Shaduppum, modern Tell Harmal (also Tell Abu Harmal), is an archaeological site in Baghdad Governorate (Iraq). Nowadays, it lies within the borders of modern Baghdad about 600 meters from the site of Tell Mohammad (possibly ancient Diniktum). In the Old Babylonian period it was part of the kingdom of Eshnunna. Other cities in the kingdom lie not far away including Eshnunna (30 miles to the southwest) and Tell Ishchali and Khafajah four and six miles away on the left bank of the Diyala River. The site of Tell al-Dhiba'i, thought to be the ancient town of Uzarzalulu, is about 2 kilometers away and of similar characteristics.[1]
Terracotta lion from Tell Harmal, Iraq MuseumClay tablet, mathematical, geometric-algebraic, similar to the Euclidean geometry. From Tell Harmal, Iraq. 2003-1595 BCE. Iraq Museum
The site, 150 meters in diameter and 5 meters high. Tell Harmal consists of a heavily fortified irregular rectangle (147 x 133 x 146 x 97 meters). The fortification wall had a towered gateway in the northeast and had 6 meter wide buttresses. It was excavated by Iraqi archaeologists Taha Baqir and Sayid Muhammed Ali Mustafa of the Department of Antiquities and Heritage from 1945 to 1949 in response to planned residential development and illegal digging, discovering about 2000 unbaked clay cuneiform tablets. These tablets were found in both religious and administrative contexts. Stories about Creation, the flood, The epic of Gilgamesh, and other were inscribed on some of the tablets. Over 100 large (3.5 cm in diameter) pierced clay balls inscribed with daily brick making receipts were also found.[2][3][4] In 1997 and 1998, the site was worked by a team from Baghdad University and the German Archaeological Institute led by Peter Miglus and Laith Hussein.[5][6] Many other illegally excavated tablets have found their way into various institutions.
The site contains five occupation layers. The most recent (Layer 1) is fairly rudimentary and thought to be from Kassite times. Layer II contains more substantial construction and was wwere most of the cuneiform tablets were found. It dates to the reigns of Eshnunna rulers like Dadusha (c. 1800–1779 BC) and Ibal-pi-el II (c. 1779–1765 BC). This layer was destroyed by fire, thought to be by Hammurabi when he captured the city in his 31 year. Layer III has largely the same building plan and is marked by the construction of the fortification wall. It dates to the earlier reigns of Ipiq-Adad II, who drove the Elamites from the land, Ibal-pi-El I, Belakum, and Naram-Suen of Eshnunna. Layer IV contains the date fourmula of several rulers not previously known like Ammi-dashur. It corresponds to the time of Sumu-la-El (c. 1880-1845 BC) ruler of Babylon. Only dates of Ammi-dashur and the unknown ruler Iadkur-El were found in Layer V.[7][8] A deeper level of occupation (Layers IV and V) was reached only in soundings and dated as far back as the Akkadian Empire days.[2]
Historyedit
Not much is known outside the Old Babylonian times, though clearly the location was occupied from at least the Akkadian period through the Old Babylonian period, when it was part of the kingdom of Eshnunna in the Diyala River area. It was an administrative center for the kingdom and its name means "the treasury."[9][10]
The site featured a large trapezoidal wall and a temple (28 x 18 meters in size)possibly of the goddess Nisaba and her consort Haya (called Khani by the excavators), a smaller (15 x 14 meters in size) (double shrine temple, and a large (23 x 23 meters in size) administrative building.[11] Among the tablets from Tell Harmal are two of the epic of Gilgamesh and two with parts of the Laws of Eshnunna, found in the context of ruler Dadusha. [12][13] Also found were a number of important mathematical tablets.[14][15][16][17] It also produced tablets with the longest list of geographical names yet known.[18]
^[11] T. Baqir, "Another important mathematical text from Tell Harmal", Sumer, vol. 6, iss. 2, pp. 130–148, 1950
^[12] T Baqir, "Some more mathematical texts from Tell Harmal", Sumer, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 28–45, 1951
^[13] Levy, Selim J., "Harmal Geographical List", Sumer, vol. 3, iss. 2, pp. 50-83, 1947
Further readingedit
[14] Taha Baqir, "Supplement to the Date-Formulae from Harmal", Sumer, vol 5, iss. 5, pp 136–144, 1949
[15] Bruins, E. M., "Comments on the mathematical tablets of Tell Harmal", Sumer, vol. 7, iss. 2, pp. 179–182, 1951
[16] Bruins, Evert M., "Revision of the mathematical texts from Tell Harmal", Sumer, vol. 9, iss. 2, pp. 241–253, 1953
[17] Drenckhahn, Friedrich, "A geometrical contribution to the study of the mathematical problem text from Tell Harmal (IM. 55357) in the Iraq Museum, Baghdad", Sumer, vol. 7, iss. 1, pp. 22–27, 1951
Maria de J. Ellis, "Old Babylonian Economic Texts and Letters from Tell Harmal", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 43–69, 1972
Maria de J. Ellis, "The Division of Property at Tell Harma"l, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 133–153, 1974
Maria de J. Ellis, "An Old Babylonian Adoption Contract from Tell Harmal", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 130–151, 1975
[18] Friberg, Jöran, et al. "Five Texts from Old Babylonian Mê-Turran (Tell Haddad), Ishchali and Shaduppûm (Tell Harmal) with Rectangular-Linear Problems for Figures of a Given Form", New Mathematical Cuneiform Texts, pp. 149–212, 2016
[19] A. Goetze, "A mathematical compendium from Tell Harmal", Sumer, vol. 7, iss. 2, pp. 126–155, 1951
[20] Goetze, Albrecht, "Fifty Old-Babylonian Letters from Harmal", Sumer, vol. 14, iss. 1-2, pp. 3–78, 1958
Gonçalves, Carlos. Mathematical Tablets from Tell Harmal. New York: Springer, 2015 ISBN978-3-319-22523-4
Hussein, Laith M. "Tell Harmal-Die Texte aus dem Hauptverwaltungsgebäude", Serai, 2006
Grandpierre, Véronique, "Shaduppum (Tell Harnal): une petite ville du royaume d'Eshnunna au XVIIIe siècle avant notre ère", Doctoral Dissertation, Paris 1, 1998
Simmons, Stephen D., "Early Old Babylonian Tablets from Ḥarmal and Elsewhere", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 71–93, 1959
Lamia al-Gailani Werr, "A Note on the Seal Impression IM 52599 from Tell Harmal", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 62–64, 1978
External linksedit
Archaeological Site Photographs: Tell Harmal - Oriental Institute of Chicago
Tell Harmal Lions at Baghdad Museum
January 01, 1970
shaduppum, modern, tell, harmal, also, tell, harmal, archaeological, site, baghdad, governorate, iraq, nowadays, lies, within, borders, modern, baghdad, about, meters, from, site, tell, mohammad, possibly, ancient, diniktum, babylonian, period, part, kingdom, . Shaduppum modern Tell Harmal also Tell Abu Harmal is an archaeological site in Baghdad Governorate Iraq Nowadays it lies within the borders of modern Baghdad about 600 meters from the site of Tell Mohammad possibly ancient Diniktum In the Old Babylonian period it was part of the kingdom of Eshnunna Other cities in the kingdom lie not far away including Eshnunna 30 miles to the southwest and Tell Ishchali and Khafajah four and six miles away on the left bank of the Diyala River The site of Tell al Dhiba i thought to be the ancient town of Uzarzalulu is about 2 kilometers away and of similar characteristics 1 Tell HarmalShaduppumShown within IraqLocationBaghdad Baghdad Governorate IraqRegionMesopotamiaCoordinates33 18 34 1388 N 44 28 01 4340 E 33 309483000 N 44 467065000 E 33 309483000 44 467065000TypetellHistoryPeriodsOld BabylonianSite notesExcavation dates1945 1949 1997 1998ArchaeologistsTaha Baqir Sayid Muhammed Ali Mustafa P Miglus L Hussein Contents 1 Archaeology 2 History 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksArchaeology edit nbsp Terracotta lion from Tell Harmal Iraq Museum nbsp Clay tablet mathematical geometric algebraic similar to the Euclidean geometry From Tell Harmal Iraq 2003 1595 BCE Iraq Museum The site 150 meters in diameter and 5 meters high Tell Harmal consists of a heavily fortified irregular rectangle 147 x 133 x 146 x 97 meters The fortification wall had a towered gateway in the northeast and had 6 meter wide buttresses It was excavated by Iraqi archaeologists Taha Baqir and Sayid Muhammed Ali Mustafa of the Department of Antiquities and Heritage from 1945 to 1949 in response to planned residential development and illegal digging discovering about 2000 unbaked clay cuneiform tablets These tablets were found in both religious and administrative contexts Stories about Creation the flood The epic of Gilgamesh and other were inscribed on some of the tablets Over 100 large 3 5 cm in diameter pierced clay balls inscribed with daily brick making receipts were also found 2 3 4 In 1997 and 1998 the site was worked by a team from Baghdad University and the German Archaeological Institute led by Peter Miglus and Laith Hussein 5 6 Many other illegally excavated tablets have found their way into various institutions The site contains five occupation layers The most recent Layer 1 is fairly rudimentary and thought to be from Kassite times Layer II contains more substantial construction and was wwere most of the cuneiform tablets were found It dates to the reigns of Eshnunna rulers like Dadusha c 1800 1779 BC and Ibal pi el II c 1779 1765 BC This layer was destroyed by fire thought to be by Hammurabi when he captured the city in his 31 year Layer III has largely the same building plan and is marked by the construction of the fortification wall It dates to the earlier reigns of Ipiq Adad II who drove the Elamites from the land Ibal pi El I Belakum and Naram Suen of Eshnunna Layer IV contains the date fourmula of several rulers not previously known like Ammi dashur It corresponds to the time of Sumu la El c 1880 1845 BC ruler of Babylon Only dates of Ammi dashur and the unknown ruler Iadkur El were found in Layer V 7 8 A deeper level of occupation Layers IV and V was reached only in soundings and dated as far back as the Akkadian Empire days 2 History editNot much is known outside the Old Babylonian times though clearly the location was occupied from at least the Akkadian period through the Old Babylonian period when it was part of the kingdom of Eshnunna in the Diyala River area It was an administrative center for the kingdom and its name means the treasury 9 10 The site featured a large trapezoidal wall and a temple 28 x 18 meters in size possibly of the goddess Nisaba and her consort Haya called Khani by the excavators a smaller 15 x 14 meters in size double shrine temple and a large 23 x 23 meters in size administrative building 11 Among the tablets from Tell Harmal are two of the epic of Gilgamesh and two with parts of the Laws of Eshnunna found in the context of ruler Dadusha 12 13 Also found were a number of important mathematical tablets 14 15 16 17 It also produced tablets with the longest list of geographical names yet known 18 See also editCities of the ancient Near EastReferences edit 1 Matousova Rajmova Maria Some Cylinder Seals from Dhiba i and Harmal Sumer vol 31 iss 1 2 pp 49 66 1975 a b 2 Taha Baqir Excavations at Tell Harmal II Tell Harmal A Preliminary Report Sumer 2 iss 2 pp 22 30 1946 3 Taha Baqir Excavations at Harmal Sumer vol 4 iss 2 pp 137 39 1948 Taha Baqir Tell Harmal The Republic of Iraq Directorate of Antiquities Baġdad Ar Rabita Press 1959 Laith M Hussein and Peter A Miglus Tell Harmal Die Fruhjahrskampagne 1997 Baghdader Mitteilungen vol 29 pp 35 46 1998 Laith M Hussein and Peter A Miglus Tall Harmal Die Herbstkampagne 1998 Baghdader Mitteilungen vol 30 pp 101 113 1999 4 Al Hashimi R New light on the date of Harmal and Dhiba i Sumer vol 28 iss 1 2 pp 29 33 1972 5 Taha Baqir Date Formulae and Date Lists from Harmal Sumer vol 5 iss 1 pp 34 86 1949 6 Hussein L M Excavations in Tell Harmal spring 1997 Sumer vol 50 iss 1 pp 58 67 1999 in arabic Hussein L M Excavations in Tell Harmal Fall 1998 Sumer vol 51 pp 114 122 2001 7 Seton Lloyd Excavations Tell Harmal Sumer vol 2 iss 1 pp 13 15 1945 8 Taha Baqir A New Law code from Tell Harmal Sumer vol 4 no 1 pp 52 53 Jan 1948 9 Albrecht Goetze Another Law Tablet from Tell Harmal Sumer vol 4 no 1 pp 55 Jan 1948 10 T Baqir An important mathematical problem text from Tell Harmal on a Euclidean Problem Sumer vol 6 iss 1 pp 39 54 1950 T Baqir Mathematical Sumer vol 6 iss 1 Arabic pp 5 28 1950 11 T Baqir Another important mathematical text from Tell Harmal Sumer vol 6 iss 2 pp 130 148 1950 12 T Baqir Some more mathematical texts from Tell Harmal Sumer vol 7 no 1 pp 28 45 1951 13 Levy Selim J Harmal Geographical List Sumer vol 3 iss 2 pp 50 83 1947Further reading edit 14 Taha Baqir Supplement to the Date Formulae from Harmal Sumer vol 5 iss 5 pp 136 144 1949 15 Bruins E M Comments on the mathematical tablets of Tell Harmal Sumer vol 7 iss 2 pp 179 182 1951 16 Bruins Evert M Revision of the mathematical texts from Tell Harmal Sumer vol 9 iss 2 pp 241 253 1953 17 Drenckhahn Friedrich A geometrical contribution to the study of the mathematical problem text from Tell Harmal IM 55357 in the Iraq Museum Baghdad Sumer vol 7 iss 1 pp 22 27 1951 Maria de J Ellis Old Babylonian Economic Texts and Letters from Tell Harmal Journal of Cuneiform Studies vol 24 no 3 pp 43 69 1972 Maria de J Ellis The Division of Property at Tell Harma l Journal of Cuneiform Studies vol 26 no 3 pp 133 153 1974 Maria de J Ellis An Old Babylonian Adoption Contract from Tell Harmal Journal of Cuneiform Studies vol 27 no 3 pp 130 151 1975 18 Friberg Joran et al Five Texts from Old Babylonian Me Turran Tell Haddad Ishchali and Shaduppum Tell Harmal with Rectangular Linear Problems for Figures of a Given Form New Mathematical Cuneiform Texts pp 149 212 2016 19 A Goetze A mathematical compendium from Tell Harmal Sumer vol 7 iss 2 pp 126 155 1951 20 Goetze Albrecht Fifty Old Babylonian Letters from Harmal Sumer vol 14 iss 1 2 pp 3 78 1958 Goncalves Carlos Mathematical Tablets from Tell Harmal New York Springer 2015 ISBN 978 3 319 22523 4 Hussein Laith M Tell Harmal Die Texte aus dem Hauptverwaltungsgebaude Serai 2006 Grandpierre Veronique Shaduppum Tell Harnal une petite ville du royaume d Eshnunna au XVIIIe siecle avant notre ere Doctoral Dissertation Paris 1 1998 Simmons Stephen D Early Old Babylonian Tablets from Ḥarmal and Elsewhere Journal of Cuneiform Studies vol 13 no 3 pp 71 93 1959 Lamia al Gailani Werr A Note on the Seal Impression IM 52599 from Tell Harmal Journal of Cuneiform Studies vol 30 no 1 pp 62 64 1978External links editArchaeological Site Photographs Tell Harmal Oriental Institute of Chicago 1997 98 excavation report of the joint German Iraqi team Baked Clay Lion from Tell Harmal Old Babylonian Cuneiform Prism from Tell Harmal Tell Harmal Lions at Baghdad Museum Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Shaduppum amp oldid 1218465352, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
