants 4 1 US military 4 2 Sikorsky designations 4 3 United Aircraft of Canada 4 4 Westland 4 5 Agusta 4 6 Mitsubishi 5 Operators 5 1 Former 6 Aircraft on display 7 Specifications SH 3D 8 See also 9 References 9 1 Notes 9 2 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External linksDevelopment EditOrigins Edit During the Cold War the Soviet Navy built up a large and varied fleet of submarines which at one point was in excess of 200 operational submarines The US Navy countered this threat by the improvement and development of various anti submarine warfare ASW capabilities which resulted in the development of the Sea King 2 During the late 1950s the US Navy took advantage of recent aerospace advances such as the turboshaft engine by commissioning the development of a new large naval helicopter Sikorsky received a request from the service to design a new turbine powered helicopter that would be capable of performing the ASW mission The specification included a dipping sonar mission endurance of four hours and the ability to support a weapons load of 380 kg 840 lb 3 XHSS 2 Sea King prototype In 1957 Sikorsky was awarded a contract to produce an all weather amphibious helicopter for the US Navy As per the earlier specification this new rotorcraft was to excel at ASW specifically it would combine the roles of hunter and killer as these two duties had previously been carried out by two separate helicopters 3 4 It was also the first helicopter to be procured under the US Navy s new weapon system concept under which Sikorsky was responsible not only for the design and production of the airframe but all major onboard systems such as the sonar navigational equipment electronic devices and support equipment As such the navigation suite for the rotorcraft was developed jointly by Sikorsky and the US Navy 5 Key features of the emerging ASW helicopter included its amphibious hull which enabled the rotorcraft to readily perform water landings and its adoption of a twin turboshaft engine arrangement that enabled it to be larger heavier and better equipped than had been possible with prior helicopters 4 5 6 The designation HSS 2 was applied allegedly to imply a level of commonality to the earlier HSS 1 should political sentiment turn against the development of an entirely new rotorcraft 3 A total of ten prototypes were produced to support the development program 7 Into flight Edit SH 3As of HS 6 above Kearsarge in the early 1960s On 11 March 1959 the first prototype conducted its maiden flight 4 During early 1961 a pair of prototypes were stationed on board the aircraft carrier Lake Champlain to fulfill a demand for carrier suitability trials These trials which involved testing the folding mechanism of the main rotor blades and a series of takeoffs performed during winds of up to 50 mph 80 km h were completed successfully in mid 1961 7 8 Shortly after the completion of suitability trials the US Navy formally accepted delivery of the first HSS 2 rotorcraft which was subsequently re designated as the SH 3A in September 1961 9 In late 1961 and early 1962 a modified US Navy HSS 2 Sea King was used to break the FAI 3 km 100 km 500 km and 1000 km helicopter speed records This series of flights culminated on 5 February 1962 with the HSS 2 setting an absolute helicopter speed record of 210 6 mph 338 9 km h 10 11 This record was broken by a modified French Sud Aviation Super Frelon helicopter on 23 July 1963 with a speed of 217 77 mph 350 47 km h 12 Further developments Edit SH 3A landing on the sea in 1964 The base design of the Sea King had proved sound and several aspects were judged to be potentially useful for other operators thus Sikorsky elected to pursue the further development of the rotorcraft for other markets beyond the US Navy 7 One of the major variants of the Sea King to be produced was a model for civil operators which was designated as the Sikorsky S 61L The first operator of the S 61L was Los Angeles Airways who introduced the type to service on 11 March 1962 13 14 Another noteworthy Sea King variant the significant change this time being the adoption of a conventional fuselage the Sikorsky S 61R was also concurrently developed for transport and search and rescue SAR duties this type being extensively operated by the U S Air Force and the U S Coast Guard 15 In US Navy service the initial SH 3A model of the Sea King would be progressively converted into the improved SH 3D and SH 3H variants these featured more powerful engines and improved sensors that gave the type greater operational capabilities as an ASW platform It was also common for Sea Kings to be converted for non ASW activities these roles included minesweeping combat search and rescue and as a cargo passenger utility transport 4 The aircrew on ASW tasked Sea Kings were routinely trained to carry out these secondary roles as aircraft could often be quickly adapted to perform different missions in the face of operational needs 16 In addition to those Sea Kings that were manufactured by Sikorsky several license agreements were enacted with other firms to produce the type These included the Japanese conglomerate Mitsubishi and the Italian aerospace company Agusta Another licensee was the British helicopter manufacturer Westland Helicopters which substantially redesigned the Sea King to produce various models of their own collectively referred to as the Westland Sea King 17 18 19 In contrast to the US Navy s Sea Kings the Westland Sea King was intended for greater operational autonomy 20 In total Westland produced 330 Sea Kings outside of its British based operators various export customers were found for the Westland Sea King including the Indian Naval Air Arm the German Navy the Royal Australian Navy and the Royal Norwegian Air Force 21 While Sikorsky opted to terminate its own Sea King production line during the 1970s the type has had a lengthy service life In September 2009 it was reported that nearly 600 Sea Kings were believed to still be operational 22 Design EditThe Sikorsky SH 3 Sea King is a twin engine medium sized amphibious rotorcraft Many of the features on board the Sea King represented a considerable advancement over preceding helicopters In addition to being fully amphibious and capable of operating under all weather conditions it is the first operational American helicopter to be able to simultaneously hunt and destroy submarines 5 Its twin turboshaft powerplant layout gave the SH 3 a higher payload and greater reliability than previous anti submarine helicopters 4 In the event of a single engine failing the Sea King could continue flying on a single engine 23 The powerplant used on the Sea King was the General Electric T58 GE 8B which was initially capable of generating up to 1 250 shp 930 kW each 5 SH 3H deploying a dipping sonar 1989 In normal operations the Sea King typically would have a four man crew on board these being a pilot and copilot in the cockpit and two aircrew stationed within the main cabin area When conducting anti submarine missions the rear aircrew operated the aircraft s sensors and interpreted the generated data 24 For search and rescue missions the Sea King s cabin could accommodate up to 22 survivors In a medical layout a maximum of nine stretchers plus two medical officers could be carried In the troop transport role up to 28 soldiers can be accommodated 25 The Sea King features many design elements to support naval orientated operations The main rotor blades and the tail section can be folded via fully automated systems for storage onboard ships 5 The adoption of an amphibious hull allowed a Sea King to conduct a water landing and being completely watertight would enable the rotorcraft to remaining floating for prolonged periods on the ocean s surface Deployable airbags in the aircraft s sponsons added to the rotorcraft s stability and buoyancy resisting pitching and rolling 6 The hull design was compatible with landing on challenging terrain including ice snow swamp land and tundra 5 Wheels are installed in the sponsons for land operations 5 The armament fitted upon a Sea King could vary considerably For anti submarine missions the aircraft could carry up to four torpedoes or four depth charges For anti ship duties some models were outfitted to carry one or two missiles typically Sea Eagles or Exocets 26 The Sea King could also be fitted to deploy the B57 nuclear bomb 27 ASW equipment used on Sea Kings has included the AQS 13A B E dipping sonar which included specialized computers for processing sonar and sonobuoy data various models of sonobuoys ARR 75 Sonobuoy Receivers and the ASQ 81 magnetic anomaly detector The commonly fitted AKT 22 data link enabled the rapid dissemination of sonar information to other friendly elements 28 Some later Sea King models featured the TACNAV digital navigation system first generation GPS and overhauled cockpit instrumentation for night vision compatibility 29 Operational history Edit Several UH 3H Sea Kings taking flight to fight the Cedar Fire in San Diego California in 2003 During June 1961 the Sea King became operational with the US Navy as the HSS 2 at the time it was not only the largest amphibious helicopter in the world but was also the first all weather rotorcraft to reach production status for the US Navy 5 When the unified aircraft designation system was introduced the rotorcraft s designation wa changed to SH 3A It was used primarily for anti submarine warfare the largely involved the detection and tracking of Soviet submarines In the event of open warfare breaking out between the two powers Sea Kings would have been used to attack these submarines with the intent to sink them 30 The Sea King was able to operate from the flight decks of many of the US Navy s vessels as well as shore bases It could also operate from offshore platforms to extend their surveillance and strike ranges The type was capable of conducting nighttime ASW operations albeit these usually posed considerable difficulty for the flight crew 31 32 The Sea King also performed various other roles and missions such as search and rescue transport anti shipping and airborne early warning operations Aircraft carriers would typically deploy Sea Kings to operate near the carrier as a plane guard ready to rescue air crew who crashed during takeoff or landing 33 They were routinely used in a logistical capacity at sea transferring personnel mail and other lighter cargoes between vessels 31 The Royal Canadian Navy RCN became a major operator of the Sea King see Sikorsky CH 124 Sea King following its introduction to service in 1963 It remained Canada s dominant maritime helicopter for over 50 years finally being withdrawn in 2018 34 One notable innovation in Canadian operations which was subsequently adopted by several other nations was the use of a winch hauldown landing and securing method referred to as a Beartrap This device considerably increased the ability of Sea Kings to land in difficult conditions such as on small flight decks or during poor weather conditions 34 35 The Sea King was exported in large numbers to various nations such as Brazil Italy Japan and the United Kingdom 36 Several operators have kept their Sea Kings in use for more than 50 years 37 38 During the Vietnam War SH 3s rescued the crews of downed aircraft at sea and over land typically being equipped with self sealing fuel tanks multiple machine guns and heavy armor when performing such missions 39 Due to the type s greater range and the safety of having two engines it was often used during rescue sorties into North Vietnam to retrieve downed aircrew 7 The Sea King was also used for medical evacuations and disaster relief efforts 31 U S Marine Corps VH 3 Sea King operating as Marine One landing on the south lawn of the White House The SH 3 was the primary helicopter for retrieving manned space capsules starting with Mercury Atlas 7 in May 1962 40 Helicopter 66 was the primary recovery vehicle for Apollo missions 8 and 10 to 13 41 In February 1971 an SH 3A operating from the amphibious assault ship USS New Orleans recovered Apollo 14 42 A specialist search and rescue variant of the SH 3 the HH 3 also performed in this capacity 6 Several Sea Kings operated by the United States Marine Corps s HMX 1 unit are used as the official helicopters of the President of the United States in this capacity the call sign Marine One is used by the helicopter currently occupied by the President As of 2012 a replacement helicopter fleet for the Sea King is pending under the VXX program 43 44 In 1992 the US Justice Department sued Sikorsky over allegations of overcharged component pricing and deliberately misleading US Navy negotiators 45 In 1997 the Justice Department issued further accusations against Sikorsky of willful overcharging on a contract to upgrade the Navy s Sea Kings 46 During the 1990s the Sea King was replaced in the ASW and SAR roles by the U S Navy with the newer Sikorsky SH 60 Sea Hawk 47 However the SH 3 continued to operate in reserve units in roles including logistical support search and rescue and transport On 27 January 2006 the SH 3 was ceremonially retired at NAS Norfolk Virginia by Helicopter Combat Support Squadron 2 HC 2 48 They have been replaced by increasingly advanced variants of the SH 60 Sea Hawk 31 In the early 21st century following their drawdown in US service there have been a number of initiatives to refurbish ex military Sea Kings for continued operations in addition to civil operators nations such as Egypt and India acquired refurbished former US Sea Kings to supplement their own aging fleets 49 50 51 Variants Edit A SH 3D Sea King helps recover Apollo 17 Ticonderoga is in the background HH 3A on Bon Homme Richard Army One a VH 3A Sea King that served in the Presidential fleet from 1961 to 1976 on permanent display at the Nixon Library SH 3G in 1981 US military Edit XHSS 2 The only prototype of the H 3 Sea King 52 YHSS 2 Pre production S 61 aircraft seven built for the U S Navy 53 re designated YSH 3A in 1962 52 HSS 2 Original designation of the Sea King Changed to SH 3A by the 1962 United States Tri Service aircraft designation system SH 3A Anti submarine warfare helicopter for the U S Navy 245 built Originally designated HSS 2 4 HH 3A Combat search and rescue helicopter for the U S Navy 12 converted from SH 3A 4 CH 3A Military transport version for the U S Air Force three converted from SH 3As into CH 3A configuration they later became CH 3Bs 54 NH 3A S 61F Experimental high speed compound helicopter with extensive streamlining no floats short wings carrying two turbojet engines for extra speed one converted from SH 3A citation needed Later modified with a tail rotor able to rotate 90 to serve as a pusher propeller this helicopter demonstrated Roto Prop pusher propeller for Sikorsky s S 66 design 55 RH 3A Minesweeper helicopter for the U S Navy Nine converted from SH 3A aircraft 52 VH 3A VIP transport Better known as Marine One or Army One 1957 1976 helicopter for the U S Army and Marine Corps originally designated HSS 2Z Eight built plus two SH 3A conversions rebuilt from damaged helicopters one YHSS 2 and one SH 3A citation needed The rest were returned to the U S Navy in 1975 76 and replaced by the VH 3D CH 3B Military transport helicopter for the U S Air Force 53 SH 3D Anti submarine warfare helicopter for the U S Navy 73 built and two conversions from SH 3As 4 VH 3D VIP Presidential transport helicopter better known as Marine One for the U S Marine Corps 11 built It entered service in 1976 56 SH 3G Cargo utility transport helicopter for the U S Navy 105 conversions from SH 3A and SH 3D 4 SH 3H Upgrade of the SH 3G as an anti submarine warfare ASW helicopter for the U S Navy 4 It included SH 3G features with improvements for ASW anti ship missile detection and other airframe improvements 163 SH 3A D Gs were upgraded to SH 3H configuration 56 SH 3H AEW Airborne early warning version for the Spanish navy UH 3H Cargo utility transport version for the U S Navy converted from SH 3H by removing ASW systems 56 Sikorsky designations Edit S 61 Company designation for the Sea King 4 S 61A Export version for the Royal Danish Air Force Wider pontoons without flotation bags a 530 liter center tank instead of a dipping sonar and no automatic powered folding system 57 S 61A 4 Nuri Military transport search and rescue helicopter for the Royal Malaysian Air Force It can seat up to 31 combat troops 38 built 53 S 61A AH Utility helicopter for survey work and search and rescue in the Antarctic S 61B Export version of the SH 3 anti submarine warfare helicopter for the Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force S 61D 3 Export version for the Brazilian Navy S 61D 4 Export version for the Argentine Navy S 61NR Search and rescue version for the Argentine Air Force S 61V Company designation for the VH 3A One built for Indonesia S 61L NMain article Sikorsky S 61 Civil versions of the Sea King S 61RMain article Sikorsky S 61R The S 61R served in the United States Air Force as the CH 3C E Sea King and the HH 3E Jolly Green Giant and with the United States Coast Guard and the Italian Air Force as the HH 3F Sea King more commonly referred to by the nickname Pelican 58 United Aircraft of Canada Edit Main article CH 124 Sea King Canadian Sikorsky CH 124A Sea King CH 124 Anti submarine warfare helicopter for the Royal Canadian Navy 41 assembled by United Aircraft of Canada 59 CH 124A The Sea King Improvement Program SKIP added modernized avionics as well as improved safety features 59 CH 124B Alternate version of the CH 124A without a dipping sonar but formerly with a MAD sensor and additional storage for deployable stores In 2006 the five aircraft of this variant were converted to support the Standing Contingency Task Force SCTF and were modified with additional troop seats and frequency agile radios Plans to add fast rope capability EAPSNIPS Engine Air Particle Separator Snow amp Ice Particle Separator did not come to fruition 59 CH 124B2 Six CH 124Bs were upgraded to the CH 124B2 standard in 1991 1992 The revised CH 124B2 retained the sonobuoy processing gear to passively detect submarines but was also fitted with a towed array sonar to supplement the ship s sonar Since anti submarine warfare is no longer a major priority within the Canadian Forces the CH 124B2 were refitted again to become improvised troop carriers for the newly formed Standing Contingency Task Force 59 CH 124C One CH 124 operated by the Helicopter Operational Test and Evaluation Facility located at CFB Shearwater Used for testing new gear and when not testing new gear it is deployable to any Canadian Forces ship requiring a helicopter 59 CH 124U Unofficial designation for four CH 124s that were modified for passenger freight transport One crashed in 1973 and the survivors were later refitted to become CH 124A s 59 Westland Edit Main article Westland Sea King Westland Sea King AEW 2A of the Royal Navy in 1998 The Westland Sea King variant was manufactured under license by Westland Helicopters Ltd in the United Kingdom who developed a specially modified version for the Royal Navy It is powered by a pair of Rolls Royce Gnome turbines license built T58s and has British avionics and ASW equipment This variant first flew in 1969 and entered service the next year It was until 2017 also used by the Royal Air Force in a search and rescue capacity and has been sold to many countries around the world Agusta Edit AS 61 Company designation for the H 3 Sea King built under license in Italy by Agusta AS 61A 1 Italian export model for the Royal Malaysian Air Force AS 61A 4 Military transport search and rescue helicopter 60 AS 61N 1 Silver License built model of the S 61N with a shortened cabin AS 61R version basing upon Sikorsky S 61R AS 61VIP VIP transport helicopter 60 ASH 3A SH 3G Utility transport helicopter ASH 3D Anti submarine warfare helicopter Flown by the Italian Brazilian Iranian Peruvian and Argentinian navies 60 ASH 3TS VIP executive transport mission helicopter Also known as the ASH 3D TS the Italian Air Force operated 2 from 1975 until 2012 60 61 ASH 3H Anti submarine warfare helicopter 60 Mitsubishi Edit S 61A License built version of the S 61A as Search and Rescue and Utility helicopters for the Japan Maritime Self Defense Force 18 built HSS 2 License built version of the S 61B as an anti submarine warfare helicopter for the Japan Maritime Self Defense Force 55 built HSS 2A License built version of the S 61B SH 3D as an anti submarine warfare helicopter for the Japan Maritime Self Defense Force 28 built HSS 2B License built version of the S 61B SH 3H as an anti submarine warfare helicopter for the Japan Maritime Self Defense Force 23 built Operators Edit A Brazilian Sea King ArgentinaArgentine Naval Aviation 62 BrazilBrazilian Navy 62 IndiaIndian Navy 62 IndonesiaNational Disaster Management Authority An S 61A is leased from Cardig Air 63 64 65 An Iranian Navy Sea King in 2012 IranIranian Navy 62 MalaysiaMalaysian Army Aviation ex RMAF PeruPeruvian Navy 62 A Spanish Navy SH 3H Sea King in 2009 United StatesUnited States Marine Corps 66 HMX 1 66 A Sikorsky S 61 of the Japan Maritime Self Defense Force VenezuelaVenezuelan Army 62 Former Edit CanadaRoyal Canadian Navy 67 transferred to Air Command in 1968 Royal Canadian Air Force See CH 124 Sea King retired in December 2018 68 DenmarkRoyal Danish Air Force 69 70 71 IraqIraqi Air Force 72 LASD s Rescue 5 flies offshore near Rancho Palos Verdes ItalyItalian Air Force 73 retired in September 2014 74 Italian Navy 62 retired in June 2013 75 JapanJapan Maritime Self Defense Force 76 77 MalaysiaRoyal Malaysian Air Force some helicopter transferred to Malaysian Army Aviation Saudi ArabiaRoyal Saudi Air Force 78 SpainSpanish Navy 62 United StatesL A County Sheriff s Department 79 80 United States Navy 81 Aircraft on display EditArgentina 0675 S 61D 4 on static display at the Argentine Naval Aviation Museum in Bahia Blanca Buenos Aires 82 83 84 Denmark U 240 S 61A on static display at the Danmarks Flymuseum in Skjern Central Denmark 85 United States An SH 3 Sea King on display at the Patuxent River Naval Air Museum 147140 HH 3A on static display at the Pacific Missile Range Facility in Kekaha Hawaii 86 148038 SH 3A on static display at the Patuxent River Naval Air Museum in Lexington Park Maryland 87 148042 UH 3H on static display at Naval Station Norfolk in Norfolk Virginia 88 148999 SH 3H on static display at the USS Hornet Museum in Alameda California 89 90 149006 UH 3H on static display at the Evergreen Aviation amp Space Museum in McMinnville Oregon 91 92 It is painted as Apollo 11 recovery helicopter citation needed 149695 SH 3G on static display at Naval Air Station Jacksonville in Jacksonville Florida 93 94 149711 SH 3H on static display at the USS Midway Museum in San Diego California 95 96 149738 SH 3H in storage at the Quonset Air Museum in North Kingston Rhode Island 97 98 149932 SH 3G on static display at the Patriots Point in Charleston South Carolina 99 150611 VH 3A on static display at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley California 100 101 150613 VH 3A on static display at the National Naval Aviation Museum in Pensacola Florida 102 150617 VH 3A on static display at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in Yorba Linda California 103 104 156484 SH 3D on static display at the National Naval Aviation Museum in Pensacola Florida 105 Unknown BuNo SH 3 on static display at the Hickory Aviation Museum in Hickory North Carolina 106 Specifications SH 3D Edit External video SH 3 at NAS Oceana Airshow 2004 External and cockpit footage of Sea King start up and take offData from Jane s All the World s Aircraft 1979 80 107 General characteristicsCrew 2 flight crew 2 sonar operators Capacity S 61A transport 26 troops or 15 stretchers or 12 VIP passengers Length 54 ft 9 in 16 69 m Width 16 ft 4 in 4 98 m rotors folded Height 16 ft 10 in 5 13 m Empty weight 11 865 lb 5 382 kg Gross weight 18 626 lb 8 449 kg ASW mission Max takeoff weight 21 500 lb 9 752 kg Powerplant 2 General Electric T58 GE 10 turboshaft engines 1 400 shp 1 044 kW each total power limited to 2 500 hp 1 864 kW by main gearbox 108 Main rotor diameter 62 ft 0 in 18 90 m Main rotor area 3 019 sq ft 280 5 m2 Blade section NACA 0012 109 Performance Maximum speed 144 kn 166 mph 267 km h Cruise speed 118 kn 136 mph 219 km h for max range Range 542 nmi 625 mi 1 005 km with max fuel 10 reserves Service ceiling 14 700 ft 4 480 m Rate of climb 2 200 ft min 11 2 m s at sea level All performance figures at weight of 20 500 lb 9 300 kg Armament Up to 840 lb 380 kg of weapons total 2 Mk 46 44 anti submarine torpedoes SH 3H Various sonobuoys and pyrotechnic devices B57 nuclear depth chargeSee also Edit Aviation portalRelated development Sikorsky CH 124 Sea King Sikorsky S 61L N Sikorsky S 61R Sikorsky HH 52 Seaguard Sikorsky S 67 Blackhawk Sikorsky S 72 Westland Sea KingAircraft of comparable role configuration and era Aerospatiale SA 321 Super Frelon Kaman SH 2 Seasprite Kamov Ka 25 Mil Mi 14 Sikorsky SH 60 Seahawk Westland LynxRelated lists List of active United States military aircraftReferences EditNotes Edit Leoni 2007 p 251 Fieldhouse and Taoka 1989 pp 70 71 74 a b c Mutza 2010 p 106 a b c d e f g h i j k Chant 1988 p 464 a b c d e f g h HSS 2 Archived 18 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Flight International 15 May 1959 p 696 a b c Jackson 2005 p 207 a b c d Mutza 2010 p 107 HSS 2 Completes Carrier Trials Archived 11 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Naval Aviation News July 1961 pp 22 23 Frawley 2003 p 194 Taylor John W R ed 1963 Jane s All the World s Aircraft 1963 1964 New York McGraw Hill Book Company Inc p 509 ISBN 9780531039151 Retrieved 10 September 2021 USN HSS 2 s 200 m p h Archived 18 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Flight International 15 February 1962 p 233 Taylor John W R ed 1965 Jane s All the World s Aircraft 1965 1966 New York McGraw Hill Book Company Inc p 346 ISBN 9780531039151 Retrieved 10 September 2021 Apostolo G Sikorsky S 61 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Helicopters Bonanza Books 1984 ISBN 0 517 43935 2 The Self Supporting Helicopter Archived 26 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine Time Magazine 26 December 1960 Apostolo Giorgio Sikorsky S 61R The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Helicopters New York Bonanza Books 1984 ISBN 978 0 517 43935 7 Williamson 2000 pp 149 167 Uttley 2001 p 206 McGowen 2005 p 119 Thorn and Frawley 1998 p 164 Lake 1996 pp 114 115 McGowen 2005 pp 120 126 Baruzzi Cara Flight Plan At 50 Sikorsky s Sea King gets an upgrade New Haven Register 6 September 2009 Bishop and Chant 2004 p 208 Williamson 2000 p 169 HSS 2 Archived 18 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Flight International 15 May 1959 p 697 Byers 1986 p 232 Fieldhouse and Taoka 1989 pp 72 73 Biass 1985 p 543 Chesneau 1985 pp 2 3 5 Blair 2004 p 42 a b c d Dorsey Jack Navy bids farewell to Sea King helicopter Archived 28 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine Pilot Online 28 January 2006 S R Arends Harrington J H Karlsson C R Pellerin A E and Staley M Military Use of Offshore Platforms Naval War College Newport 9 April 1979 ADA075840 Bishop and Chant 2004 p 91 a b Gordon Lisa The King at sea Archived 14 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Vertical Magazine 9 December 2013 Accessed 11 December 2013 Haze Gray amp Underway The Canadian Navy of Yesterday amp Today Sea King Archived from the original on 15 December 2013 Retrieved 1 January 2014 Chant 1988 pp 182 183 Tutton Michael Gritty Sea King helicopters still flying after 50 years of service Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Globe and Mail 31 July 2013 BBC 2 programme Sea King Britain s flying past 28 February 2013 Archived 2 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine Fleet Air Arm Officers Association 18 February 2013 Marolda 1996 pp 70 80 Blair 2004 p 87 Day Dwayne 25 June 2007 The last flight of Helo 66 Space Review Archived from the original on 14 July 2007 Retrieved 3 November 2017 Apollo 14 crewmen step aboard U S S New Orleans after splashdown NASA Images Retrieved 17 April 2012 Trimble Stephen Boeing says AW101 one of its three options for VXX Archived 11 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine FlightGlobal com 8 June 2010 Retrieved 10 June 2010 Cavas Christopher P Former Competitors Join Forces for Helo Program Archived 29 July 2012 at archive today Defense News 19 April 2010 Sikorsky sued over alleged Sea King overcharges Defense Daily 1 July 1992 Pazniokas Mark Testimony Begins In Sikorsky Trial Archived 28 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine Hartford Courant 17 July 1997 Blair 2004 p 44 U S Navy Retires Sea Kings Rotor amp Wing 15 March 2006 India Buys Six U S Navy Sea Kings Sea Power 1 February 2007 Last U S Navy Sea King Helicopter Delivered Archived 25 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine Navy News 21 November 2005 Former Presidential helicopter redelivered to the Egyptian Government Archived 25 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine NavAir News 17 June 2009 a b c Eden 2004 p 410 a b c Donald 1997 p 843 Eden 2004 p 413 Leoni 2007 pp 26 28 a b c Eden 2004 p 411 page 435 in Jane s All the World s Aircraft 1980 ISBN 0 531 03953 6 United States 1974 p A 40 1998 p A 43 2004 p 43 a b c d e f Durning Michael CH 124 Sea King Variants Canadian American Strategic Review web archive Retrieved 18 April 2012 a b c d e Chant 1988 p 356 Agusta Sikorsky SH 3D TS aeronautica difesa it 2014 Archived from the original on 9 November 2014 Retrieved 4 December 2014 a b c d 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Article in Danish Archived from the original on 18 October 2016 Retrieved 8 June 2010 DR Broadcaster Helicopters retired Article in Danish 16 June 2010 Archived from the original on 23 September 2016 Retrieved 16 June 2010 World s Air Forces 1987 pg 65 flightglobal com Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 Retrieved 23 March 2013 Agusta Sikorsky SH 3D TS Aeronautica Militare Archived from the original on 15 July 2018 Retrieved 22 May 2019 Monteleone Stefano 29 September 2014 Farewell HH 3F i Pelican dell Aeronautica Militare lasciano il servizio attivo Aviation Report in Italian Retrieved 15 May 2020 100 anni di Aviazione Navale l impiego del cielo a sostegno delle forze navali Aviation Report in Italian 10 July 2013 Retrieved 15 May 2020 JMSDF S 61 Archived from the original on 7 July 2013 Retrieved 23 March 2013 海上自衛隊航空機 Archived from the original on 8 February 2018 Retrieved 9 March 2018 World s Air Forces 1987 pg 81 flightglobal com Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 Retrieved 23 March 2013 3 Super Puma Helicopters Acquired For Sheriff s Department Air Rescue CBS Local Media 4 October 2012 Archived from the original on 5 December 2012 Retrieved 29 November 2012 LA County Sheriff Takes Delivery of First Modified Super Puma Los Angeles Times September 2012 p C5 US Navy SH 3 Global security Archived from the original on 2 April 2013 Retrieved 23 March 2013 Sea King in Spanish Museo de la Aviacion Naval Armada Argentina Archived from the original on 1 April 2010 Retrieved 30 May 2017 Descanso del Rey del Mar in Spanish Museo de la Aviacion Naval Armada Argentina Archived from the original on 7 March 2010 Retrieved 30 May 2017 Airframe Dossier SikorskyS 61 H 3 Sea King s n 0675 ARA c n 61 495 Aerial Visuals Archived from the original on 7 May 2018 Retrieved 30 May 2017 Sikorsky S 61A Sea King in Danish Danmarks Flymuseum Archived from the original on 7 May 2018 Retrieved 30 May 2017 Airframe Dossier SikorskyS 61 H 3 Sea King s n 147140 USN Aerial Visuals Archived from the original on 7 May 2018 Retrieved 30 May 2017 Its reign in the fleet over naval Sea King helicopter now rests at Pax Museum Naval Air Systems Command 29 May 2015 Archived from the original on 4 September 2016 Retrieved 30 May 2017 Airframe Dossier SikorskyS 61 H 3 Sea King s n 148042 USN Aerial Visuals Archived from the original on 7 May 2018 Retrieved 30 May 2017 SH 3H SeaKing USS Hornet Sea Air amp Space Museum Archived from the original on 24 June 2016 Retrieved 30 May 2017 Airframe Dossier SikorskyS 61 H 3 Sea King s n 148999 USN c n 61 073 Aerial Visuals Archived from the original on 7 May 2018 Retrieved 30 May 2017 Helicopters Evergreen Aviation amp Space Museum Archived from the original on 31 May 2017 Retrieved 30 May 2017 Airframe Dossier SikorskyS 61 H 3 Sea King s n 149006 USN Aerial Visuals Archived from the original on 7 May 2018 Retrieved 30 May 2017 Aircraft Heritage Park CNIC Archived from the original on 12 January 2017 Retrieved 30 May 2017 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original on 7 May 2018 Retrieved 30 May 2017 VH 3 MARINE ONE National Naval Aviation Museum Archived from the original on 5 July 2017 Retrieved 30 May 2017 The Helicopter Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum Archived from the original on 6 September 2016 Retrieved 30 May 2017 Airframe Dossier SikorskyS 61 H 3 Sea King s n 150617 USN c n 61 123 Aerial Visuals Archived from the original on 7 May 2018 Retrieved 30 May 2017 SH 3A SEA KING National Naval Aviation Museum Archived from the original on 5 July 2017 Retrieved 30 May 2017 Jackson Mark 21 June 2017 Hickory Aviation Museum to unveil SH 3 Sea King Helicopter Caldwell Journal Archived from the original on 28 June 2017 Retrieved 29 June 2017 Taylor John W R ed 1979 Jane s All the World s Aircraft 1979 80 New York Franklin Watts Inc pp 440 441 ISBN 0 531 03915 3 Retrieved 9 September 2021 S 61 Sikorsky Archives Retrieved 9 September 2021 Lednicer David The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage m selig ae illinois edu Retrieved 16 April 2019 Bibliography Edit Andrade John Militair 1982 London Aviation Press 1982 ISBN 0 907898 01 7 Biass Eric H World Helicopter Systems Geneva Switzerland Interavia Data 1985 Bishop Chris and Chris Chant Aircraft Carriers Minneapolis Minnesota Zenith Imprint 2004 ISBN 0 7603 2005 5 Blair Don Splashdown Nasa and the Navy Nashville Tennessee Turner Publishing 2004 ISBN 1 56311 985 4 Byers R B The Denuclearisation of the Oceans London Taylor amp Francis 1986 ISBN 0 7099 3936 1 Chant Christopher A Compendium of Armaments and Military Hardware London Routledge 1988 ISBN 0 7102 0720 4 Chesneau Roger Aeroguide 10 Westland Sea King HAR Mk 3 Essex UK Linewrights 1985 ISBN 0 946958 09 2 DOD 4120 15 L Model Designation of Military Aircraft Rockets and Guided Missiles Washington D C Department of Defense 1974 DOD 4120 15 L Model Designation of Military Aircraft Rockets and Guided Missiles Washington D C Department of Defense 1998 DOD 4120 15 L Model Designation of Military Aircraft Rockets and Guided Missiles Washington D C Department of Defense 2004 Donald David ed The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft New York Barnes amp Noble Books 1997 ISBN 0 7607 0592 5 Eden Paul ed The Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft London Amber Books 2004 ISBN 1 904687 84 9 Fieldhouse Richard and Taoka Shunji Superpowers at Sea An Assessment of the Naval Arms Race Oxford UK Oxford University Press 1989 ISBN 0 19829 135 3 Frawley Gerard The International Directory of Civil Aircraft 2003 2004 Fyshwick Australian Capital Territory Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd 2003 ISBN 1 875671 58 7 Jackson Robert ed Sikorsky S 61 SH 3 Sea King Helicopters Military Civilian and Rescue Rotorcraft The Aviation Factfile London Grange Books Ltd 2005 ISBN 1 84013 812 2 Lake Jon Westland Sea King Variant Briefing World Air Power Journal Volume 25 Summer 1996 pp 110 135 London Aerospace Publishing ISBN 978 1 874023 79 1 ISSN 0959 7050 Leoni Ron D Black Hawk The Story of a World Class Helicopter Reston Virginia American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2007 ISBN 1 56347 918 4 Marolda Edward J By Sea Air and Land An Illustrated History of the U S Navy and the War in Southeast Asia Darby Pennsylvania DIANE Publishing 1996 ISBN 0 7881 3250 4 McGowen Stanley S Helicopters An Illustrated History of their Impact Santa Barbara California ABC CLIO 2005 ISBN 1 85109 468 7 Mutza Wayne Helicopter Gunships Deadly Combat Weapon Systems Specialty Press 2010 ISBN 1 5800 7154 6 Uttley Matthew Westland and the British Helicopter Industry 1945 1960 Licensed Production versus Indigenous Innovation London Routledge 2001 ISBN 0 7146 5194 X Williamson Ronald M Naval Air Station Jacksonville Florida 1940 2000 An Illustrated History Nashville Tennessee Turner Publishing 2000 ISBN 1 5631 1730 4 Further reading EditNunez Padin Jorge Felix 2014 Nunez Padin Jorge Felix ed Sikorsky S 61D 4 amp UH 3H Sea King Serie Aeronaval in Spanish Vol 32 Bahia Blanca Argentina Fuerzas Aeronavales Archived from the original on 3 April 2015 Retrieved 25 August 2014 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to H 3 Sea King S 61 Specs amp Photo on flugzeuginfo net HELIS com Sikorsky S 61 H 3 HSS 2 Database Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sikorsky SH 3 Sea King amp oldid 1131347350, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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