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Siegfried Flügge

March 14, 2024

Siegfried Flügge (16 March 1912, in Dresden – 15 December 1997, in Hinterzarten) was a German theoretical physicist who made contributions to nuclear physics and the theoretical basis for nuclear weapons.[1] He worked on the German nuclear energy project. From 1941 onward he was a lecturer at several German universities, and from 1956 to 1984, editor of the 54-volume, prestigious Handbuch der Physik.

Education edit

From 1929 to 1933, Flügge studied physics at the Technische Hochschule Dresden (after 1961, the Dresden University of Technology) and the Georg-August University of Göttingen. He received his doctorate at the latter, under Max Born, in 1933.[2][3]

Career edit

From 1933 to 1935, he was a teaching assistant at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main. From 1936 to 1937, he was a teaching assistant to Werner Heisenberg at the University of Leipzig. From 1937 to 1942, as successor to Max Delbrück, Flügge was an assistant to Otto Hahn at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Chemie (KWIC, after World War II reorganized and renamed the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry), in Berlin-Dahlem.[4]

In 1938, Flügge completed his Habilitation at the Technische Hochschule München (today, the Technical University of Munich).[5]

In December 1938, the German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann sent a manuscript to Naturwissenschaften reporting they had detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons;[6] simultaneously, they communicated these results to Lise Meitner, who had in July of that year fled to The Netherlands and then went to Sweden.[7] Meitner, and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch, correctly interpreted these results as being nuclear fission.[8] Frisch confirmed this experimentally on 13 January 1939.[9] Flügge and Gottfried von Droste, an assistant to Meitner, independently also predicted a large energy release from nuclear fission.[10]

Also in 1939, Flügge published two influential articles on the exploitation of nuclear energy.[11][12] From then he worked on the German nuclear energy project; collaborators on aspects of this project were for a time known collectively as the Uranverein (Uranium Club). Some with whom he collaborated were Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker and Fritz Houtermans on the theoretical basis of the Uranmaschine (literally uranium machine, i.e., nuclear reactor). Flügge also extended Niels Bohr’s and J. A. Wheeler’s theory of nuclear fission published in 1939.[13]

The papers by Flügge on the exploitation of nuclear energy were an impetus for action. For example, the Auergesellschaft had a substantial amount of “waste” uranium from which it had extracted radium. After reading Flügge’s paper[14] in Die Naturwissenschaften on the technical use of nuclear energy from uranium, Nikolaus Riehl, the scientific director at Auergesellschaft, recognized a business opportunity for the company. In July 1939, he went to the Heereswaffenamt (HWA, Army Ordnance Office) to discuss the production of uranium. The HWA was interested.[15][16]

In 1940, on the initiative of Rudolf Tomaschek, despite Wilhelm Müller’s objection, Flügge lectured at the Technische Hochschule München on theoretical physics during the winter semester. From 1941, he was a lecturer at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität (today, the Humboldt University of Berlin).[17]

In 1944, Flügge was an ordinarius professor at the University of Königsberg. From 1945 to 1947, he took a position at his alma mater, the University of Göttingen. From 1947 to 1949, he had a position at the Philipps-Universität Marburg. From 1949 to 1950, he was a visiting professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and in 1953 at the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University). Later, he was at the Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg.[18]

From 1956 to 1984, Flügge was editor of the 54-volume, prestigious Handbuch der Physik [de] (Encyclopedia of Physics) published by Springer-Verlag.[19]

Internal report edit

The following reports were published in Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte (Research Reports in Nuclear Physics), an internal publication of the German Uranverein. The reports were classified Top Secret, they had very limited distribution, and the authors were not allowed to keep copies. The reports were confiscated under the Allied Operation Alsos and sent to the United States Atomic Energy Commission for evaluation. In 1971, the reports were declassified and returned to Germany. The reports are available at the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center and the American Institute of Physics.[20][21]

  • Siegfried Flügge Zur spontanene Spaltung von Uran und seinen nachbarelementen G-140 (27 January 1942)
  • Kurt Sauerwein and Siegfried Flügge Untersuchungen I und II über den Resonanzeinfang von Neutronen beim Uran G-185 (28 January 1942)

Family edit

He was the younger brother of Wilhelm Flügge.

Selected publications edit

Articles edit

  • Siegfried Flügge Kann der Energieinhalt der Atomkerne technisch nutzbar gemacht werden?, Die Naturwissenschaften Volume 27, Issues 23/24, 402–410 (9 June 1939).
  • Siegfried Flügge Die Ausnutzung der Atomenergie. Vom Laboratoriumsversuch zur Uranmaschine – Forschungsergebnisse in Dahlem, Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung No. 387, Supplement (15 August 1939). English translation: Document #74 Siegfried Flügge: Exploiting Atomic Energy. From the Laboratory Experiment to the Uranium Machine – Research Results in Dahlem [August 15, 1939] in Hentschel, Klaus (Editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (Editorial Assistant and Translator) Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Birkhäuser, 1996) pp 197–206. [This article is Flügge's popularized version of the June 1939 article in Die Naturwissenschaften.]
  • Siegfried Flügge and Gottfried von Droste Energetische Betrachtungen zu der Entstehung von Barium bei der Neutronenbestrahlung von Uran, Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie B Volume 4, 274–280 (1939). Received on 22 January 1939.

Books edit

  • Erwin Madelung, Karl Böhle, and Siegfried Flügge Mathematischen Hilfsmittel des Physikers (Mathematical Tools for the Physicist), Dritte vermehrte und verbesserte Auflage) (Dover, 1943)
  • Walther Bothe and Siegfried Flügge. Nuclear Physics and Cosmic Rays: FIAT Review of German Science 1939-1946. 2 volumes. 230; 198 pages. (Office of Military Government for Germany, 1948)
  • Siegfried Flügge Theoretische Optik. Die Entwicklung einer physikalischen Theorie (Wolfenbüttler Verlagsanstalt, 1948)
  • Siegfried Flügge Bücher der Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften (Wolfenbutteler-Verlags-Anstalt, 1948)
  • Siegfried Flügge and Hans Marschall Rechenmethoden Der Quantentheorie (Springer Verlag, 1952)
  • Siegfried Flügge and Hans Marschall Rechenmethoden der Quantentheorie. Dargestellt in Aufgaben und Lösungen. Erster Teil: Elementare Quantenmechanik. (Springer-Verlag, 1952)
  • Siegfried Flügge Handbuch der Physik. Bd. 7. 1. Kristallphysik 1 (Springer Verlag, 1955)
  • Siegfried Flügge Handbuch der Physik. Bd. 1. Mathematische Methoden 1 (Springer Verlag, 1956)[22]
  • Siegfried Flügge Lehrbuch der Theoretischen Physik (in 5 Bänden). Band 1: Einführung - Elementare Mechanik und Kontinuumsphysik. (Springer, 1961)
  • Siegfried Flügge Lehrbuch der Theoretischen Physik. Bd. III: Klassische Physik II. Das Maxwellsche Feld. Bln. (Springer, 1961)
  • Siegfried Flügge Lehrbuch der Theoretischen Physik (in 5 Bänden). Band 4: Quantentheorie I. (Springer, 1964)
  • Siegfried Flügge Rechenmethoden der Quantentheorie;Elementare Quantenmechanik - Dargestellt in Aufgaben und Lösungen (Springer Verlag, 1965)
  • Siegfried Flügge Lehrbuch der Theoretischen Physik Band II - Klassische Physik I Mechanik Der Geordneten und Ungeordneten Bewegungen (Springer, 1967)
  • Siegfried Flügge Wege und Ziele der modernen Physik. (Schulz Freiburg, 1969)
  • Siegfried Flügge Practical Quantum Mechanics - Volume 1 and Volume 2 (Springer, 1971)
  • Siegfried Flügge Wege und Ziele der Physik (Springer-Verlag, 1974)
  • Siegfried Flügge Practical Quantum Mechanics (Springer, 1998)

Notes edit

  1. ^ Schlögl, Friedrich (August 1998). "Obituary: Siegfried Flügge". Physics Today. 51 (8): 77. Bibcode:1998PhT....51h..77S. doi:10.1063/1.882353.
  2. ^ Siegfried Flügge, Dissertation: Der Einfluβ der Neutronen auf den inneren Aufbau der Sterne Dr. rer. nat. Georg-August-Universität Göttingen . Advisor: Max Born.
  3. ^ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Flügge.
  4. ^ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Flügge.
  5. ^ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Flügge.
  6. ^ O. Hahn and F. Strassmann Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle (On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium with neutrons), Naturwissenschaften Volume 27, Number 1, 11-15 (1939). The authors were identified as being at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Chemie, Berlin-Dahlem. Received 22 December 1938.
  7. ^ Ruth Lewin Sime Lise Meitner’s Escape from Germany, American Journal of Physics Volume 58, Number 3, 263- 267 (1990).
  8. ^ Lise Meitner and O. R. Frisch Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: a New Type of Nuclear Reaction, Nature, Volume 143, Number 3615, 239-240 (11 February 1939). The paper is dated 16 January 1939. Meitner is identified as being at the Physical Institute, Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. Frisch is identified as being at the Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Copenhagen.
  9. ^ O. R. Frisch Physical Evidence for the Division of Heavy Nuclei under Neutron Bombardment, Nature, Volume 143, Number 3616, 276-276 (18 February 1939) 23 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. The paper is dated 17 January 1939. [The experiment for this letter to the editor was conducted on 13 January 1939; see Richard Rhodes The Making of the Atomic Bomb 263 and 268 (Simon and Schuster, 1986).]
  10. ^ Siegfried Flügge and Gottfried von Droste Energetische Betrachtungen zu der Entstehung von Barium bei der Neutronenbestrahlung von Uran, Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie B Volume 4, 274–280 (1939). Received on 22 January 1939.
  11. ^ Siegfried Flügge Die Ausnutzung der Atomenergie. Vom Laboratoriumsversuch zur Uranmaschine – Forschungsergebnisse in Dahlem, Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung No. 387, Supplement (15 August 1939). English translation: Document #74 Siegfried Flügge: Exploiting Atomic Energy. From the Laboratory Experiment to the Uranium Machine – Research Results in Dahlem [August 15, 1939] in Hentschel, Klaus (Editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (Editorial Assistant and Translator) Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Birkhäuser, 1996) pp 197-206.
  12. ^ Siegfried Flügge Kann der Energieinhalt der Atomkerne technisch nutzbar gemacht werden?, Die Naturwissenschaften Volume 27, Issues 23/24, 402-410 (1939).
  13. ^ Niels Bohr and J. A. Wheeler Mechanism of nuclear fission, Phys. Rev. Volume 56, Issue 5, 426-450 (1939). Institutional citations: Niels Bohr, from the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, was at The Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, when he collaborated with John Archibald Wheeler, at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey. Received 28 June 1939.
  14. ^ Siegfried Flügge Kann der Energieinhalt der Atomkerne technisch nutzbar gemacht werden?, Die Naturwissenschaften Volume 27, Issues 23/24, 402-410 (1939).
  15. ^ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, 369, Appendix F (see the entry for Nikolaus Riehl), and Appendix D (see the entry for Auergesellschaft).
  16. ^ Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 13.
  17. ^ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Flügge.
  18. ^ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Flügge.
  19. ^ Karen Rae Keck Siegfried Flügge (1912-1997).
  20. ^ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix E; see the entry for Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte.
  21. ^ Walker, 1993, 268–274.
  22. ^ Franklin, Philip (1958). "Book Review: Handbuch der Physik, Band 1, Mathematische Methoden 1". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 64 (1): 41–43. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1958-10144-5. ISSN 0002-9904.

References edit

  • Bernstein, Jeremy Hitler’s Uranium Club: The Secret Recording’s at Farm Hall (Copernicus, 2001) ISBN 0-387-95089-3
  • Hentschel, Klaus (Editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (Editorial Assistant and Translator) Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Birkhäuser, 1996)
  • Riehl, Nikolaus and Frederick Seitz Stalin’s Captive: Nikolaus Riehl and the Soviet Race for the Bomb (American Chemical Society and the Chemical Heritage Foundations, 1996) ISBN 0-8412-3310-1.
  • Walker, Mark German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power 1939–1949 (Cambridge, 1993) ISBN 0-521-43804-7

External links edit

  • The Atomkeller-Museum at Haigerloch – Waymarking.com

March 14, 2024
siegfried, flügge, march, 1912, dresden, december, 1997, hinterzarten, german, theoretical, physicist, made, contributions, nuclear, physics, theoretical, basis, nuclear, weapons, worked, german, nuclear, energy, project, from, 1941, onward, lecturer, several,. Siegfried Flugge 16 March 1912 in Dresden 15 December 1997 in Hinterzarten was a German theoretical physicist who made contributions to nuclear physics and the theoretical basis for nuclear weapons 1 He worked on the German nuclear energy project From 1941 onward he was a lecturer at several German universities and from 1956 to 1984 editor of the 54 volume prestigious Handbuch der Physik Contents 1 Education 2 Career 3 Internal report 4 Family 5 Selected publications 5 1 Articles 5 2 Books 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksEducation editFrom 1929 to 1933 Flugge studied physics at the Technische Hochschule Dresden after 1961 the Dresden University of Technology and the Georg August University of Gottingen He received his doctorate at the latter under Max Born in 1933 2 3 Career editFrom 1933 to 1935 he was a teaching assistant at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main From 1936 to 1937 he was a teaching assistant to Werner Heisenberg at the University of Leipzig From 1937 to 1942 as successor to Max Delbruck Flugge was an assistant to Otto Hahn at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institut fur Chemie KWIC after World War II reorganized and renamed the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Berlin Dahlem 4 In 1938 Flugge completed his Habilitation at the Technische Hochschule Munchen today the Technical University of Munich 5 In December 1938 the German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann sent a manuscript to Naturwissenschaften reporting they had detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons 6 simultaneously they communicated these results to Lise Meitner who had in July of that year fled to The Netherlands and then went to Sweden 7 Meitner and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch correctly interpreted these results as being nuclear fission 8 Frisch confirmed this experimentally on 13 January 1939 9 Flugge and Gottfried von Droste an assistant to Meitner independently also predicted a large energy release from nuclear fission 10 Also in 1939 Flugge published two influential articles on the exploitation of nuclear energy 11 12 From then he worked on the German nuclear energy project collaborators on aspects of this project were for a time known collectively as the Uranverein Uranium Club Some with whom he collaborated were Carl Friedrich von Weizsacker and Fritz Houtermans on the theoretical basis of the Uranmaschine literally uranium machine i e nuclear reactor Flugge also extended Niels Bohr s and J A Wheeler s theory of nuclear fission published in 1939 13 The papers by Flugge on the exploitation of nuclear energy were an impetus for action For example the Auergesellschaft had a substantial amount of waste uranium from which it had extracted radium After reading Flugge s paper 14 in Die Naturwissenschaften on the technical use of nuclear energy from uranium Nikolaus Riehl the scientific director at Auergesellschaft recognized a business opportunity for the company In July 1939 he went to the Heereswaffenamt HWA Army Ordnance Office to discuss the production of uranium The HWA was interested 15 16 In 1940 on the initiative of Rudolf Tomaschek despite Wilhelm Muller s objection Flugge lectured at the Technische Hochschule Munchen on theoretical physics during the winter semester From 1941 he was a lecturer at the Friedrich Wilhelms Universitat today the Humboldt University of Berlin 17 In 1944 Flugge was an ordinarius professor at the University of Konigsberg From 1945 to 1947 he took a position at his alma mater the University of Gottingen From 1947 to 1949 he had a position at the Philipps Universitat Marburg From 1949 to 1950 he was a visiting professor at the University of Wisconsin Madison and in 1953 at the Carnegie Institute of Technology now Carnegie Mellon University Later he was at the Albert Ludwigs Universitat Freiburg 18 From 1956 to 1984 Flugge was editor of the 54 volume prestigious Handbuch der Physik de Encyclopedia of Physics published by Springer Verlag 19 Internal report editThe following reports were published in Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte Research Reports in Nuclear Physics an internal publication of the German Uranverein The reports were classified Top Secret they had very limited distribution and the authors were not allowed to keep copies The reports were confiscated under the Allied Operation Alsos and sent to the United States Atomic Energy Commission for evaluation In 1971 the reports were declassified and returned to Germany The reports are available at the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center and the American Institute of Physics 20 21 Siegfried Flugge Zur spontanene Spaltung von Uran und seinen nachbarelementen G 140 27 January 1942 Kurt Sauerwein and Siegfried Flugge Untersuchungen I und II uber den Resonanzeinfang von Neutronen beim Uran G 185 28 January 1942 Family editHe was the younger brother of Wilhelm Flugge Selected publications editArticles edit Siegfried Flugge Kann der Energieinhalt der Atomkerne technisch nutzbar gemacht werden Die Naturwissenschaften Volume 27 Issues 23 24 402 410 9 June 1939 Siegfried Flugge Die Ausnutzung der Atomenergie Vom Laboratoriumsversuch zur Uranmaschine Forschungsergebnisse in Dahlem Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung No 387 Supplement 15 August 1939 English translation Document 74 Siegfried Flugge Exploiting Atomic Energy From the Laboratory Experiment to the Uranium Machine Research Results in Dahlem August 15 1939 in Hentschel Klaus Editor and Ann M Hentschel Editorial Assistant and Translator Physics and National Socialism An Anthology of Primary Sources Birkhauser 1996 pp 197 206 This article is Flugge s popularized version of the June 1939 article in Die Naturwissenschaften Siegfried Flugge and Gottfried von Droste Energetische Betrachtungen zu der Entstehung von Barium bei der Neutronenbestrahlung von Uran Zeitschrift fur Physikalische Chemie B Volume 4 274 280 1939 Received on 22 January 1939 Books edit Erwin Madelung Karl Bohle and Siegfried Flugge Mathematischen Hilfsmittel des Physikers Mathematical Tools for the Physicist Dritte vermehrte und verbesserte Auflage Dover 1943 Walther Bothe and Siegfried Flugge Nuclear Physics and Cosmic Rays FIAT Review of German Science 1939 1946 2 volumes 230 198 pages Office of Military Government for Germany 1948 Siegfried Flugge Theoretische Optik Die Entwicklung einer physikalischen Theorie Wolfenbuttler Verlagsanstalt 1948 Siegfried Flugge Bucher der Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften Wolfenbutteler Verlags Anstalt 1948 Siegfried Flugge and Hans Marschall Rechenmethoden Der Quantentheorie Springer Verlag 1952 Siegfried Flugge and Hans Marschall Rechenmethoden der Quantentheorie Dargestellt in Aufgaben und Losungen Erster Teil Elementare Quantenmechanik Springer Verlag 1952 Siegfried Flugge Handbuch der Physik Bd 7 1 Kristallphysik 1 Springer Verlag 1955 Siegfried Flugge Handbuch der Physik Bd 1 Mathematische Methoden 1 Springer Verlag 1956 22 Siegfried Flugge Lehrbuch der Theoretischen Physik in 5 Banden Band 1 Einfuhrung Elementare Mechanik und Kontinuumsphysik Springer 1961 Siegfried Flugge Lehrbuch der Theoretischen Physik Bd III Klassische Physik II Das Maxwellsche Feld Bln Springer 1961 Siegfried Flugge Lehrbuch der Theoretischen Physik in 5 Banden Band 4 Quantentheorie I Springer 1964 Siegfried Flugge Rechenmethoden der Quantentheorie Elementare Quantenmechanik Dargestellt in Aufgaben und Losungen Springer Verlag 1965 Siegfried Flugge Lehrbuch der Theoretischen Physik Band II Klassische Physik I Mechanik Der Geordneten und Ungeordneten Bewegungen Springer 1967 Siegfried Flugge Wege und Ziele der modernen Physik Schulz Freiburg 1969 Siegfried Flugge Practical Quantum Mechanics Volume 1 and Volume 2 Springer 1971 Siegfried Flugge Wege und Ziele der Physik Springer Verlag 1974 Siegfried Flugge Practical Quantum Mechanics Springer 1998 Notes edit Schlogl Friedrich August 1998 Obituary Siegfried Flugge Physics Today 51 8 77 Bibcode 1998PhT 51h 77S doi 10 1063 1 882353 Siegfried Flugge Dissertation Der Einflub der Neutronen auf den inneren Aufbau der Sterne Dr rer nat Georg August Universitat Gottingen 1933 Advisor Max Born Hentschel and Hentschel 1996 Appendix F see the entry for Flugge Hentschel and Hentschel 1996 Appendix F see the entry for Flugge Hentschel and Hentschel 1996 Appendix F see the entry for Flugge O Hahn and F Strassmann Uber den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium with neutrons Naturwissenschaften Volume 27 Number 1 11 15 1939 The authors were identified as being at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institut fur Chemie Berlin Dahlem Received 22 December 1938 Ruth Lewin Sime Lise Meitner s Escape from Germany American Journal of Physics Volume 58 Number 3 263 267 1990 Lise Meitner and O R Frisch Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons a New Type of Nuclear Reaction Nature Volume 143 Number 3615 239 240 11 February 1939 The paper is dated 16 January 1939 Meitner is identified as being at the Physical Institute Academy of Sciences Stockholm Frisch is identified as being at the Institute of Theoretical Physics University of Copenhagen O R Frisch Physical Evidence for the Division of Heavy Nuclei under Neutron Bombardment Nature Volume 143 Number 3616 276 276 18 February 1939 Archived 23 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine The paper is dated 17 January 1939 The experiment for this letter to the editor was conducted on 13 January 1939 see Richard Rhodes The Making of the Atomic Bomb 263 and 268 Simon and Schuster 1986 Siegfried Flugge and Gottfried von Droste Energetische Betrachtungen zu der Entstehung von Barium bei der Neutronenbestrahlung von Uran Zeitschrift fur Physikalische Chemie B Volume 4 274 280 1939 Received on 22 January 1939 Siegfried Flugge Die Ausnutzung der Atomenergie Vom Laboratoriumsversuch zur Uranmaschine Forschungsergebnisse in Dahlem Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung No 387 Supplement 15 August 1939 English translation Document 74 Siegfried Flugge Exploiting Atomic Energy From the Laboratory Experiment to the Uranium Machine Research Results in Dahlem August 15 1939 in Hentschel Klaus Editor and Ann M Hentschel Editorial Assistant and Translator Physics and National Socialism An Anthology of Primary Sources Birkhauser 1996 pp 197 206 Siegfried Flugge Kann der Energieinhalt der Atomkerne technisch nutzbar gemacht werden Die Naturwissenschaften Volume 27 Issues 23 24 402 410 1939 Niels Bohr and J A Wheeler Mechanism of nuclear fission Phys Rev Volume 56 Issue 5 426 450 1939 Institutional citations Niels Bohr from the University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark was at The Institute for Advanced Study Princeton New Jersey when he collaborated with John Archibald Wheeler at Princeton University Princeton New Jersey Received 28 June 1939 Siegfried Flugge Kann der Energieinhalt der Atomkerne technisch nutzbar gemacht werden Die Naturwissenschaften Volume 27 Issues 23 24 402 410 1939 Hentschel and Hentschel 1996 369 Appendix F see the entry for Nikolaus Riehl and Appendix D see the entry for Auergesellschaft Riehl and Seitz 1996 13 Hentschel and Hentschel 1996 Appendix F see the entry for Flugge Hentschel and Hentschel 1996 Appendix F see the entry for Flugge Karen Rae Keck Siegfried Flugge 1912 1997 Hentschel and Hentschel 1996 Appendix E see the entry for Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte Walker 1993 268 274 Franklin Philip 1958 Book Review Handbuch der Physik Band 1 Mathematische Methoden 1 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 64 1 41 43 doi 10 1090 S0002 9904 1958 10144 5 ISSN 0002 9904 References editBernstein Jeremy Hitler s Uranium Club The Secret Recording s at Farm Hall Copernicus 2001 ISBN 0 387 95089 3 Hentschel Klaus Editor and Ann M Hentschel Editorial Assistant and Translator Physics and National Socialism An Anthology of Primary Sources Birkhauser 1996 Riehl Nikolaus and Frederick Seitz Stalin s Captive Nikolaus Riehl and the Soviet Race for the Bomb American Chemical Society and the Chemical Heritage Foundations 1996 ISBN 0 8412 3310 1 Walker Mark German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power 1939 1949 Cambridge 1993 ISBN 0 521 43804 7External links editThe Atomkeller Museum at Haigerloch Waymarking com Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Siegfried Flugge amp oldid 1187670000, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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