In agriculture, shattering is the dispersal of a crop's seeds upon their becoming ripe. From an agricultural perspective this is generally an undesirable process, and in the history of crop domestication several important advances have involved a mutation in a crop plant that reduced shattering—instead of the seeds being dispersed as soon as they were ripe, the mutant plants retained the seeds for longer, which made harvesting much more effective. Non-shattering phenotype is one of the prerequisites for plant breeding especially when introgressing valuable traits from wild varieties of domesticated crops.[1]
A particularly important mutation that was selected very early in the history of agriculture removed the "brittle rachis" problem from wheat.[2] A ripe head ("ear") of wild-type wheat is easily shattered into dispersal units when touched, or blown by the wind, because during ripening a series of abscission layers forms that divides the rachis into short segments, each attached to a single spikelet (which contains 2–3 grains along with chaff).
A different class of shattering mechanisms involves dehiscence of the mature fruit, which releases the seeds.
Current research priorities to understand the genetics of shattering include the following crops:
Sesame and rapeseed are harvested before the seed is fully mature, so that the pods do not split and drop the seeds.[6][7]
Referencesedit
^Tang, H. (2013). "Seed shattering in a wild sorghum is conferred by a locus unrelated to domestication". PNAS. 110 (39): 15824–15829. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11015824T. doi:10.1073/pnas.1305213110. PMC3785776. PMID 24019506.
^Dorian Q. Fuller & Robin Allaby (2009). "Seed Dispersal and Crop Domestications: Shattering, Germination and Seasonality in Evolution under Cultivation". Fruit Development and Seed Dispersal. Annual Plant Reviews. Vol. 38. pp. 238–295. doi:10.1002/9781444314557.ch7. ISBN9781444314557.
^Kandemir, N.; Kudrna, D.A.; Ullrich, S.E.; Kleinhofs, A. (2000). "Molecular marker assisted genetic analysis of head shattering in six-rowed barley". Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 101 (1): 203–210. doi:10.1007/s001220051470. S2CID 20181124.
^Fesenko, Ivan N. (2006). "Non-shattering accessions of Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn. carry recessive alleles at two loci affecting development of functional abscission layer" (PDF). Fagopyrum. p. 7-10.
^Brenner, D.M. (2002). "Non-shattering grain amaranth populations". In Janick, J.; Whipkey, A. (eds.). Trends in new crops and new uses. Alexandria, VA.: ASHS Press. p. 104–106.
^Moazzami, A.; Kamal-Eldin, A. (2006), "Sesame seed is a rich source of dietary lignans", Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 83 (8): 719–723, doi:10.1007/s11746-006-5029-7, S2CID 85126098
^Duane R. Berglund; Kent McKay & Janet Knodel (2007), Canola Production, NDSU Extension Service, North Dakota State University, retrieved 9 November 2015
February 15, 2024
shattering, agriculture, agriculture, shattering, dispersal, crop, seeds, upon, their, becoming, ripe, from, agricultural, perspective, this, generally, undesirable, process, history, crop, domestication, several, important, advances, have, involved, mutation,. In agriculture shattering is the dispersal of a crop s seeds upon their becoming ripe From an agricultural perspective this is generally an undesirable process and in the history of crop domestication several important advances have involved a mutation in a crop plant that reduced shattering instead of the seeds being dispersed as soon as they were ripe the mutant plants retained the seeds for longer which made harvesting much more effective Non shattering phenotype is one of the prerequisites for plant breeding especially when introgressing valuable traits from wild varieties of domesticated crops 1 Spikelets of Einkorn wheat Triticum monococcumShattering in many crops involves dehiscence of the mature fruit for example in Brassica napus A particularly important mutation that was selected very early in the history of agriculture removed the brittle rachis problem from wheat 2 A ripe head ear of wild type wheat is easily shattered into dispersal units when touched or blown by the wind because during ripening a series of abscission layers forms that divides the rachis into short segments each attached to a single spikelet which contains 2 3 grains along with chaff A different class of shattering mechanisms involves dehiscence of the mature fruit which releases the seeds Current research priorities to understand the genetics of shattering include the following crops Barley 3 Buckwheat 4 Grain Amaranth 5 Oilseed rape Brassica napus citation needed Sesame and rapeseed are harvested before the seed is fully mature so that the pods do not split and drop the seeds 6 7 References edit Tang H 2013 Seed shattering in a wild sorghum is conferred by a locus unrelated to domestication PNAS 110 39 15824 15829 Bibcode 2013PNAS 11015824T doi 10 1073 pnas 1305213110 PMC 3785776 PMID 24019506 Dorian Q Fuller amp Robin Allaby 2009 Seed Dispersal and Crop Domestications Shattering Germination and Seasonality in Evolution under Cultivation Fruit Development and Seed Dispersal Annual Plant Reviews Vol 38 pp 238 295 doi 10 1002 9781444314557 ch7 ISBN 9781444314557 Kandemir N Kudrna D A Ullrich S E Kleinhofs A 2000 Molecular marker assisted genetic analysis of head shattering in six rowed barley Theoretical and Applied Genetics 101 1 203 210 doi 10 1007 s001220051470 S2CID 20181124 Fesenko Ivan N 2006 Non shattering accessions of Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn carry recessive alleles at two loci affecting development of functional abscission layer PDF Fagopyrum p 7 10 Brenner D M 2002 Non shattering grain amaranth populations In Janick J Whipkey A eds Trends in new crops and new uses Alexandria VA ASHS Press p 104 106 Moazzami A Kamal Eldin A 2006 Sesame seed is a rich source of dietary lignans Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 83 8 719 723 doi 10 1007 s11746 006 5029 7 S2CID 85126098 Duane R Berglund Kent McKay amp Janet Knodel 2007 Canola Production NDSU Extension Service North Dakota State University retrieved 9 November 2015 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Shattering agriculture amp oldid 1167047727, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
