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Shannon Lucid

January 14, 2023

Shannon Matilda Wells Lucid (born January 14, 1943) is an American biochemist and retired NASA astronaut. She has flown in space five times, including a prolonged mission aboard the Russian space station Mir in 1996, and is the only American woman to have stayed on Mir. From 1996 to 2007, Lucid held the record for the longest duration spent in space by an American and by a woman. She was awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in December 1996, making her the tenth person and the first woman to be accorded the honor.

Shannon Lucid
Lucid circa 2004
Born
Shannon Matilda Wells

(1943-01-14) January 14, 1943 (age 80)
Shanghai, Republic of China
StatusRetired
NationalityAmerican
OccupationBiochemist
Awards
Space career
NASA Astronaut
Time in space
223d 02h 50m
SelectionNASA Astronaut Group 8
MissionsSTS-51-G, STS-34, STS-43, STS-58, STS-76/STS-79, (Mir EO-21/22)
Mission insignia
Scientific career
ThesisEffect of Cholera Toxin on Phosphorylation and Kinase Activity of Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Their Brush Borders (1973)
Doctoral advisorA. Chadwick Cox

Lucid is a graduate of the University of Oklahoma, where she earned a bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1963, a master's degree in biochemistry in 1970, and a PhD in biochemistry in 1973. She was a laboratory technician at the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation from 1964 to 1966, a research chemist at Kerr-McGee from 1966 to 1968, and a research associate at the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation from 1973 to 1978.

In 1978, Lucid was recruited by NASA for astronaut training with NASA Astronaut Group 8, the first class of astronauts to include women. She flew in space five times: on STS-51-G, STS-34, STS-43, STS-58, and her mission to Mir, for which Lucid traveled to the space station on Space Shuttle Atlantis with STS-76 and returned six months later with STS-79. She was the NASA Chief Scientist from 2002 to 2003 and a capsule communicator (CAPCOM) at Mission Control for numerous Space Shuttle missions, including STS-135, the final mission of the Space Shuttle program. Lucid announced her retirement from NASA in 2012.

Early life

Shannon Matilda Wells was born in Shanghai, Republic of China, on January 14, 1943,[1][2] the daughter of Joseph Oscar Wells, a Baptist missionary, and his wife Myrtle, a missionary nurse. Due to America's ongoing war with Japan, when she was six weeks old, the family was detained by the Japanese. The three of them were imprisoned in an internment camp but were released during a prisoner exchange later that year. They returned to the United States on the Swedish ocean liner MS Gripsholm and stayed in the US until the end of the war.[3][4][5]

After the war ended, the family returned to China but decided to leave again after the Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949.[3] They moved to Lubbock, Texas, and then settled in Bethany, Oklahoma, the family's original hometown, where Wells graduated from Bethany High School in 1960.[5] She was fascinated by stories of the American frontier and wanted to become an explorer. She concluded that she had been born too late for this, but discovered the works of Robert Goddard, the American rocket scientist, and decided that she could become a space explorer. Wells sold her bicycle to buy a telescope so she could look at the stars,[6] and began building her own rockets. Shortly after graduating from high school, Wells earned her private pilot's license with instrument and multi-engine ratings and bought a preowned Piper PA-16 Clipper that she used to fly her father to revival meetings. She applied for jobs as a commercial pilot, but was rejected, as women were not yet accepted for training as commercial pilots in the United States.[3][5][7]

Wells attended Wheaton College in Illinois, where she majored in chemistry. She then transferred to the University of Oklahoma, where she earned her bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1963. She was a teaching assistant in the University of Oklahoma's Department of Chemistry from 1963 to 1964 and a senior laboratory technician at the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation in Oklahoma City, from 1964 to 1966. She then became a research chemist at Kerr-McGee, an oil company there.[3][5] At Kerr-McGee she met and married Michael F. Lucid, a fellow research chemist there, in 1967[8] and changed her name to Shannon Matilda Wells Lucid.[9] Their first child, Kawai Dawn (named for the place and time she was conceived during their honeymoon), was born in September 1968.[3][10]

Afterward, Lucid left Kerr-McGee and returned to the University of Oklahoma as graduate assistant in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, where she pursued a master's degree in biochemistry. She sat her final examinations two days after the birth of her second daughter, Shandara Michelle, in January 1970.[3][10] She went on to earn her PhD in biochemistry in 1973, writing her thesis on the Effect of Cholera Toxin on Phosphorylation and Kinase Activity of Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Their Brush Borders under the supervision of A. Chadwick Cox.[11][12] She then returned to the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation as a research associate.[2] A third child, Michael Kermit, was born in August 1975.[10]

NASA career

Selection and training

Main article: NASA Astronaut Group 8

On July 8, 1976, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) issued a call for applications for at least 15 pilot candidates and 15 mission specialist candidates. For the first time, new selections would be considered astronaut candidates rather than fully-fledged astronauts until they finished training and evaluation, which was expected to take two years.[13] The enactment of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 reinforced the promise of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to address the persistent and entrenched employment discrimination against women, African Americans and minority groups in American society. While they had never been explicitly precluded from becoming NASA astronauts, none had ever been selected either.[14][15] This time, minorities and women were encouraged to apply.[13] Lucid's was one of the first of 8,079 applications received.[16][17]

 
The first NASA women astronauts. Back row, left to right: Kathryn Sullivan, Shannon Lucid, Anna Fisher, Judith Resnik. Front row, left to right: Sally Ride and Rhea Seddon.

As one of 208 finalists,[17] Lucid was invited to come to the Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Houston, Texas, for a week of interviews, evaluations and examinations, commencing on August 29, 1977. She was part of the third group of twenty applicants to be interviewed, and the first one that included women. The eight women in the group included Rhea Seddon, Anna Sims, Nitza Cintron and Millie Hughes-Wiley.[18] On January 16, 1978, NASA announced the names of the 35 successful candidates, of whom 20 were mission specialist candidates.[17] Of the six women in this first class with female astronauts, Lucid was the only one who was a mother at the time of being selected.[19] George Abbey, the Director of Flight Crew Operations at JSC and the chairman of the selection panel,[17] later stated that this was not taken into consideration during the selection process.[5]

Group 8's name for itself was "TFNG". The abbreviation was deliberately ambiguous; for public purposes, it stood for "Thirty-Five New Guys", but within the group itself, it was known to stand for the military phrase, "the fucking new guy", used to denote newcomers to a military unit.[20] Much of the first eight months of their training was in the classroom.[21] Because there were so many of them, the TFNGs did not fit easily into the existing classrooms, so for classroom instruction they were split into two groups, red and blue, led by Rick Hauck and John Fabian respectively.[22] Classroom training was given on a wide variety of subjects, including an introduction to the Space Shuttle program, space flight engineering, astronomy, orbital mechanics, ascent and entry aerodynamics and space flight physiology. Those accustomed to military and academic environments were surprised that subjects were taught, but not tested.[21] Training in geology, a feature of the training of earlier classes, was continued, but the locations visited changed because the focus was now on observations of the Earth rather than the Moon.[23]

Astronaut candidates had to complete survival training, be able to swim and scuba dive, and master the basics of aviation safety, as well as the specifics of the spacecraft they would have to fly.[24] Water survival training was conducted with the 3613th Combat Crew Training Squadron at Homestead Air Force Base in Florida and parasail training at Vance Air Force Base in Oklahoma.[25] On August 31, 1979, NASA announced that the 35 astronaut candidates had completed their training and evaluation, and were now officially astronauts, qualified for selection on space flight crews.[26] Their training, which had been expected to last eighteen to twenty-four months, had been completed in fourteen. That of subsequent classes was shortened to twelve months.[27]

Each of the new astronauts specialized in certain aspects of the Space Shuttle program, providing astronaut support and input. Lucid was involved with Spacelab 1 crew training, and the development of the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL) at JSC and Rockwell International's Flight Systems Laboratory (FSL) in Downey, California. She also worked on the Hubble Space Telescope and rendezvous proximity operations.[28] She was at Edwards Air Force Base as a member of the exchange crew for the landing of the STS-5 mission in November 1982. The exchange crew took over from the flight crew after they had landed, and handled the post-flight activities.[29] She was an astronaut support person (ASP) at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) for the STS-8 mission in August 1983.[30] Also known as a "Cape Crusader", an ASP was an astronaut who supported vehicle and payload testing at KSC, and strapped the flight crew into their seats before takeoff.[31] For the STS-41-B mission in February 1984 she was the backup ASP and once again a member of the exchange crew.[32]

STS-51-G

Main article: STS-51-G

On November 17, 1983, Lucid was assigned to her first flight, the STS-51-A mission. Tentatively scheduled for October 24, 1984, the mission would be commanded by Daniel Brandenstein, with pilot John O. Creighton and Lucid, Fabian and Steven R. Nagel as mission specialists. She would be the last of the six women in the TFNG group to fly.[33] Due to slippages, the crew was reassigned to the STS-51-D mission in August 1984. This mission had a different payload, and it was scheduled to be launched on March 18, 1985.[34] The mission was scrubbed just three weeks before the launch date.[35] In May 1985 the crew was reassigned to the STS-51-G mission. A French astronaut, Patrick Baudry, and a Saudi Arabian prince, Sultan bin Salman Al Saud were assigned as payload specialists.[36]

 
On the STS-51-G mission

STS-51-G lifted off from Launch Complex 39A at KSC in the Space Shuttle Discovery on June 17, 1985. The seven-day mission was to deploy three communications satellites: Morelos I for Mexico, Arabsat-1B for the Arab League, and Telstar 303 for the United States.[37] The satellites were launched on successive days during the first three days of the mission. Lucid and Fabian operated the Remote Manipulator System (RMS) to deploy the satellites, which were boosted into geostationary transfer orbits by Payload Assist Module (PAM-D) booster stages.[38]

Lucid also used the RMS to deploy the Spartan (Shuttle Pointed Autonomous Research Tool for Astronomy) satellite, which performed 17 hours of X-ray astronomy experiments while separated from the Space Shuttle, while Fabian handled its retrieval 45 hours later.[38][39] In addition to the satellite deployments, the crew activated the Automated Directional Solidification Furnace (ADSF), six Getaway Specials and participated in biomedical experiments. Discovery landed at Edwards Air Force Base in California on June 24. The mission was accomplished in 112 orbits of the Earth, traveling 4.7 million kilometers (2.9 million miles) in 169 hours and 39 minutes (just over one week).[37]

The publicity tour that usually followed a Space Shuttle mission included a trip to Saudi Arabia. Married women were not permitted to travel to Saudi Arabia without their husband, and Michael Lucid was unavailable, so Lucid decided not to go. A devout Christian, she disapproved of the way Saudi Arabia treated women. When the rest of the crew arrived in Riyadh, her absence was noted. This prompted a call from King Fahd of Saudi Arabia to President Ronald Reagan. Lucid went to Saudi Arabia and shook hands with the king, but she stayed for only one day.[40][41]

STS-34

Main article: STS-34
 
The five STS-34 astronauts pose for an in-space crew portrait.

After the STS-51-G mission, Lucid was assigned to Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM) duty. She served as the CAPCOM for the STS-51-J mission in October 1985,[42] the STS-61-A mission in November 1985,[43] STS-61-B mission in November and December 1985,[44] and the STS-61-C mission in January 1986.[45] The January 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger disaster later that month halted Space Shuttle operations for 32 months while NASA conducted investigations and remediation. Flight crews were stood down. One consequence of the disaster was the Galileo project, an unmanned probe to Jupiter, which lost both its launch window and its ride due to the cancelation of the Shuttle-Centaur project.[46]

On November 30, 1988, NASA announced that Galileo would be deployed by the Space Shuttle Atlantis on the STS-34 mission, which was scheduled for October 12, 1989. The mission was commanded by Donald E. Williams, with pilot Michael J. McCulley and Lucid, Ellen S. Baker and Franklin Chang-Diaz as mission specialists.[47] The launch was delayed for five days due to a faulty Space Shuttle main engine controller, and then for an additional day due to bad weather. Atlantis lifted off from KSC on October 18.[48]

As the lead mission specialist, Lucid was primarily responsible for the Galileo spacecraft,[49] and initiated its deployment by pressing a button to separate Galileo from Atlantis.[50] Galileo was successfully deployed six and a half hours into the flight using the Inertial Upper Stage (IUS). As this was much less powerful than the Shuttle-Centaur upper stage, Galileo had to employ a gravity assist from Venus and two from Earth, and it took six years instead of two for the Galileo to reach Jupiter.[49][48] "Both Ellen and I sighed a great sigh of relief, because we figured Galileo was not our concern at that point, because we'd gotten rid of it," Lucid reported. "Happiness was an empty payload bay and we got happier and happier as the IUS and Galileo went further away from us."[51]

The mission also conducted a five-day Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV) experiment carried in the cargo bay, and experiments related to growth hormone crystal distribution (GHCD) and polymer morphology (PM), a sensor technology experiment (STEX), a mesoscale lightning experiment (MLE), a Shuttle Student Involvement Program (SSIP) experiment that investigated ice crystal formation in zero gravity, and a ground-based Air Force Maui Optical Station (AMOS) experiment. Lucid and Chang-Diaz operated the PM experiment, which used a laptop computer to collect two gigabytes of data from an infrared spectrometer to study the effects of microgravity on minerals. The crew filmed their activities with an IMAX camera. The mission completed 79 orbits of the Earth, traveling 3.2 million kilometers (2 million miles) in 119 hours and 39 minutes before landing at Edwards Air Force Base on October 23.[48][52]

STS-43

Main article: STS-43

In May 1990 NASA announced that Lucid was assigned to the crew of the STS-43 mission, which was scheduled to be flown in Discovery in April 1991. The mission was commanded by John E. Blaha, with Michael A. Baker as the pilot and Lucid, G. David Low, and James C. Adamson as the mission specialists. The objective of the mission was to deploy TDRS-E, a communications satellite that would form part of NASA's Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System.[53]

 
Lucid conducts Development Test Objective (DTO) 1208, Space Station Cursor Control Device Evaluation II and Advanced Applications, at the payload station on the aft flight deck of the Space Shuttle Atlantis

The launch date was postponed to July 23, and the orbiter was changed to Atlantis. The launch was delayed by a day to replace a faulty integrated electronics assembly that controlled the separation of the orbiter and the external tank, and then the countdown was halted with five hours to go due to a faulty main engine controller, and the launch was postponed to August 1. Unfavorable weather prompted yet another 24-hour delay. Atlantis lifted off on August 2.[54]

The crew deployed TDRS-E without incident using the IUS.[54] The crew also conducted 32 physical, material and life science experiments, mostly related to the Extended Duration Orbiter and Space Station Freedom.[2] These included experiments with the Space Station Heat Pipe Advanced Radiator Element II (SHARE II), the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultra-Violet (SSBUV) instrument, Tank Pressure Control Equipment (TPCE), and Optical Communications Through Windows (OCTW). There was also an auroral photography experiment (APE-B), a protein crystal growth experiment, testing of the bioserve / instrumentation technology associates materials dispersion apparatus (BIMDA), investigations into polymer membrane processing (IPMP), the space acceleration measurement system (SAMS), a solid surface combustion experiment (SSCE), use of the ultraviolet plume imager (UVPI); and the Air Force Maui optical site (AMOS) experiment.[55]

Atlantis performed 142 orbits of the Earth, traveling 6.0 million kilometers (3.7 million miles) in 213 hours and 21 minutes.[54] STS-43 was the eighth mission to land at KSC, and the first one scheduled to do so since STS-61-C in January 1986.[55]

STS-58

Main article: STS-58
 
Lucid, in the middeck waste collection system facility, peeking out from behind the privacy curtain

On December 6, 1991, Lucid was assigned to STS-58, the Spacelab Life Sciences 2 (SLS-2) mission. This was the second mission dedicated to the study of human and animal physiology on Earth and in spaceflight. The techniques developed for this flight were intended to be precursors of those to be conducted on the Space Station Freedom and subsequent long-duration space flights. Fellow TFNG Rhea Seddon was designated as the mission payload commander, with David Wolf, like Seddon a medical doctor, as the other mission specialist.[56] Originally scheduled as one mission, the number of Spacelab Life Sciences objectives and experiments had grown until it was split into two missions,[57] the first of which, STS-40/SLS-1, was flown in June 1991.[58] The rest of the crew were not named until August 27, 1992. Blaha was designated the mission commander, with pilot Richard A. Searfoss and William S. McArthur Jr. as a fourth mission specialist.[59] A payload specialist, Martin J. Fettman, was assigned to the mission on October 29.[60]

The Space Shuttle Columbia with SLS-2 on board lifted off from KSC on October 18, 1993. During the fourteen-day flight the crew performed neurovestibular, cardiovascular, cardiopulmonary, metabolic and musculoskeletal medical experiments on themselves and 48 rats.[61] The crew investigated the phenomenon of bone density loss. They also studied the effects of microgravity on their sensory perception, and the mechanism of space adaptation syndrome. To study this, on the second day of the mission Lucid and Fettman wore headsets, known as accelerometer recording units, which recorded their head movements during the day. Along with Seddon, Wolf and Fettman, Lucid collected blood and urine samples from the crew for metabolic experiments. They also drew blood from the tails of the rats to measure how weightlessness affected their red blood cell counts.[62] They performed sixteen engineering tests aboard Columbia and twenty Extended Duration Orbiter Medical Project experiments. The mission completed 225 orbits of the Earth, traveling five million miles in 336 hours, 13 minutes and 1 second. Landing was at Edwards Air Force Base, California.[61] On completion of this flight, Lucid had logged 838 hours and 54 minutes in space.[2]

Shuttle-Mir

Main article: Shuttle-Mir program
 
Communicating with the ground support team inside the Core Module of Mir

In 1992 the United States and Russia reached an agreement on cooperation in space so that Russian cosmonauts could fly on the Space Shuttles, and American astronauts on the Russian Mir space station.[63] The prospect of a long stay on Mir was not one calculated to appeal to most astronauts: they had to learn Russian and train at Star City for a year to spend several months on board Mir carrying out science experiments with Russian cosmonauts.[64] "I was wondering what it would be like to spend a long period of time in space," Lucid later recalled. "I told everybody I wanted to do it, and they couldn't find anybody else who had volunteered. So they said: 'Well OK, go do it.'"[64] In January 1995 Lucid and Blaha joined fellow astronauts Bonnie Dunbar and Norman Thagard for Mir training in Star City.[65] On March 30, 1995, NASA announced that Lucid would be the second astronaut to stay aboard Mir,[66] after Thagard, who arrived on the space station on March 16.[67]

Lucid's mission to Mir commenced on March 22, 1996, with liftoff from KSC aboard Atlantis on the STS-76 mission. Atlantis docked with Mir on March 24, and Lucid became the first American woman to live on the station.[68] She joined cosmonauts Yuri Onufriyenko and Yuri Usachov, neither of whom spoke English.[69] During the course of her stay aboard Mir, Lucid performed numerous life science and physical science experiments. She lit candles to study the behavior of fire in a microgravity environment; studied the way that quail embryos developed in their shells; grew protein crystals; and cultivated wheat in a tiny greenhouse.[3][70] She injected herself with an immune system stimulant and collected blood and saliva samples to study the effects of microgravity on the immune system.[71]

 
Exercising on a treadmill during her stay aboard Mir

In her free time, she read books. One novel she enjoyed immensely was The Mirror of Her Dreams, but she reached the end only to find that it ended on a cliffhanger. "I floated there, alone in Spectra, in stunned disbelief, holding only volume one," she later recalled. "I was stranded, the impossibility of running to the local bookstore forefront in my mind ... How could my daughter have done this to me? Who would send only one volume of a two-volume set to her mother in space?"[72] She arranged for the second volume to be sent on the next Progress resupply freighter.[73] She left her books on Mir for later astronaut visitors, but they became inaccessible after the Progress M-34 collision in June 1997.[74] Thagard had warned Lucid about the Russians' fondness for jellied fish and borscht. She brought a supply of M&M's and jello with her, and lived on a combination of Russian and American food.[75]

Lucid's return journey to KSC was made aboard Atlantis. The STS-79 mission docked with Mir on September 18, bringing Blaha as her relief, and landed back at KSC on September 26, 1996.[76] One of the catches that released her helmet from the neck ring became stuck, and technicians had to use pliers and a screwdriver to remove it.[3][77] During her stay on Mir, Lucid had spent nearly 400 hours exercising on a stationary bicycle and a treadmill, and was able to stand and walk off Atlantis. Administrator of NASA Daniel Goldin presented her with a giftwrapped box of M&M's, a gift from President Bill Clinton, since she had told him that she craved them.[3][78]

In completing this mission Lucid traveled 121.0 million kilometers (75.2 million miles) in 188 days, 4 hours, 0 minutes. This included 179 days on Mir.[2] Her stay on Mir was not expected to last so long but her return was delayed twice, extending her stay by about six weeks.[69] As a result of her time aboard Mir, she held the record for the most hours in orbit by a non-Russian, and most hours in orbit by a woman until June 16, 2007, when her record for longest duration spaceflight by a woman was exceeded by Sunita Williams on the International Space Station.[79][80]

CAPCOM

 
As CAPCOM during the July 12, 2011, spacewalk of Mike Fossum and Ron Garan on the STS-135 mission

Lucid had a short cameo in the 1998 film Armageddon.[81] From 2002 to 2003, she served as Chief Scientist of NASA. Starting in 2005, she served as lead CAPCOM on the Planning (overnight) shift at the Mission Control for sixteen Space Shuttle missions, including STS-135, the final mission.[2] On January 31, 2012, she announced her retirement from NASA.[80][82]

Later life

Lucid retired from NASA to take care of her husband Mike, who had dementia. He died on December 25, 2014.[83] She later wrote about this experience in her book No Sugar Added: One Family's Saga of Dementia and Caretaking (2019).[84] She wrote about her experiences on Mir in Tumbleweed: Six Months Living on Mir (2020).[85]

Awards and honors

Lucid was awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in December 1996 (for her mission to Mir), making her the tenth person and first woman to be given this honor.[86] She was also awarded the NASA Space Flight Medal in 1985, 1989 (twice), 1991, 1993 and 1996; the NASA Exceptional Service Medal in 1988, 1990, 1992 and 2003 (twice); and the NASA Distinguished Service Medal in 1994 and 1997.[87] She was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame in 1990,[88] the Oklahoma Women's Hall of Fame in 1993,[89] the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1998,[90] and the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame in 2014.[91][92] In 2002 Discover magazine recognized her as one of the fifty most important women in science.[93]

Bibliography

  • Lucid, Shannon (2019). No Sugar Added: One Family's Saga of Dementia and Caretaking. Vista, California: MkEk Publishing. ISBN 978-0-578-49541-5.
  • Lucid, Shannon (2020). Tumbleweed: Six Months Living on Mir. Vista, California: MkEk Publishing. ISBN 978-0-578-67109-3.

Notes

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  7. ^ Bredeson 1998, p. 14.
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References

External links

  • The Incredible Shannon Lucid   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

January 14, 2023
shannon, lucid, shannon, matilda, wells, lucid, born, january, 1943, american, biochemist, retired, nasa, astronaut, flown, space, five, times, including, prolonged, mission, aboard, russian, space, station, 1996, only, american, woman, have, stayed, from, 199. Shannon Matilda Wells Lucid born January 14 1943 is an American biochemist and retired NASA astronaut She has flown in space five times including a prolonged mission aboard the Russian space station Mir in 1996 and is the only American woman to have stayed on Mir From 1996 to 2007 Lucid held the record for the longest duration spent in space by an American and by a woman She was awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in December 1996 making her the tenth person and the first woman to be accorded the honor Shannon LucidLucid circa 2004BornShannon Matilda Wells 1943 01 14 January 14 1943 age 80 Shanghai Republic of ChinaStatusRetiredNationalityAmericanOccupationBiochemistAwardsCongressional Space Medal of Honor NASA Distinguished Service Medal 2 NASA Exceptional Service Medal 5 NASA Space Flight Medal 6 Space careerNASA AstronautTime in space223d 02h 50mSelectionNASA Astronaut Group 8MissionsSTS 51 G STS 34 STS 43 STS 58 STS 76 STS 79 Mir EO 21 22 Mission insigniaScientific careerThesisEffect of Cholera Toxin on Phosphorylation and Kinase Activity of Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Their Brush Borders 1973 Doctoral advisorA Chadwick CoxLucid is a graduate of the University of Oklahoma where she earned a bachelor s degree in chemistry in 1963 a master s degree in biochemistry in 1970 and a PhD in biochemistry in 1973 She was a laboratory technician at the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation from 1964 to 1966 a research chemist at Kerr McGee from 1966 to 1968 and a research associate at the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation from 1973 to 1978 In 1978 Lucid was recruited by NASA for astronaut training with NASA Astronaut Group 8 the first class of astronauts to include women She flew in space five times on STS 51 G STS 34 STS 43 STS 58 and her mission to Mir for which Lucid traveled to the space station on Space Shuttle Atlantis with STS 76 and returned six months later with STS 79 She was the NASA Chief Scientist from 2002 to 2003 and a capsule communicator CAPCOM at Mission Control for numerous Space Shuttle missions including STS 135 the final mission of the Space Shuttle program Lucid announced her retirement from NASA in 2012 Contents 1 Early life 2 NASA career 2 1 Selection and training 2 2 STS 51 G 2 3 STS 34 2 4 STS 43 2 5 STS 58 2 6 Shuttle Mir 2 7 CAPCOM 3 Later life 4 Awards and honors 5 Bibliography 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksEarly life EditShannon Matilda Wells was born in Shanghai Republic of China on January 14 1943 1 2 the daughter of Joseph Oscar Wells a Baptist missionary and his wife Myrtle a missionary nurse Due to America s ongoing war with Japan when she was six weeks old the family was detained by the Japanese The three of them were imprisoned in an internment camp but were released during a prisoner exchange later that year They returned to the United States on the Swedish ocean liner MS Gripsholm and stayed in the US until the end of the war 3 4 5 After the war ended the family returned to China but decided to leave again after the Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949 3 They moved to Lubbock Texas and then settled in Bethany Oklahoma the family s original hometown where Wells graduated from Bethany High School in 1960 5 She was fascinated by stories of the American frontier and wanted to become an explorer She concluded that she had been born too late for this but discovered the works of Robert Goddard the American rocket scientist and decided that she could become a space explorer Wells sold her bicycle to buy a telescope so she could look at the stars 6 and began building her own rockets Shortly after graduating from high school Wells earned her private pilot s license with instrument and multi engine ratings and bought a preowned Piper PA 16 Clipper that she used to fly her father to revival meetings She applied for jobs as a commercial pilot but was rejected as women were not yet accepted for training as commercial pilots in the United States 3 5 7 Wells attended Wheaton College in Illinois where she majored in chemistry She then transferred to the University of Oklahoma where she earned her bachelor s degree in chemistry in 1963 She was a teaching assistant in the University of Oklahoma s Department of Chemistry from 1963 to 1964 and a senior laboratory technician at the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation in Oklahoma City from 1964 to 1966 She then became a research chemist at Kerr McGee an oil company there 3 5 At Kerr McGee she met and married Michael F Lucid a fellow research chemist there in 1967 8 and changed her name to Shannon Matilda Wells Lucid 9 Their first child Kawai Dawn named for the place and time she was conceived during their honeymoon was born in September 1968 3 10 Afterward Lucid left Kerr McGee and returned to the University of Oklahoma as graduate assistant in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology where she pursued a master s degree in biochemistry She sat her final examinations two days after the birth of her second daughter Shandara Michelle in January 1970 3 10 She went on to earn her PhD in biochemistry in 1973 writing her thesis on the Effect of Cholera Toxin on Phosphorylation and Kinase Activity of Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Their Brush Borders under the supervision of A Chadwick Cox 11 12 She then returned to the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation as a research associate 2 A third child Michael Kermit was born in August 1975 10 NASA career EditSelection and training Edit Main article NASA Astronaut Group 8 On July 8 1976 the National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA issued a call for applications for at least 15 pilot candidates and 15 mission specialist candidates For the first time new selections would be considered astronaut candidates rather than fully fledged astronauts until they finished training and evaluation which was expected to take two years 13 The enactment of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 reinforced the promise of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to address the persistent and entrenched employment discrimination against women African Americans and minority groups in American society While they had never been explicitly precluded from becoming NASA astronauts none had ever been selected either 14 15 This time minorities and women were encouraged to apply 13 Lucid s was one of the first of 8 079 applications received 16 17 The first NASA women astronauts Back row left to right Kathryn Sullivan Shannon Lucid Anna Fisher Judith Resnik Front row left to right Sally Ride and Rhea Seddon As one of 208 finalists 17 Lucid was invited to come to the Johnson Space Center JSC in Houston Texas for a week of interviews evaluations and examinations commencing on August 29 1977 She was part of the third group of twenty applicants to be interviewed and the first one that included women The eight women in the group included Rhea Seddon Anna Sims Nitza Cintron and Millie Hughes Wiley 18 On January 16 1978 NASA announced the names of the 35 successful candidates of whom 20 were mission specialist candidates 17 Of the six women in this first class with female astronauts Lucid was the only one who was a mother at the time of being selected 19 George Abbey the Director of Flight Crew Operations at JSC and the chairman of the selection panel 17 later stated that this was not taken into consideration during the selection process 5 Group 8 s name for itself was TFNG The abbreviation was deliberately ambiguous for public purposes it stood for Thirty Five New Guys but within the group itself it was known to stand for the military phrase the fucking new guy used to denote newcomers to a military unit 20 Much of the first eight months of their training was in the classroom 21 Because there were so many of them the TFNGs did not fit easily into the existing classrooms so for classroom instruction they were split into two groups red and blue led by Rick Hauck and John Fabian respectively 22 Classroom training was given on a wide variety of subjects including an introduction to the Space Shuttle program space flight engineering astronomy orbital mechanics ascent and entry aerodynamics and space flight physiology Those accustomed to military and academic environments were surprised that subjects were taught but not tested 21 Training in geology a feature of the training of earlier classes was continued but the locations visited changed because the focus was now on observations of the Earth rather than the Moon 23 Astronaut candidates had to complete survival training be able to swim and scuba dive and master the basics of aviation safety as well as the specifics of the spacecraft they would have to fly 24 Water survival training was conducted with the 3613th Combat Crew Training Squadron at Homestead Air Force Base in Florida and parasail training at Vance Air Force Base in Oklahoma 25 On August 31 1979 NASA announced that the 35 astronaut candidates had completed their training and evaluation and were now officially astronauts qualified for selection on space flight crews 26 Their training which had been expected to last eighteen to twenty four months had been completed in fourteen That of subsequent classes was shortened to twelve months 27 Each of the new astronauts specialized in certain aspects of the Space Shuttle program providing astronaut support and input Lucid was involved with Spacelab 1 crew training and the development of the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory SAIL at JSC and Rockwell International s Flight Systems Laboratory FSL in Downey California She also worked on the Hubble Space Telescope and rendezvous proximity operations 28 She was at Edwards Air Force Base as a member of the exchange crew for the landing of the STS 5 mission in November 1982 The exchange crew took over from the flight crew after they had landed and handled the post flight activities 29 She was an astronaut support person ASP at the Kennedy Space Center KSC for the STS 8 mission in August 1983 30 Also known as a Cape Crusader an ASP was an astronaut who supported vehicle and payload testing at KSC and strapped the flight crew into their seats before takeoff 31 For the STS 41 B mission in February 1984 she was the backup ASP and once again a member of the exchange crew 32 STS 51 G Edit Main article STS 51 G On November 17 1983 Lucid was assigned to her first flight the STS 51 A mission Tentatively scheduled for October 24 1984 the mission would be commanded by Daniel Brandenstein with pilot John O Creighton and Lucid Fabian and Steven R Nagel as mission specialists She would be the last of the six women in the TFNG group to fly 33 Due to slippages the crew was reassigned to the STS 51 D mission in August 1984 This mission had a different payload and it was scheduled to be launched on March 18 1985 34 The mission was scrubbed just three weeks before the launch date 35 In May 1985 the crew was reassigned to the STS 51 G mission A French astronaut Patrick Baudry and a Saudi Arabian prince Sultan bin Salman Al Saud were assigned as payload specialists 36 On the STS 51 G mission STS 51 G lifted off from Launch Complex 39A at KSC in the Space Shuttle Discovery on June 17 1985 The seven day mission was to deploy three communications satellites Morelos I for Mexico Arabsat 1B for the Arab League and Telstar 303 for the United States 37 The satellites were launched on successive days during the first three days of the mission Lucid and Fabian operated the Remote Manipulator System RMS to deploy the satellites which were boosted into geostationary transfer orbits by Payload Assist Module PAM D booster stages 38 Lucid also used the RMS to deploy the Spartan Shuttle Pointed Autonomous Research Tool for Astronomy satellite which performed 17 hours of X ray astronomy experiments while separated from the Space Shuttle while Fabian handled its retrieval 45 hours later 38 39 In addition to the satellite deployments the crew activated the Automated Directional Solidification Furnace ADSF six Getaway Specials and participated in biomedical experiments Discovery landed at Edwards Air Force Base in California on June 24 The mission was accomplished in 112 orbits of the Earth traveling 4 7 million kilometers 2 9 million miles in 169 hours and 39 minutes just over one week 37 The publicity tour that usually followed a Space Shuttle mission included a trip to Saudi Arabia Married women were not permitted to travel to Saudi Arabia without their husband and Michael Lucid was unavailable so Lucid decided not to go A devout Christian she disapproved of the way Saudi Arabia treated women When the rest of the crew arrived in Riyadh her absence was noted This prompted a call from King Fahd of Saudi Arabia to President Ronald Reagan Lucid went to Saudi Arabia and shook hands with the king but she stayed for only one day 40 41 STS 34 Edit Main article STS 34 The five STS 34 astronauts pose for an in space crew portrait After the STS 51 G mission Lucid was assigned to Capsule Communicator CAPCOM duty She served as the CAPCOM for the STS 51 J mission in October 1985 42 the STS 61 A mission in November 1985 43 STS 61 B mission in November and December 1985 44 and the STS 61 C mission in January 1986 45 The January 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger disaster later that month halted Space Shuttle operations for 32 months while NASA conducted investigations and remediation Flight crews were stood down One consequence of the disaster was the Galileo project an unmanned probe to Jupiter which lost both its launch window and its ride due to the cancelation of the Shuttle Centaur project 46 On November 30 1988 NASA announced that Galileo would be deployed by the Space Shuttle Atlantis on the STS 34 mission which was scheduled for October 12 1989 The mission was commanded by Donald E Williams with pilot Michael J McCulley and Lucid Ellen S Baker and Franklin Chang Diaz as mission specialists 47 The launch was delayed for five days due to a faulty Space Shuttle main engine controller and then for an additional day due to bad weather Atlantis lifted off from KSC on October 18 48 As the lead mission specialist Lucid was primarily responsible for the Galileo spacecraft 49 and initiated its deployment by pressing a button to separate Galileo from Atlantis 50 Galileo was successfully deployed six and a half hours into the flight using the Inertial Upper Stage IUS As this was much less powerful than the Shuttle Centaur upper stage Galileo had to employ a gravity assist from Venus and two from Earth and it took six years instead of two for the Galileo to reach Jupiter 49 48 Both Ellen and I sighed a great sigh of relief because we figured Galileo was not our concern at that point because we d gotten rid of it Lucid reported Happiness was an empty payload bay and we got happier and happier as the IUS and Galileo went further away from us 51 The mission also conducted a five day Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet SSBUV experiment carried in the cargo bay and experiments related to growth hormone crystal distribution GHCD and polymer morphology PM a sensor technology experiment STEX a mesoscale lightning experiment MLE a Shuttle Student Involvement Program SSIP experiment that investigated ice crystal formation in zero gravity and a ground based Air Force Maui Optical Station AMOS experiment Lucid and Chang Diaz operated the PM experiment which used a laptop computer to collect two gigabytes of data from an infrared spectrometer to study the effects of microgravity on minerals The crew filmed their activities with an IMAX camera The mission completed 79 orbits of the Earth traveling 3 2 million kilometers 2 million miles in 119 hours and 39 minutes before landing at Edwards Air Force Base on October 23 48 52 STS 43 Edit Main article STS 43 In May 1990 NASA announced that Lucid was assigned to the crew of the STS 43 mission which was scheduled to be flown in Discovery in April 1991 The mission was commanded by John E Blaha with Michael A Baker as the pilot and Lucid G David Low and James C Adamson as the mission specialists The objective of the mission was to deploy TDRS E a communications satellite that would form part of NASA s Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System 53 Lucid conducts Development Test Objective DTO 1208 Space Station Cursor Control Device Evaluation II and Advanced Applications at the payload station on the aft flight deck of the Space Shuttle Atlantis The launch date was postponed to July 23 and the orbiter was changed to Atlantis The launch was delayed by a day to replace a faulty integrated electronics assembly that controlled the separation of the orbiter and the external tank and then the countdown was halted with five hours to go due to a faulty main engine controller and the launch was postponed to August 1 Unfavorable weather prompted yet another 24 hour delay Atlantis lifted off on August 2 54 The crew deployed TDRS E without incident using the IUS 54 The crew also conducted 32 physical material and life science experiments mostly related to the Extended Duration Orbiter and Space Station Freedom 2 These included experiments with the Space Station Heat Pipe Advanced Radiator Element II SHARE II the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultra Violet SSBUV instrument Tank Pressure Control Equipment TPCE and Optical Communications Through Windows OCTW There was also an auroral photography experiment APE B a protein crystal growth experiment testing of the bioserve instrumentation technology associates materials dispersion apparatus BIMDA investigations into polymer membrane processing IPMP the space acceleration measurement system SAMS a solid surface combustion experiment SSCE use of the ultraviolet plume imager UVPI and the Air Force Maui optical site AMOS experiment 55 Atlantis performed 142 orbits of the Earth traveling 6 0 million kilometers 3 7 million miles in 213 hours and 21 minutes 54 STS 43 was the eighth mission to land at KSC and the first one scheduled to do so since STS 61 C in January 1986 55 STS 58 Edit Main article STS 58 Lucid in the middeck waste collection system facility peeking out from behind the privacy curtain On December 6 1991 Lucid was assigned to STS 58 the Spacelab Life Sciences 2 SLS 2 mission This was the second mission dedicated to the study of human and animal physiology on Earth and in spaceflight The techniques developed for this flight were intended to be precursors of those to be conducted on the Space Station Freedom and subsequent long duration space flights Fellow TFNG Rhea Seddon was designated as the mission payload commander with David Wolf like Seddon a medical doctor as the other mission specialist 56 Originally scheduled as one mission the number of Spacelab Life Sciences objectives and experiments had grown until it was split into two missions 57 the first of which STS 40 SLS 1 was flown in June 1991 58 The rest of the crew were not named until August 27 1992 Blaha was designated the mission commander with pilot Richard A Searfoss and William S McArthur Jr as a fourth mission specialist 59 A payload specialist Martin J Fettman was assigned to the mission on October 29 60 The Space Shuttle Columbia with SLS 2 on board lifted off from KSC on October 18 1993 During the fourteen day flight the crew performed neurovestibular cardiovascular cardiopulmonary metabolic and musculoskeletal medical experiments on themselves and 48 rats 61 The crew investigated the phenomenon of bone density loss They also studied the effects of microgravity on their sensory perception and the mechanism of space adaptation syndrome To study this on the second day of the mission Lucid and Fettman wore headsets known as accelerometer recording units which recorded their head movements during the day Along with Seddon Wolf and Fettman Lucid collected blood and urine samples from the crew for metabolic experiments They also drew blood from the tails of the rats to measure how weightlessness affected their red blood cell counts 62 They performed sixteen engineering tests aboard Columbia and twenty Extended Duration Orbiter Medical Project experiments The mission completed 225 orbits of the Earth traveling five million miles in 336 hours 13 minutes and 1 second Landing was at Edwards Air Force Base California 61 On completion of this flight Lucid had logged 838 hours and 54 minutes in space 2 Shuttle Mir Edit Main article Shuttle Mir program Communicating with the ground support team inside the Core Module of Mir In 1992 the United States and Russia reached an agreement on cooperation in space so that Russian cosmonauts could fly on the Space Shuttles and American astronauts on the Russian Mir space station 63 The prospect of a long stay on Mir was not one calculated to appeal to most astronauts they had to learn Russian and train at Star City for a year to spend several months on board Mir carrying out science experiments with Russian cosmonauts 64 I was wondering what it would be like to spend a long period of time in space Lucid later recalled I told everybody I wanted to do it and they couldn t find anybody else who had volunteered So they said Well OK go do it 64 In January 1995 Lucid and Blaha joined fellow astronauts Bonnie Dunbar and Norman Thagard for Mir training in Star City 65 On March 30 1995 NASA announced that Lucid would be the second astronaut to stay aboard Mir 66 after Thagard who arrived on the space station on March 16 67 Lucid s mission to Mir commenced on March 22 1996 with liftoff from KSC aboard Atlantis on the STS 76 mission Atlantis docked with Mir on March 24 and Lucid became the first American woman to live on the station 68 She joined cosmonauts Yuri Onufriyenko and Yuri Usachov neither of whom spoke English 69 During the course of her stay aboard Mir Lucid performed numerous life science and physical science experiments She lit candles to study the behavior of fire in a microgravity environment studied the way that quail embryos developed in their shells grew protein crystals and cultivated wheat in a tiny greenhouse 3 70 She injected herself with an immune system stimulant and collected blood and saliva samples to study the effects of microgravity on the immune system 71 Exercising on a treadmill during her stay aboard Mir In her free time she read books One novel she enjoyed immensely was The Mirror of Her Dreams but she reached the end only to find that it ended on a cliffhanger I floated there alone in Spectra in stunned disbelief holding only volume one she later recalled I was stranded the impossibility of running to the local bookstore forefront in my mind How could my daughter have done this to me Who would send only one volume of a two volume set to her mother in space 72 She arranged for the second volume to be sent on the next Progress resupply freighter 73 She left her books on Mir for later astronaut visitors but they became inaccessible after the Progress M 34 collision in June 1997 74 Thagard had warned Lucid about the Russians fondness for jellied fish and borscht She brought a supply of M amp M s and jello with her and lived on a combination of Russian and American food 75 Lucid s return journey to KSC was made aboard Atlantis The STS 79 mission docked with Mir on September 18 bringing Blaha as her relief and landed back at KSC on September 26 1996 76 One of the catches that released her helmet from the neck ring became stuck and technicians had to use pliers and a screwdriver to remove it 3 77 During her stay on Mir Lucid had spent nearly 400 hours exercising on a stationary bicycle and a treadmill and was able to stand and walk off Atlantis Administrator of NASA Daniel Goldin presented her with a giftwrapped box of M amp M s a gift from President Bill Clinton since she had told him that she craved them 3 78 In completing this mission Lucid traveled 121 0 million kilometers 75 2 million miles in 188 days 4 hours 0 minutes This included 179 days on Mir 2 Her stay on Mir was not expected to last so long but her return was delayed twice extending her stay by about six weeks 69 As a result of her time aboard Mir she held the record for the most hours in orbit by a non Russian and most hours in orbit by a woman until June 16 2007 when her record for longest duration spaceflight by a woman was exceeded by Sunita Williams on the International Space Station 79 80 CAPCOM Edit As CAPCOM during the July 12 2011 spacewalk of Mike Fossum and Ron Garan on the STS 135 mission Lucid had a short cameo in the 1998 film Armageddon 81 From 2002 to 2003 she served as Chief Scientist of NASA Starting in 2005 she served as lead CAPCOM on the Planning overnight shift at the Mission Control for sixteen Space Shuttle missions including STS 135 the final mission 2 On January 31 2012 she announced her retirement from NASA 80 82 Later life EditLucid retired from NASA to take care of her husband Mike who had dementia He died on December 25 2014 83 She later wrote about this experience in her book No Sugar Added One Family s Saga of Dementia and Caretaking 2019 84 She wrote about her experiences on Mir in Tumbleweed Six Months Living on Mir 2020 85 Awards and honors EditLucid was awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in December 1996 for her mission to Mir making her the tenth person and first woman to be given this honor 86 She was also awarded the NASA Space Flight Medal in 1985 1989 twice 1991 1993 and 1996 the NASA Exceptional Service Medal in 1988 1990 1992 and 2003 twice and the NASA Distinguished Service Medal in 1994 and 1997 87 She was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame in 1990 88 the Oklahoma Women s Hall of Fame in 1993 89 the National Women s Hall of Fame in 1998 90 and the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame in 2014 91 92 In 2002 Discover magazine recognized her as one of the fifty most important women in science 93 Bibliography EditLucid Shannon 2019 No Sugar Added One Family s Saga of Dementia and Caretaking Vista California MkEk Publishing ISBN 978 0 578 49541 5 Lucid Shannon 2020 Tumbleweed Six Months Living on Mir Vista California MkEk Publishing ISBN 978 0 578 67109 3 Notes Edit Shayler amp Burgess 2020 pp 108 109 a b c d e f Astronaut Bio Shannon W Lucid Ph D NASA Astronaut Former PDF NASA February 2012 Retrieved April 12 2021 a b c d e f g h i Begley Sharon October 7 1996 Down to Earth After a record 188 days in space Shannon Lucid was still standing It was one large step for a woman one small step for NASA s new breed of astronaut Newsweek Retrieved October 13 2018 via General One File Iritani Evelyn The Gripsholm WWII Exchanges Densho Encyclopedia Retrieved August 26 2022 a b c d e Shayler amp Burgess 2020 pp 109 111 Bredeson 1998 pp 11 12 Bredeson 1998 p 14 Record setting astronaut remains down to Earth The Courier Journal Louisville Kentucky September 27 1996 p 2 Retrieved August 28 2022 via Newspapers com Shannon Matilda Wells Lucid Oxford Reference Retrieved January 13 2023 a b c Bredeson 1998 p 16 Lucid Shannon Wells 1973 Effect of Cholera Toxin on Phosphorylation and Kinase Activity of Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Their Brush Borders PhD thesis University of Oklahoma hdl 11244 3683 Sokatch 2001 pp 31 32 a b NASA to Recruit Space Shuttle Astronauts PDF Press release NASA July 8 1976 76 44 Retrieved September 17 2020 Foster 2011 pp 20 21 Atkinson amp Shafritz 1985 pp 134 135 Shayler amp Burgess 2020 p 111 a b c d Reim Milton January 16 1978 NASA Selects 35 Astronaut Candidates PDF Press release NASA 78 03 Retrieved July 28 2022 Reim Milton August 25 1977 Third Group of 20 Astronaut Applicants Includes Eight Women Press release NASA 77 46 Retrieved July 28 2022 The Class of 1978 and the FLATs NASA November 30 2016 Retrieved August 28 2022 Mullane 2007 p 63 a b Shayler amp Burgess 2020 p 177 Shayler amp Burgess 2020 p 167 Shayler amp Burgess 2020 pp 165 166 Frequently Asked Questions NASA Retrieved December 30 2022 Shayler amp Burgess 2020 pp 171 176 Reim Milton August 31 1979 35 Astronaut Candidates Complete Training and Evaluation Period PDF Press release NASA 79 53 Retrieved October 3 2020 Shayler amp Burgess 2020 pp 190 191 Shayler amp Burgess 2020 p 199 Shayler amp Burgess 2020 p 298 Shayler amp Burgess 2020 p 312 Collins amp Ward 2021 pp 140 145 Shayler amp Burgess 2020 p 325 Garrett Dave Nesbitt Steve November 17 1983 STS Flight Assignments PDF Press release NASA 83 046 Retrieved August 29 2022 Nesbitt Steve Redmond Charles August 3 1984 NASA Announces Updated Flight Crew Assignments PDF Press release NASA 84 036 Retrieved August 29 2022 Evans 2012 pp 355 356 Waggoner Miles Deason Billie May 4 1985 ARABSAT Payload Specialist Activities PDF Press release NASA 85 019 Retrieved August 29 2022 a b STS 51G NASA Retrieved August 29 2022 a b Evans 2012 pp 361 362 Hitt amp Smith 2014 pp 254 255 Evans 2012 pp 363 364 Evans Ben February 2 2012 A Job But You re A Girl The Triumphant Career of Shannon Lucid AmericaSpace Retrieved December 31 2022 Shayler amp Burgess 2020 p 344 White Terry October 28 1985 Mission Control Names Teams For Flight 61 A Spacelab D 1 PDF Press release NASA 85 042 Retrieved August 31 2022 Shayler amp Burgess 2020 p 345 Ross Janet December 13 1985 Flight Control Of Shuttle Mission 61 C PDF Press release NASA 85 052 Retrieved August 31 2022 Shayler amp Burgess 2020 p 363 Carr Jeffrey November 30 1988 Four New Shuttle Crews Named STS 32 STS 33 STS 34 STS 35 PDF Press release NASA 88 049 Retrieved August 31 2022 a b c STS 34 NASA Retrieved August 30 2022 a b Evans Ben October 20 2012 The Romance of Adventure STS 34 and the Voyage of Galileo AmericaSpace Retrieved January 8 2023 Deployment of Galileo and the IUS NASA Retrieved January 8 2023 Evans Ben October 27 2019 You Didn t Prepare Me Remembering America s Galileo Mission to Jupiter 30 Years On Part 2 AmericaSpace Retrieved January 8 2023 STS 34 Press Kit PDF NASA October 1989 Archived PDF from the original on January 6 2021 Retrieved January 6 2021 Cart Jeffrey May 24 1990 Shuttle Crews Named For 1991 Missions STS 43 STS 44 STS 45 PDF Press release NASA 90 033 Retrieved August 31 2022 a b c STS 43 NASA Retrieved August 31 2022 a b STS 43 NASA Archived from the original on February 24 2019 Schwartz Barbara December 6 1991 Payload Crew Named For Spacelab Life Sciences 2 Mission PDF Press release NASA 91 088 Retrieved August 31 2022 Seddon 2015 pp 358 360 Shayler amp Burgess 2020 pp 414 415 Schwartz Barbara August 27 1992 Crew Assignments Announced For STS 58 and STS 61 PDF Press release NASA 92 047 Retrieved August 31 2022 Fluegel Kari October 29 1992 Payload Specialist Selected For Second Life Sciences Mission PDF Press release NASA 92 060 Retrieved August 31 2022 a b STS 58 NASA Retrieved January 18 2022 STS 58 NASA Archived from the original on February 13 2022 Morgan 2001 p 5 a b Mihelich Peggy Legendary astronaut still finds herself star struck CNN Retrieved September 2 2022 Morgan 2001 p 11 Hess Mark Herring Kyle March 30 1995 For Third Press release NASA 95 39 Retrieved September 1 2022 Morgan 2001 p 23 STS 76 NASA Retrieved September 1 2022 a b Morgan 2001 p 45 Bredeson 1998 p 34 Morgan 2001 p 62 Lucid 2020 p 142 Lucid Shannon June 17 1998 Shannon W Lucid Oral History Interviews PDF Interview NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project Interviewed by Davison Mark Wright Rebecca Rollins Paul Retrieved September 1 2022 Morgan 2001 p 61 Bredeson 1998 p 32 STS 79 NASA Retrieved September 2 2022 Clary Mike September 27 1996 Lucid Lands on Both Feet After Record Setting Flight Los Angeles Times Retrieved January 7 2023 Lucid Shannon Interview Shannon Lucid Interview Interviewed by Goldstein Edward S Retrieved September 1 2022 STS 117 MCC Status Report 16 NASA Retrieved September 2 2022 a b Buck Joshua Cloutier Lemasters Nicole January 31 2012 Legendary Astronaut Shannon Lucid Retires From NASA Press release NASA 12 038 Retrieved September 1 2022 Morgan Chris January 5 2023 20 facts you might not know about Armageddon Yardbarker Retrieved January 8 2023 Breaking News Shuttle era astronauts Lucid and Ross retire from NASA Spaceflight Now January 31 2012 Retrieved January 7 2023 Rodriguez Sarah One Giant Leap for Womankind Egalitarian Women Making History CBE International Retrieved January 8 2023 No Sugar Added One Family s Saga of Dementia and Caretaking Amazon com Retrieved January 8 2023 Tumbleweed Six Months Living on Mir Amazon com Retrieved January 8 2023 Astronaut Hall of Fame adds Shannon Lucid Jerry Ross in 2014 Bay News 9 Retrieved January 8 2023 Historical Recipient List PDF NASA Retrieved April 24 2021 Sheppard David September 27 1990 Slayton to Join Space Hall of Fame El Paso Times El Paso Texas p 9 Retrieved January 8 2023 via Newspapers com Oklahoma Women s Hall of Fame Oklahoma Commission on the Status of Women Archived from the original on September 6 2008 Shannon W Lucid National Women s Hall of Fame Retrieved January 8 2023 NASA inducts Shannon Lucid and Jerry Ross into the U S Astronaut FOX 35 News Orlando Archived from the original on May 5 2014 Retrieved May 5 2014 Lucid and Ross selected for U S Astronaut Hall of Fame Spaceflight Now Retrieved February 8 2014 Svitil Kathy November 13 2002 The 50 Most Important Women in Science Discover Retrieved January 9 2023 References EditAtkinson Joseph D Shafritz Jay M 1985 The Real Stuff A History of NASA s Astronaut Recruitment Program Praeger Special Studies New York Praeger ISBN 978 0 03 005187 6 OCLC 12052375 Bredeson Carmen 1998 Shannon Lucid Space Ambassador A Gateway Biography Brookfield Kentucky Milbrook Press ISBN 978 0 7613 0406 7 OCLC 38120528 Collins Eileen M Ward Jonathon H 2021 Through the Glass Ceiling to the Stars The Story of the First American Woman to Command a Space Mission New York Arcade ISBN 978 1 950994 05 2 OCLC 1281565457 Evans Ben 2012 Tragedy and Triumph in Orbit The Eighties and Early Nineties New York Springer ISBN 978 1 4614 3429 0 OCLC 816202257 Foster Amy E 2011 Integrating Women into the Astronaut Corps Politics and Logistics at NASA 1972 2004 Baltimore The Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978 1 4214 0195 9 OCLC 775730984 Hitt David Smith Heather R 2014 Bold They Rise The Space Shuttle Early Years 1972 1986 Lincoln Nebraska University of Nebraska Press ISBN 978 0 8032 2648 7 OCLC 861955707 Morgan Clay 2001 Shuttle Mir Mir Shattl The United States and Russia Share History s Highest Stage PDF NASA History Series Houston NASA ISBN 978 0 16 042800 5 OCLC 46992183 SP 2001 4225 Retrieved September 2 2022 Mullane Mike 2007 Riding Rockets The Outrageous Tales of a Space Shuttle Astronaut New York Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 0 7432 7683 2 OCLC 671034758 Seddon Rhea 2015 Go for Orbit One of America s First Women Astronauts Finds Her Space Murfreesboro Tennessee Your Space Press ISBN 978 0 9962178 1 1 OCLC 921147949 Shayler David J Burgess Colin 2020 NASA s First Space Shuttle Astronaut Selection Redefining the Right Stuff Chichester UK Praxis Publishing ISBN 978 3030 45741 9 OCLC 1145568343 Sokatch John R 2001 Indians Homesteaders and Molecular Biologists A History of Biochemistry and the Department of Biochemistry amp Molecular Biology of the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center PDF Oklahoma City University of Oklahoma OCLC 49885352 Retrieved August 28 2022 External links EditThe Incredible Shannon Lucid This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Portals biography spaceflight Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Shannon Lucid amp oldid 1133499257, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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