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Sighthound

February 16, 2024

Sighthounds, also called gazehounds, are a type of dog, hounds that hunt primarily by sight and speed rather than by scent and endurance as scent hounds do.

A Whippet: characteristic long legs, deep chest, and narrow waist of a sighthound

Appearance edit

 
The dolichocephalic head proportions of a typical sighthound

These dogs specialize in pursuing prey, keeping it in sight, and overpowering it by their great speed and agility. They must be able to detect motion quickly, so they have keen vision. Sighthounds must be able to capture fast, agile prey, such as deer and hares, so they have a very flexible back and long legs for a long stride, a deep chest to support an unusually (compared to other dogs) large heart, very efficient lungs for both anaerobic and aerobic sprints, and a lean, wiry body to keep their weight at a minimum. Sighthounds have unique anatomical and physiological features, likely due to intentional selection for hunting by speed and sight; laboratory studies have established reference intervals for hematology and serum biochemical profiles in sighthounds, some of which are shared by all sighthounds and some of which may be unique to one breed.[1]

The typical sighthound type has a light, lean head, which is dolichocephalic in proportion. This shape can create the illusion that their heads are longer than usual. Wolves and other wild dogs are dolichocephalic or mesaticephalic, but some domestic dogs have become brachycephalic (short-headed) due to artificial selection by humans over the course of 12,000 years.[2] Dolichocephalic dogs have a wider field of vision but smaller overlap between the eyes and therefore possibly poorer depth perception in some of their field of view than brachycephalic dogs; most, if not all, dogs have less visual acuity than their antecedent the wolf.[3] There is no science-based evidence to confirm the popular belief that sighthounds have a higher visual acuity than other types of dogs. However, there is increasing evidence that dolichocephalic dogs, thanks to a higher number of retinal ganglion cells in their “visual streak”, retain more heightened sensitivity than other dog types to objects and rapid movement in the horizontal field of vision.[4]

 
A Saluki

History edit

Sighthounds such as the Saluki/Sloughi type (both named after the Seleucid Empire) may have existed for at least 5,000 years, with the earliest presumed sighthound remains of a male with a shoulder height around 54 cm, compared to a Saluki, appearing in the excavations of Tell Brak dated approximately 4,000 years before present.[5] The earliest complete European description of a sighthound and its work, the Celtic vertragus[6] from Roman Spain of the 2nd century C.E., comes from Arrian's Cynegeticus. A similar type, possibly a moderately sized male sighthound, with a height of 61–63 cm, of approximately the same historic period, the Warmington Roman dog is described from a well-preserved skeleton found in England.[7] Sighthound type "gracile" bones, dating from the 8th to 9th century CE, anatomically defined as those of a 70 cm (28 in) high "greyhound", were genetically compared with the modern Greyhound and other sighthounds and found to be almost identical with the modern Greyhound breed, with the exception of only four deletions and one substitution in the DNA sequences, which were interpreted as differences probably arising from 11 centuries of breeding of this type of sighthound.[8][2] Population genomic analysis proposes that true sighthounds originated independently from native dogs and were comprehensively admixed among breeds, supporting the multiple origins hypothesis of sighthounds.[9][3]

Although today most sighthounds are kept primarily as pets, some of them may have been bred for as many as thousands of years to detect movement of prey, then chase, capture, and kill it primarily by speed. They thrive on physical activity. Some have mellow personalities, others are watchful or even hostile towards strangers, but the instinct to chase running animals remains strong.[10]

Apart from coursing and hunting, various dog sports are practiced with purebred sighthounds, and sometimes with lurchers and longdogs. Such sports include racing, lure coursing, and other events.

List of sighthound breeds edit

Crossbreed sighthound types edit

Breeds considered to be controversial, not having by origin a sighthound function edit

A number of breeds or types of dogs which do not hunt solely by speed and sight, as well as a number of non-hunting breeds, are currently being recognized as sighthounds, either formally or informally[12] by kennel clubs, or lure and live coursing clubs. These include:

Kennel club classification edit

When competing in conformation shows, most Anglophone kennel clubs, including the American Kennel Club and The Kennel Club (UK), group pedigree sighthound breeds together with scent hounds in a Hound Group,[13][14] the Fédération Cynologique Internationale groups them in a dedicated Sighthound Group,[15] whilst the United Kennel Club groups them in a Sighthound and Pariah Group.[16]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Clinical pathology of Greyhounds and other sighthounds" S. Zaldívar‐López L.M. Marín M.C. Iazbik N. Westendorf‐Stingle S. Hensley C.G. Couto Veterinary Clinical Pathology Volume 40, Issue 4, first published: 24 October 2011
  2. ^ Roberts, Taryn; McGreevy, Paul; Valenzuela, Michael (July 2010), "Human Induced Rotation and Reorganization of the Brain of Domestic Dogs", PLOS ONE, 5 (#7): e11946, Bibcode:2010PLoSO...511946R, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011946, PMC 2909913, PMID 20668685
  3. ^ Miller, Paul E.; Murphy, Christopher J. (December 15, 1995), "Vision in Dogs" (PDF), Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 207 (#12): 1623–1634, PMID 7493905, retrieved 2012-12-24
  4. ^ McGreevy, Paul; Grassia, Tanya D.; Harman, Alison M. (December 2004), "A strong correlation exists between the distribution of retinal ganglion cells and nose length in the dog", Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 63 (#1): 13–22, doi:10.1159/000073756, PMID 14673195, S2CID 24772865
  5. ^ Clutton-Brock, J., 1989. A dog and a donkey excavated at Tell Brak. Iraq, 51, pp.217-224.
  6. ^ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Bronzen_beeldje_hazewindhond_ForumHadriani_015501_RMO_Leiden.jpg[bare URL image file]
  7. ^ Schoenebeck, J.J., Hamilton‐Dyer, S., Baxter, I.L., Schwarz, T. and Nussbaumer, M., (2021). From head to hind: Elucidating function through contrasting morphometrics of ancient and modern pedigree dogs. ‘’The Anatomical Record’’, 304(1), pp.63-77. [1]
  8. ^ SVOBODOVÁ, H., BARTOŠ, M., NÝVLTOVÁ FIŠÁKOVÁ, M. and KOUŘIL, P., (2015). Genetic analysis of possibly the oldest greyhound remains within the territory of the Czech Republic as a proof of a local elite presence at Chotěbuz-Podobora hillfort in the 8th–9th century AD. SbNM B, 71, pp.17-24.
  9. ^ Li, Wu-Lue, et al. "Multiple origins and genomic basis of complex traits in sighthounds". Molecular Biology and Evolution (2023): msad158.
  10. ^ Fogle, Bruce (2000) [1995]. The Encyclopedia of the Dog. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-7513-0471-9.
  11. ^ "Estándar GALGO BARBUCHO PATAGONICO" [Standard PATAGONIAN BARBUCHO GREYHOUND]. Kennel Club Argentino (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  12. ^ Bengtson, Bo. "How Many Sighthound Breeds? Would you believe more than 50?" Sighthound Review Vol. 5, Issue 4, Winter 2014–2015
  13. ^ "Hound Group". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  14. ^ "Hound". The Kennel Club. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  15. ^ "Group 10: Sighthounds". Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  16. ^ "Breed Group Designations". United Kennel Club. Retrieved 24 December 2019.

Further reading edit

  • Almirall, Leon V. Canines and Coyotes. Caldwell, Id.: The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1941.
  • Anderson, John Kinlock. Hunting in the Ancient World. University of California Press 1985.
  • Belkin, Dan. "The Functional Saluki: Lessons from the Coursing Field". Field Advisory News, November/December 1993.
  • Bengtson, Bo. "What IS a Sighthound?" Sighthound Review, charter Issue, May–June 1984.
  • Bengtson, Bo. "What is a Sighthound?" Sighthound Review. January 2011.
  • Bennett, D. & Timm, R.M., The dogs of Roman Vindolanda, Part IV: Large sighthounds and guard and utility dogs. Archaeofauna (30) 2021, 185-216 [4]
  • Brown, Curtis. Dog Locomotion and Gait Analysis. Wheat Ridge, Colo.: Hoflin Publishing, 1986.
  • Burnham, Pat Gail. "Rhodesian Ridgebacks, and the Question of What Is a Sighthound?". Field Advisory News, March/April 1992.
  • Copold, Steve. The Complete Book of Coursing: Hounds, Hares & Other Creatures, rev. and expanded 2nd ed. Wheat Ridge, Colo.: Hoflin Publishing, 1996.
  • Copold, Steve. Hounds, Hares & Other Creatures: The Complete Book of Coursing (1st ed.). Arvada, Colo.: D. R. Hoflin, 1977 (1996).
  • Couto Veterinary Consultants. "Are Sighthounds Really Dogs?"
  • Cunliffe, Juliette. Popular Sight Hounds. London: Popular Dogs Publishing Co. Ltd., 1992. ISBN 0-09-175025-3.
  • Dansey, William. Arrian on Coursing: The Cynegeticus. London: J. Bohn, 1831
  • Grant-Rennick, Richard (ed.). Coursing: The Pursuit of Game with Gazehounds. Saul, Gloucestershire: The Standfast Sporting Library, 1977. ISBN 0-9502148-9-2.
  • Hancock, David. Sighthounds: Their Form, their Function and their Future. Ramsbury: The Crowood Press Ltd, 2012. ISBN 978-1-84797-392-4.
  • Hawkins, Richard. "What Is A Sighthound". Dogs in Canada, April 2006.
  • Hawkins, Richard. "Sighthound Identity". The Performance Sighthound Journal, July–September 2007.
  • Hull, Denison B. Hounds and Hunting in Ancient Greece. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1964.
  • Miller, Constance O. Gazehounds: The Search for Truth. Wheat Ridge, Colo.: Hoflin Publishing, 1988.
  • Nichols, Christopher. Three Dogs from the Late Iron Age Boat Grave Cemetery at Gamla Uppsala Prästgården, Sweden. European Journal of Archaeology 2023: 1-18.[5]
  • Parker, Heidi G. et al. "Genomic Analyses Reveal the Influence of Geographic Origin, Migration, and Hybridization on Modern Dog Breed Development". Cell Reports (#19) 697–708, 2017.
  • Phillips, A. A., and M. M. Willcock, (eds.). Xenophon & Arrian on Hunting with Hounds. Oxford: Aris & Phillips, 1999. ISBN 0-85668-706-5.
  • Recum, Andreas F. von, Hunting with Hounds in North America. Gretna: Pelican Publishing Co. 2002. ISBN 1-58980-043-5
  • Russell, Joanna. All about Gazehounds. London: Pelham, 1976. ISBN 0-7207-0926-1.
  • M. H. Salmon ("Dutch"). Gazehounds & Coursing. St. Cloud, Minn.: North Star Press, 1977. ISBN 0-87839-024-3.
  • M. H. Salmon ("Dutch"). Gazehounds & Coursing: The History, Art, and Sport of Hunting with Sighthounds, Rev. and expanded 2nd ed. Silver City, N.M.: High-Lonesome Books, 1999. ISBN 0-944383-49-1.
  • Severtsov, A. S. Shubkina, A. V., Predator as a universal breeder. Science in Russia 2014 No. 5 (#203)
  • Severtsov, A. S., Rosenzweig, M. L. and Shubkina, A. V., "Predators detect the welfare of their potential prey and cull those that are poorly". Evolutionary Ecology Research, 2017 18 (#5), pp. 555–569.
  • Suchanova, J. & Tovstucha, R. E., "Problems in translating the names of dog breeds from the perspective of different nomination principles & linguistic relativity". Coactivity: Philology, Educology 2016, 24 (#2): 113–121.
  • Uhrikova, I. et al. "Haematological and biochemical variations among eight Sighthound breeds". Australian Veterinary Journal, Vol. 91 (#11), 2013. Summary by Dr. Dominique de Caprona.
  • Wimmer, Barbara. Genetic Differences between Western bred Sighthound (FCI group 10) and Primitive breeds (FCI group 5). See summary by Dr. Dominique de Caprona

External links edit

 
Look up sighthound or gazehound in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  •   Media related to Sighthounds at Wikimedia Commons

February 16, 2024
sighthound, also, called, gazehounds, type, hounds, that, hunt, primarily, sight, speed, rather, than, scent, endurance, scent, hounds, whippet, characteristic, long, legs, deep, chest, narrow, waist, sighthound, contents, appearance, history, list, sighthound. Sighthounds also called gazehounds are a type of dog hounds that hunt primarily by sight and speed rather than by scent and endurance as scent hounds do A Whippet characteristic long legs deep chest and narrow waist of a sighthound Contents 1 Appearance 2 History 3 List of sighthound breeds 3 1 Crossbreed sighthound types 4 Breeds considered to be controversial not having by origin a sighthound function 5 Kennel club classification 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksAppearance edit nbsp The dolichocephalic head proportions of a typical sighthoundThese dogs specialize in pursuing prey keeping it in sight and overpowering it by their great speed and agility They must be able to detect motion quickly so they have keen vision Sighthounds must be able to capture fast agile prey such as deer and hares so they have a very flexible back and long legs for a long stride a deep chest to support an unusually compared to other dogs large heart very efficient lungs for both anaerobic and aerobic sprints and a lean wiry body to keep their weight at a minimum Sighthounds have unique anatomical and physiological features likely due to intentional selection for hunting by speed and sight laboratory studies have established reference intervals for hematology and serum biochemical profiles in sighthounds some of which are shared by all sighthounds and some of which may be unique to one breed 1 The typical sighthound type has a light lean head which is dolichocephalic in proportion This shape can create the illusion that their heads are longer than usual Wolves and other wild dogs are dolichocephalic or mesaticephalic but some domestic dogs have become brachycephalic short headed due to artificial selection by humans over the course of 12 000 years 2 Dolichocephalic dogs have a wider field of vision but smaller overlap between the eyes and therefore possibly poorer depth perception in some of their field of view than brachycephalic dogs most if not all dogs have less visual acuity than their antecedent the wolf 3 There is no science based evidence to confirm the popular belief that sighthounds have a higher visual acuity than other types of dogs However there is increasing evidence that dolichocephalic dogs thanks to a higher number of retinal ganglion cells in their visual streak retain more heightened sensitivity than other dog types to objects and rapid movement in the horizontal field of vision 4 nbsp A SalukiHistory editSighthounds such as the Saluki Sloughi type both named after the Seleucid Empire may have existed for at least 5 000 years with the earliest presumed sighthound remains of a male with a shoulder height around 54 cm compared to a Saluki appearing in the excavations of Tell Brak dated approximately 4 000 years before present 5 The earliest complete European description of a sighthound and its work the Celtic vertragus 6 from Roman Spain of the 2nd century C E comes from Arrian s Cynegeticus A similar type possibly a moderately sized male sighthound with a height of 61 63 cm of approximately the same historic period the Warmington Roman dog is described from a well preserved skeleton found in England 7 Sighthound type gracile bones dating from the 8th to 9th century CE anatomically defined as those of a 70 cm 28 in high greyhound were genetically compared with the modern Greyhound and other sighthounds and found to be almost identical with the modern Greyhound breed with the exception of only four deletions and one substitution in the DNA sequences which were interpreted as differences probably arising from 11 centuries of breeding of this type of sighthound 8 2 Population genomic analysis proposes that true sighthounds originated independently from native dogs and were comprehensively admixed among breeds supporting the multiple origins hypothesis of sighthounds 9 3 Although today most sighthounds are kept primarily as pets some of them may have been bred for as many as thousands of years to detect movement of prey then chase capture and kill it primarily by speed They thrive on physical activity Some have mellow personalities others are watchful or even hostile towards strangers but the instinct to chase running animals remains strong 10 Apart from coursing and hunting various dog sports are practiced with purebred sighthounds and sometimes with lurchers and longdogs Such sports include racing lure coursing and other events List of sighthound breeds editAfghan Hound Azawakh Borzoi Chippiparai Chortai Galgo Espanol Greyhound Irish Wolfhound Italian Greyhound Kaikadi Kanni Kombai Levriero Sardo Magyar agar Mudhol Hound Old Croatian Sighthound Patagonian Greyhound 11 Polish Greyhound Rajapalayam Rampur Greyhound Saluki Scottish Deerhound Silken Windhound Sloughi Taigan Tazy Whippet Xigou Crossbreed sighthound types edit Kangaroo hound Longdog Lurcher American StaghoundBreeds considered to be controversial not having by origin a sighthound function editA number of breeds or types of dogs which do not hunt solely by speed and sight as well as a number of non hunting breeds are currently being recognized as sighthounds either formally or informally 12 by kennel clubs or lure and live coursing clubs These include Andalusian Hound Basenji Cirneco dell Etna Ibizan Hound Podenco Ibicenco Peruvian Inca Orchid Pharaoh Hound Kelb tal fenek Podenco Canario Portuguese Podengo Rhodesian Ridgeback Thai RidgebackKennel club classification editWhen competing in conformation shows most Anglophone kennel clubs including the American Kennel Club and The Kennel Club UK group pedigree sighthound breeds together with scent hounds in a Hound Group 13 14 the Federation Cynologique Internationale groups them in a dedicated Sighthound Group 15 whilst the United Kennel Club groups them in a Sighthound and Pariah Group 16 See also edit nbsp Dogs portal nbsp Mammals portalDog type Hound Hunting dog Scent houndReferences edit Clinical pathology of Greyhounds and other sighthounds S Zaldivar Lopez L M Marin M C Iazbik N Westendorf Stingle S Hensley C G Couto Veterinary Clinical Pathology Volume 40 Issue 4 first published 24 October 2011 Roberts Taryn McGreevy Paul Valenzuela Michael July 2010 Human Induced Rotation and Reorganization of the Brain of Domestic Dogs PLOS ONE 5 7 e11946 Bibcode 2010PLoSO 511946R doi 10 1371 journal pone 0011946 PMC 2909913 PMID 20668685 Miller Paul E Murphy Christopher J December 15 1995 Vision in Dogs PDF Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 207 12 1623 1634 PMID 7493905 retrieved 2012 12 24 McGreevy Paul Grassia Tanya D Harman Alison M December 2004 A strong correlation exists between the distribution of retinal ganglion cells and nose length in the dog Brain Behavior and Evolution 63 1 13 22 doi 10 1159 000073756 PMID 14673195 S2CID 24772865 Clutton Brock J 1989 A dog and a donkey excavated at Tell Brak Iraq 51 pp 217 224 https upload wikimedia org wikipedia commons a ac Bronzen beeldje hazewindhond ForumHadriani 015501 RMO Leiden jpg bare URL image file Schoenebeck J J Hamilton Dyer S Baxter I L Schwarz T and Nussbaumer M 2021 From head to hind Elucidating function through contrasting morphometrics of ancient and modern pedigree dogs The Anatomical Record 304 1 pp 63 77 1 SVOBODOVA H BARTOS M NYVLTOVA FISAKOVA M and KOURIL P 2015 Genetic analysis of possibly the oldest greyhound remains within the territory of the Czech Republic as a proof of a local elite presence at Chotebuz Podobora hillfort in the 8th 9th century AD SbNM B 71 pp 17 24 Li Wu Lue et al Multiple origins and genomic basis of complex traits in sighthounds Molecular Biology and Evolution 2023 msad158 Fogle Bruce 2000 1995 The Encyclopedia of the Dog Dorling Kindersley ISBN 0 7513 0471 9 Estandar GALGO BARBUCHO PATAGONICO Standard PATAGONIAN BARBUCHO GREYHOUND Kennel Club Argentino in Spanish Retrieved 4 November 2022 Bengtson Bo How Many Sighthound Breeds Would you believe more than 50 Sighthound Review Vol 5 Issue 4 Winter 2014 2015 Hound Group American Kennel Club Retrieved 24 December 2019 Hound The Kennel Club Retrieved 24 December 2019 Group 10 Sighthounds Federation Cynologique Internationale Retrieved 24 December 2019 Breed Group Designations United Kennel Club Retrieved 24 December 2019 Further reading editAlmirall Leon V Canines and Coyotes Caldwell Id The Caxton Printers Ltd 1941 Anderson John Kinlock Hunting in the Ancient World University of California Press 1985 Belkin Dan The Functional Saluki Lessons from the Coursing Field Field Advisory News November December 1993 Bengtson Bo What IS a Sighthound Sighthound Review charter Issue May June 1984 Bengtson Bo What is a Sighthound Sighthound Review January 2011 Bennett D amp Timm R M The dogs of Roman Vindolanda Part IV Large sighthounds and guard and utility dogs Archaeofauna 30 2021 185 216 4 Brown Curtis Dog Locomotion and Gait Analysis Wheat Ridge Colo Hoflin Publishing 1986 Burnham Pat Gail Rhodesian Ridgebacks and the Question of What Is a Sighthound Field Advisory News March April 1992 Copold Steve The Complete Book of Coursing Hounds Hares amp Other Creatures rev and expanded 2nd ed Wheat Ridge Colo Hoflin Publishing 1996 Copold Steve Hounds Hares amp Other Creatures The Complete Book of Coursing 1st ed Arvada Colo D R Hoflin 1977 1996 Couto Veterinary Consultants Are Sighthounds Really Dogs Cunliffe Juliette Popular Sight Hounds London Popular Dogs Publishing Co Ltd 1992 ISBN 0 09 175025 3 Dansey William Arrian on Coursing The Cynegeticus London J Bohn 1831 Grant Rennick Richard ed Coursing The Pursuit of Game with Gazehounds Saul Gloucestershire The Standfast Sporting Library 1977 ISBN 0 9502148 9 2 Hancock David Sighthounds Their Form their Function and their Future Ramsbury The Crowood Press Ltd 2012 ISBN 978 1 84797 392 4 Hawkins Richard What Is A Sighthound Dogs in Canada April 2006 Hawkins Richard Sighthound Identity The Performance Sighthound Journal July September 2007 Hull Denison B Hounds and Hunting in Ancient Greece Chicago University of Chicago Press 1964 Miller Constance O Gazehounds The Search for Truth Wheat Ridge Colo Hoflin Publishing 1988 Nichols Christopher Three Dogs from the Late Iron Age Boat Grave Cemetery at Gamla Uppsala Prastgarden Sweden European Journal of Archaeology 2023 1 18 5 Parker Heidi G et al Genomic Analyses Reveal the Influence of Geographic Origin Migration and Hybridization on Modern Dog Breed Development Cell Reports 19 697 708 2017 Phillips A A and M M Willcock eds Xenophon amp Arrian on Hunting with Hounds Oxford Aris amp Phillips 1999 ISBN 0 85668 706 5 Recum Andreas F von Hunting with Hounds in North America Gretna Pelican Publishing Co 2002 ISBN 1 58980 043 5 Russell Joanna All about Gazehounds London Pelham 1976 ISBN 0 7207 0926 1 M H Salmon Dutch Gazehounds amp Coursing St Cloud Minn North Star Press 1977 ISBN 0 87839 024 3 M H Salmon Dutch Gazehounds amp Coursing The History Art and Sport of Hunting with Sighthounds Rev and expanded 2nd ed Silver City N M High Lonesome Books 1999 ISBN 0 944383 49 1 Severtsov A S Shubkina A V Predator as a universal breeder Science in Russia 2014 No 5 203 Severtsov A S Rosenzweig M L and Shubkina A V Predators detect the welfare of their potential prey and cull those that are poorly Evolutionary Ecology Research 2017 18 5 pp 555 569 Suchanova J amp Tovstucha R E Problems in translating the names of dog breeds from the perspective of different nomination principles amp linguistic relativity Coactivity Philology Educology 2016 24 2 113 121 Uhrikova I et al Haematological and biochemical variations among eight Sighthound breeds Australian Veterinary Journal Vol 91 11 2013 Summary by Dr Dominique de Caprona Wimmer Barbara Genetic Differences between Western bred Sighthound FCI group 10 and Primitive breeds FCI group 5 See summary by Dr Dominique de CapronaExternal links edit nbsp Look up sighthound or gazehound in Wiktionary the free dictionary nbsp Media related to Sighthounds at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sighthound amp oldid 1197936508, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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