The sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), also known as sheepshead pupfish, is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Cyprinodontidae, the pupfishes. It is found in salt marsh and estuary environments and is native to the eastern coasts of North and Central America.
The sheepshead minnow is a deep-bodied fish growing up to a length of up to 75 mm (3 in) through 30 mm (1.2 in).[3] It is nearly half as deep as it is long, excluding its tail. It is laterally compressed with flat sides, an arched back and a small head with a flattened top. The small mouth is at the end of the snout and the teeth are large and wedge-shaped with three cusps. The pectoral fins are large and extend past the origins of the small pelvic fins. The origin of the anal fin hardly overlaps the trailing edge of the dorsal fin. The caudal peduncle is thick and the caudal fin is truncated and square-ended. The arrangement of the fins, the deep body and the tri-cuspid teeth help to distinguish this fish from the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus), which is found in the same habitats. The body is covered by large, circular scales, the ones on the cheeks and the top of the head and a single scale just above the pectoral fin being the largest. The male is generally larger and more deep-bodied than the female, with larger dorsal, pelvic and anal fins.[4]
The color of the sheepshead minnow is olive green above and yellowish below. Juveniles have irregular transverse dark bars and the females keep these as they mature, while the males lose theirs. The dorsal fin is dark while the pectoral, pelvic and anal fins are orange. During the breeding season the male becomes very colorful with steel blue upper parts in front of the dorsal fin, lustrous green upper parts behind and deep salmon-pink underparts.[4]
Distribution and habitatedit
The sheepshead minnow is native to the eastern coast of the United States. Its range extends from Cape Cod southwards to the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico, also the West Indies. It is found in brackish water in bays, inlets, lagoons, saltmarshes and similar locations with little wave action and sandy or muddy bottoms.[1] It is tolerant of wide variations in salinity and is also found in hypersaline conditions.[3]
Behavioredit
The sheepshead minnow is an omnivore, eating both animal and vegetable matter. Its diet mainly consists of detritus, microalgae, crustacean larvae and other small invertebrates.[3] Males are aggressive and will attack fish larger than itself, slashing its prey with its sharp teeth and devouring it when it is subdued. Breeding takes place in shallow water between April and September, the males competing fiercely for the females. A few eggs are spawned at a time, and these are fertilised by the males which grasp the females with their fins. The eggs clump together and sink to the seabed, connected by sticky threads. They hatch after five or six days.[4] During the winter, this fish burrows into the soft substrate and remains dormant.[5]
Usesedit
The sheepshead minnow is commonly kept as an aquarium fish. It is easy to breed in captivity and is used as a forage fish in mariculture.[3]
Statusedit
The sheepshead minnow has a wide range and a large total population, divided up into a number of subpopulations. The total number of individuals seems stable and no particular threats to the fish have been identified, so the IUCN has listed it as being of "Least concern".[1] The sheepshead minnow is a eurytolerant fish able to withstand extreme temperatures and live in a wide range of environments. This species acclimates to different temperatures partly by altering the activity of enzymatic antioxidants in the body such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase.[6] All of these enzyme antioxidants were altered within the fish’s white muscle at extreme hot or cold temperatures in the lab, which may be one reason the fish showed no increase in lipid peroxidation damage. Although sheepshead minnows appear able to deal with oxidative stress caused by temperature extremes, they may be less adapted to cope with microplastics in their environment. Researchers found that when microplastics were ingested by the sheepshead minnow they decreased the fish’s swimming behavior and caused changes in the expression of genes related to oxidative stress, immune responses, and apoptosis.[7]
Referencesedit
^ abcNatureServe (2019). "Cyprinodon variegatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T189823A46950647. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T189823A46950647.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
^Bailly, Nicholas (2014). "Cyprinodon variegatus variegatus Lacepède, 1803". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
^ abcdeFroese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2011). "Cyprinodon variegatus" in FishBase. April 2011 version.
^ abc"Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegatus Lacépède 1803". Fishes of the Gulf of Maine: The mummichogs or killifishes: Family Poeciliidae. Fish and Wildlife Services. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
^"Sheepshead Minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus)". The Uncommon Guide to Common Life on Narragansett Bay. 1998. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
^Makar, A. B.; McMartin, K. E.; Palese, M.; Tephly, T. R. (June 1975). "Formate assay in body fluids: application in methanol poisoning". Biochemical Medicine. 13 (2): 117–126. doi:10.1016/0006-2944(75)90147-7. ISSN 0006-2944. PMID 1.
^Bose, K. S.; Sarma, R. H. (1975-10-27). "Delineation of the intimate details of the backbone conformation of pyridine nucleotide coenzymes in aqueous solution". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 66 (4): 1173–1179. doi:10.1016/0006-291x(75)90482-9. ISSN 1090-2104. PMID 2.
April 10, 2024
sheepshead, minnow, sheepshead, minnow, cyprinodon, variegatus, also, known, sheepshead, pupfish, species, finned, fish, family, cyprinodontidae, pupfishes, found, salt, marsh, estuary, environments, native, eastern, coasts, north, central, america, conservati. The sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegatus also known as sheepshead pupfish is a species of ray finned fish in the family Cyprinodontidae the pupfishes It is found in salt marsh and estuary environments and is native to the eastern coasts of North and Central America Sheepshead minnowConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ActinopterygiiOrder CyprinodontiformesFamily CyprinodontidaeGenus CyprinodonSpecies C variegatusBinomial nameCyprinodon variegatusLacepede 1803 2 SubspeciesCyprinodon variegatus baconi Breder 1932 Cyprinodon variegatus ovinus Mitchill 1815 Cyprinodon variegatus variegatus Lacepede 1803 Synonyms 3 Cyprinodon ellipsoidea Lesueur 1821 Cyprinodon gibbosusBaird amp Girard 1853 Cyprinodon rhomboidalis Valenciennes 1821 Cyprinodon variegatusLacepede 1803 Cyprinus variegatusBosc 1803 Lebia ellipsoideaLesueur 1821 Lebias rhomboidalisValenciennes 1821 Cyprinodon baconi Breder 1932 Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution and habitat 3 Behavior 4 Uses 5 Status 6 ReferencesDescription editThe sheepshead minnow is a deep bodied fish growing up to a length of up to 75 mm 3 in through 30 mm 1 2 in 3 It is nearly half as deep as it is long excluding its tail It is laterally compressed with flat sides an arched back and a small head with a flattened top The small mouth is at the end of the snout and the teeth are large and wedge shaped with three cusps The pectoral fins are large and extend past the origins of the small pelvic fins The origin of the anal fin hardly overlaps the trailing edge of the dorsal fin The caudal peduncle is thick and the caudal fin is truncated and square ended The arrangement of the fins the deep body and the tri cuspid teeth help to distinguish this fish from the mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus which is found in the same habitats The body is covered by large circular scales the ones on the cheeks and the top of the head and a single scale just above the pectoral fin being the largest The male is generally larger and more deep bodied than the female with larger dorsal pelvic and anal fins 4 The color of the sheepshead minnow is olive green above and yellowish below Juveniles have irregular transverse dark bars and the females keep these as they mature while the males lose theirs The dorsal fin is dark while the pectoral pelvic and anal fins are orange During the breeding season the male becomes very colorful with steel blue upper parts in front of the dorsal fin lustrous green upper parts behind and deep salmon pink underparts 4 Distribution and habitat editThe sheepshead minnow is native to the eastern coast of the United States Its range extends from Cape Cod southwards to the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico also the West Indies It is found in brackish water in bays inlets lagoons saltmarshes and similar locations with little wave action and sandy or muddy bottoms 1 It is tolerant of wide variations in salinity and is also found in hypersaline conditions 3 Behavior editThe sheepshead minnow is an omnivore eating both animal and vegetable matter Its diet mainly consists of detritus microalgae crustacean larvae and other small invertebrates 3 Males are aggressive and will attack fish larger than itself slashing its prey with its sharp teeth and devouring it when it is subdued Breeding takes place in shallow water between April and September the males competing fiercely for the females A few eggs are spawned at a time and these are fertilised by the males which grasp the females with their fins The eggs clump together and sink to the seabed connected by sticky threads They hatch after five or six days 4 During the winter this fish burrows into the soft substrate and remains dormant 5 Uses editThe sheepshead minnow is commonly kept as an aquarium fish It is easy to breed in captivity and is used as a forage fish in mariculture 3 Status editThe sheepshead minnow has a wide range and a large total population divided up into a number of subpopulations The total number of individuals seems stable and no particular threats to the fish have been identified so the IUCN has listed it as being of Least concern 1 The sheepshead minnow is a eurytolerant fish able to withstand extreme temperatures and live in a wide range of environments This species acclimates to different temperatures partly by altering the activity of enzymatic antioxidants in the body such as catalase superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase 6 All of these enzyme antioxidants were altered within the fish s white muscle at extreme hot or cold temperatures in the lab which may be one reason the fish showed no increase in lipid peroxidation damage Although sheepshead minnows appear able to deal with oxidative stress caused by temperature extremes they may be less adapted to cope with microplastics in their environment Researchers found that when microplastics were ingested by the sheepshead minnow they decreased the fish s swimming behavior and caused changes in the expression of genes related to oxidative stress immune responses and apoptosis 7 References edit a b c NatureServe 2019 Cyprinodon variegatus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T189823A46950647 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 2 RLTS T189823A46950647 en Retrieved 13 November 2021 Bailly Nicholas 2014 Cyprinodon variegatus variegatus Lacepede 1803 WoRMS World Register of Marine Species Retrieved 2014 02 17 a b c d e Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2011 Cyprinodon variegatus in FishBase April 2011 version a b c Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegatus Lacepede 1803 Fishes of the Gulf of Maine The mummichogs or killifishes Family Poeciliidae Fish and Wildlife Services Retrieved 2014 02 17 Sheepshead Minnow Cyprinodon variegatus The Uncommon Guide to Common Life on Narragansett Bay 1998 Retrieved 2014 02 17 Makar A B McMartin K E Palese M Tephly T R June 1975 Formate assay in body fluids application in methanol poisoning Biochemical Medicine 13 2 117 126 doi 10 1016 0006 2944 75 90147 7 ISSN 0006 2944 PMID 1 Bose K S Sarma R H 1975 10 27 Delineation of the intimate details of the backbone conformation of pyridine nucleotide coenzymes in aqueous solution Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 66 4 1173 1179 doi 10 1016 0006 291x 75 90482 9 ISSN 1090 2104 PMID 2 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sheepshead minnow amp oldid 1188240138, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
