fbpx
Wikipedia

Sea Shepherd Conservation Society

January 01, 1970

The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) is a non-profit, marine conservation activism organization based in Friday Harbor on San Juan Island, Washington, in the United States.[1] Sea Shepherd employs direct action tactics to achieve its goals,[2] most famously by deploying its fleet of ships to track, report on and actively impede the work of fishing vessels believed to be engaged in illegal and unregulated activities causing the unsustainable exploitation of marine life.

Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
Founded1977
FounderPaul Watson
TypePublic charity (US); registered charity (UK)
FocusMarine conservation activism
Location
Area served
Global
MethodDirect action
Websitewww.seashepherd.org

Sea Shepherd has been criticised by some environmental groups and national governments that oppose its tactics.[3] The Japanese government, whose whaling industry is a leading target of the organization's efforts, has called Sea Shepherd eco-terrorists for "impeding their research".[4] In March 2014, the International Court of Justice ruled that the Japanese whaling program was not for scientific purposes, as claimed, and ordered Japan to immediately cease its operation.[5]

History

Main article: Sea Shepherd Conservation Society operations

The predecessor organization of Sea Shepherd, the "Earth Force Society", was formed in 1977, after its founder, Paul Watson was ousted from the board of Greenpeace for disagreements over his direct action activism which clashed with their pacifist nature.[6] Watson soon left Greenpeace. Initially without funding and with only a small group of supporters, Watson convinced Cleveland Amory, head of the Fund for Animals, to fund Watson's first vessel, the Sea Shepherd in 1978.[7]

The first direct action undertaken by the organization was against Canadian seal hunting in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in March 1979.[8][9] The same year, the Sea Shepherd also rammed an unregulated Portuguese whaling vessel,[10] the notorious Sierra.[11] After the Portugal campaign, the first Sea Shepherd had to be scuttled, but Watson sold the story to raise money to fund his next vessel.[7] He then spent the 1980s undertaking a variety of controversial and dangerous operations in support of various marine conservation aims,[7] and physically intervened against Russian, Spanish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Makah, Faroese, and Japanese whalers.[7][12]

In the 1990s the group is described as having undertaken a shift in its public attitude.[7] Having previously argued primarily from an ethical viewpoint, Sea Shepherd began to describe itself as an anti-poaching agency, a claim it based on its interpretation of the maritime and conservation law.[7][13] The decade also saw the organization make more progress in saving wildlife, including by teaming up with other groups to reduce the prevalence of driftnet fishing. In 1994, Sea Shepherd sank an illegal Norwegian whaling vessel. However, no charges were brought as the vessel had been involved in even more illegal behavior than anticipated by the authorities.[14]

The organization began in the 2000s by assisting with the clean up of the Petrobras oil spill, Brazil's worst oil spill to date, after being contracted by the Rio government to mitigate against the devastation.[14] Sea Shepherd also cooperated with other governments against maritime poaching, including in Costa Rica, though not always with good outcomes.[15] In 2008, Sea Shepherd conducted two trips around Antarctica to disrupt illegal whaling practices.[14]

Since 2016, Sea Shepherd has increasingly co-operated with national governments in assisting anti-poaching activity in national territorial waters and marine reserves, including with the Italian Coast Guard in Sicily (Operation Siracusa), Mexican Navy (Operation Milagro) and the Coastguards of Gabon and São Tomé and Príncipe (Operation Albacore), which saw Gabonese military marines sail aboard Sea Shepherd vessels.

In late 2022 a schism occurred after Paul Watson was removed from the board of directors of Sea Shepherd Global, a move which, he says, was due to the organization shifting away from his policy of independent, direct action to one of collaboration with governments. Watson subsequently formed his own organization, the Captain Paul Watson Foundation, and a competing Sea Shepherd group called Sea Shepherd Origins. The France, UK, and Brazil chapters of Sea Shepherd have pledged their allegiance to Paul Watson and Sea Shepherd Origins, and have left the umbrella of Sea Shepherd Global. Neither Sea Shepherd Global or the regional chapters that remain loyal to it have issued statements in regard to these events.[16][17][18]

Organization

 
Sea Shepherd flag
 
A wildlife advocate during an education session on board RV Farley Mowat

Sea Shepherd is a non-governmental, non-profit environmental organization. In the United States it has a 501(c)(3) tax exempt status. Most of the organization's revenue is spent on its programs – 89.9 percent in 2019, with just 10.1 percent spent on administrative costs and fundraising. Sea Shepherd has also been rated highly for financial transparency and accountability.[19] The group is supported by private and corporate donations, lectures by Watson, internet advertising and grants. It is operated by volunteers and a small paid staff, and is committed to staying small and with low spending on fundraising or recruitment.[7]

Sea Shepherd is governed by a board of directors and several boards of advisers, each addressing an area of expertise. The Scientific, Technical and Conservation Advisory Board includes Earth First! founder Dave Foreman and Horst Klienschmidt, a former deputy chair of the International Whaling Commission (2006). The Legal and Law Enforcement Advisory Board includes Ian Campbell, a former Australian Minister of the Environment and Heritage (2004–07).[20][21] The Animal Welfare, Humane and Animal Rights Advisory Board included animal rights philosopher Tom Regan, until his death in 2017. There is also a Media and Arts Advisory Board, Photography Advisory Board and a Financial and Management Advisory Board.

Direct action activism

Main article: Sea Shepherd Conservation Society operations

Sea Shepherd engages in conventional protests and direct actions to protect marine wildlife. Sea Shepherd operations have included interdiction against commercial fishing, shark poaching and finning, seal hunting, and whaling.[12][22] The group has been active in intervening against fishing and poaching in the South Pacific, the Mediterranean, and in waters around the Galapagos Islands. In addition to their direct action campaigns, Sea Shepherd works on ocean issues such as plastic pollution. Sea Shepherd chapters across the world organize onshore cleanups throughout the year to pick up debris near oceans, streams, and rivers. In April 2018, Sea Shepherd released a PSA that takes an artistic approach to telling target audiences that more than one million marine animals die every year from plastic debris.[23]

According to its mission statement, Sea Shepherd "uses innovative direct-action tactics to investigate, document, and take action when necessary to expose and confront illegal activities on the high seas".[24] In addition to the organization's role of documenting and reporting violations of conservation laws, Sea Shepherd operations have utilized direct, non-lethal tactics including scuttling and disabling whaling vessels at harbor,[4] intervening in Canadian and Namibian seal hunts,[25] shining laser light at whalers,[26] throwing bottles of foul-smelling butyric acid onto vessels at sea,[27] boarding whaling vessels to protest while at sea, and seizing and destroying drift nets at sea. Sea Shepherd argues that these tactics are necessary to uncover and impede actions that violate international laws protecting wildlife, as the international community has shown itself unwilling or unable to stop species-endangering whaling and fishing practices.[7]

Sea Shepherd staff and equipment have also been on the receiving end of physical violence by members of the fishing industry. In November 1998, Makah seized an inflatable boat belonging to the group and threw rocks at the Sea Shepherd's Sirenian in response to protests over their whale hunt.[28] In 2005, 11 Sea Shepherd crew were involved in an altercation with sealers while on the ice. The sealers were not charged with any crime, but the activists were arrested and later convicted for approaching too close to the hunt.[29][30][31] In 2008, fishermen in the French islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon cut the mooring lines of the Farley Mowat after hearing Watson make disparaging comments about the deaths of four seal hunters.[32]

In 2009, Paul Watson claimed the organization has sunk ten whaling ships while also destroying millions of dollars worth of equipment.[33] Their practice of attacking and sinking other ships has led to reports of injuries to other sailors as well as the Sea Shepherd crew, including concussions and complications from chemical attacks.[34][35] Watson considers the actions of Sea Shepherd to be against criminal operations and has called the group an anti-poaching organization.[13] Critics claim that Sea Shepherd's actions constitute violations of international law,[36] while Watson has stated that Sea Shepherd believes that their actions constitute an attempt to enforce international conservation laws and international maritime law under the World Charter for Nature adopted by the United Nations.[37][38] Australia has declared Japan's hunt in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary to be illegal, and federal court judge Jim Allsop has stated "there is no practical mechanism by which orders of this court can be enforced".[39] The lack of official enforcement mechanisms in that law prompted Sea Shepherd to adopt, without official sanction, what it sees as a law enforcement mission. A 2008 academic paper by researchers at Monash University in Melbourne, Victoria, concluded that Sea Shepherd's approach could constitute vigilantism, because its seeks to enforce a legal status quo in the face of the international community's "inabilities or unwillingness to do so".[11]

Anti-whaling controversy

Watson left Greenpeace in 1977 after being voted off the board over his confrontational methods.[40] Since then, Greenpeace has criticized Sea Shepherd for the group's tactics, particularly regarding its interaction with whaling ships while at sea.[41] The rival environmental group maintains Sea Shepherd is a violent organization whose tactics may endanger the lives of fishermen and whalers, and has labelled Watson an extremist.[4][42][43] Greenpeace has also stated: "By making it easy to paint anti-whaling forces as dangerous, piratical terrorists, Sea Shepherd could undermine the forces within Japan which could actually bring whaling to an end".[3] In his 2009 book, Whaling in Japan, Jun Morikawa stated that Sea Shepherd's confrontational tactics had strengthened Japan's resolve to continue with its whaling program by helping to rally domestic support from Japanese citizens who might otherwise have been ambivalent about the practice of hunting and eating whales.[44]

In March 2014 the International Court of Justice ruled Japan's whaling program was not for scientific purposes. The Court ordered that Japan "revoke any extant authorization, permit or licence to kill, take or treat whales" and refrain from granting any further permits."[45] In response to the court ruling, Japan cut its annual whaling quota from 915 to 333. The new quota included only minke whales, and ended the hunting of humpback whales and fin whales.[46] Paul Watson said: "I think we've done an amazing job reducing their quotas and saving whales," and claimed the actions of Sea Shepherd were a major factor behind Japan's decision.[47] In 2017, Sea Shepherd said it would stop sending ships to the Antarctic Ocean in pursuit of Japanese whalers, citing Japan's increased use of military surveillance satellites and passage of anti-terrorism laws specifically to thwart Sea Shepherd.[48][49] Japan passed new anti-terrorism legislation in view of the coming 2020 Olympics, but among its elements, the new law declared the presence of eco-activist vessels near whalers a terrorist offence. The combined measures were deemed to make Sea Shepherd's Antarctic operations no longer productive, with Watson noting his organisation "cannot compete with their military-grade technology".[48][50]

Public relations

 
A $5 million donation from Bob Barker facilitated the purchase of the MY Bob Barker, pictured here docked in Hobart, Tasmania.

The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society has received attention from the press and been called "media savvy".[12][51] The group has worked with journalists and has made statements through press releases to spread its message during various campaigns.[52][53]

Watson's public relations efforts are shown in an episode of Whale Wars when he creates an international "media storm"[54] after two crewmembers are detained on a Japanese whaling vessel. In his book, Earthforce!, Watson advises readers to make up facts and figures when they need to, and to deliver them to reporters confidently.[7] He also states that the "truth is irrelevant" due to the nature of mass media.[55] In response to criticism that he manipulates the media, Watson has stated: "What we do is provide the media with the kind of stories they can't resist... and this is how we bring attention to what's happening to the whales, the seals, the sharks and the other marine conservation campaigns we're involved in."[4]

Sea Shepherd has also used satellite uplinks, webcams, and internet blogging during its operations in the Southern Ocean, and has invited the media to ride along.[56] In 2006, representatives from Seven network and National Geographic magazine, along with documentary filmmakers, accompanied the group.[12] In a television series entitled Whale Wars, Discovery Communications, Inc. documented Sea Shepherd's 2008/09 Antarctic campaign against Japanese whalers, following events on the Steve Irwin.[4] The program premiered on November 7, 2008, on Discovery's Animal Planet network.

 
Aerial perspective of the Sea Shepherd docked at the Victoria Harbour Promenade, Waterfront end of Enterprize Way, Docklands, February 2019

Sea Shepherd has received financial contributions from celebrities and businessmen such as entrepreneur Steve Wynn, television personality Bob Barker, and John Paul DeJoria, as well as other celebrities.[7][13] Martin Sheen, Daryl Hannah, and Richard Dean Anderson have joined the group during protests. Actors including Edward Norton, Pierce Brosnan, Christian Bale, Clive Standen and Emily Deschanel have supported the group through contributions,[4] while William Shatner has also been mentioned as supporting the group.[57] Actress and model Pamela Anderson is an active spokesperson for the group, has participated in several campaigns, served on the board of directors and is a close friend of founder Paul Watson. In 2007, actor Heath Ledger conceived and directed a music video of the Modest Mouse song "King Rat", intended to raise awareness of the whale hunts taking place each year off the coast of his native Australia. Although Ledger died before the video could be completed, others finished it in his honor and debuted the video online in August 2009. Proceeds from iTunes sales of the video in its first month of release were donated to Sea Shepherd.[58][59]

From the music industry, Anthony Kiedis of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Leona Lewis, Rick Rubin, and the groups Hawkwind, The Red Paintings, Propagandhi, Gojira, Parkway Drive, Heaven Shall Burn, Stick to Your Guns, The Amity Affliction and Architects have financially supported Sea Shepherd.[13] Architects vocalist Sam Carter is also one of Sea Shepherd's British ambassadors.[60] Vegan straight edge band Earth Crisis and Zoltán Téglás of Ignite support SSCS, among other environmental organizations, dedicating songs such as "So Others Live" and "Ultramilitance" to them.[61][62] Giacomo "Josh" Giorgi, vocalist of now-defunct Italian straight edge hardcore band To Kill is the bosun's mate aboard the MY Steve Irwin.[63] In 2009, professional surfer Kelly Slater joined a Quiksilver Australia/Sea Shepherd partnership featuring a fund-raising clothing line, including board shorts designed by Slater.[64] In 2013 alt-metal band Klogr started supporting Sea Shepherd in Europe through the videos "Guinea Pigs" (2013) and "Zero Tolerance" (2014), featuring images from Sea Shepherd documentaries filmed in Taiji and other missions.

The Lush cosmetics company joined with Sea Shepherd to raise awareness about the practice of shark finning in 2008. Lush produced 'Shark Fin Soap' (punning on 'shark fin soup'); all sale proceeds were directed to Sea Shepherd.[65]

In Tasmania, Sea Shepherd has been banned from participation in the Australian Wooden Boat Festival on the grounds that its presence could jeopardize the reputation of the organization which aims to celebrate maritime heritage, but not modern maritime issues in Australian waters.[66]

For years, Mexico depended on Sea Shepherd to remove the illegal nets that trap and drown vaquita porpoises in the Gulf of California. In January 2021, Sea Shepherds had to leave the Gulf after a New Year's Eve attack where a fisherman rammed a Sea Shepherd vessel.[67] One fisherman died of injuries sustained during the attack. Mexico has invited Sea Shepherd back to help save the vaquita, but won't allow them to remove nets.[68]

Fleet of ships

For the main article on Sea Shepherd's fleet, see Neptune's Navy.
 
The MY Steve Irwin in September 2011, sailing up river under Tower Bridge in London
 
The MY Sam Simon in Hobart, Tasmania, December 2012
 
MY Bob Barker berthed at Circular Quay in Sydney, Australia, in 2012

Sea Shepherd refer to the ships it has operated as Neptune's Navy. As of 2021, the conservation society operates 12 ships: Ocean Warrior, Brigitte Bardot, Bob Barker, Steve Irwin, Sam Simon, John Paul DeJoria, Farley Mowat, Sharpie, Jairo Mora Sandoval, White Holly, Martin Sheen and Sea Eagle.[69]

The Steve Irwin was obtained in 2007 and originally called the Robert Hunter, named in honor of Robert Hunter,[70] co-founder of Greenpeace.[71] Irwin's widow, Terri, gave her support to Sea Shepherd, saying: "Whales have always been in Steve's heart and in 2006 he was investigating the possibility of joining the Sea Shepherd on part of its journey to defend these beautiful animals."[72] The other ship, the 1200 ton Bob Barker, was named after well-known television game show host and animal activist Bob Barker, who made the purchase in Ghana of the retired Norwegian whaling vessel possible with a donation of US$5 million.[73] In February 2010, the Bob Barker collided with the Japanese whaling vessel Yushin Maru No. 3, tearing a gash in the hull of the Bob Barker.[74] In December 2014, the Bob Barker began its pursuit of the illegal fishing vessel, the FV Thunder, part of the Bandit 6 and involved in illegally fishing the Patagonian toothfish, which became the longest chase in nautical history covering over 10,000 nautical miles and lasting 110 days.[75]

The group also formerly operated the Farley Mowat (impounded by the Canadian government, with Sea Shepherd having stated that they have no intention of paying the legal fines and berthage fees to recover their now obsolete vessel) and the Ady Gil, formerly known as the Earthrace (sunk after a collision with the MV Shōnan Maru 2 whaling security vessel in early 2010)[76] as well as a number of earlier vessels.

Sea Shepherd acquired the Ocean 7 Adventurer for its 2010/11 campaign against Japanese whaling in the Antarctic.[77] In November 2010, Mayor Brad Pettitt of Fremantle, Western Australia, christened the vessel Gojira with Fremantle as its home port, making this the first Sea Shepherd ship registered in Australia, with an Australian crew. The Gojira was renamed MV Brigitte Bardot in May 2011 after complaints of copyright infringement by Toho.[78]

For the 2011–2012 Antarctic campaign, the organization acquired drone aircraft to assist in their surveillance of the whaling ships.[79]

In July 2012, Sam Simon, a co-creator of The Simpsons, reportedly donated money to purchase the fourth vessel, a former German icebreaker.[80] The actual ship however turned out to be a former Japanese weather survey vessel, now called the MY Sam Simon.

On October 18, 2014, the actor Martin Sheen unveiled Sea Shepherd's newest vessel, R/V Martin Sheen, named in his honor,[81] and captained by Oona Layolle of France. The name of this vessel carries the prefix "R/V" because it will be engaged in direct action as a research vessel.

In January 2015, two decommissioned, 30-knot, Island-class Coast Guard cutters were spotted flying the Sea Shepherd flag in Annapolis Yacht Basin.[82] In June 2015, Sea Shepherd revealed on their website that they had purchased these vessels.[83] One is named MY Farley Mowat, after an earlier vessel impounded by the Canadian government, and the other was named MY Jules Verne, after the author of the novel 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, but was renamed MV John Paul DeJoria on January 31, 2017.

On December 7, 2017, the organization announced the acquisition of a third Island Class Cutter thanks to a donation from Chris Sharp, a biotech businessman. The vessel was named MV Sharpie, and for its maiden mission it will join Operation Milagro in the Gulf of California to help save the endangered vaquita porpoise.[84][85]

The ships of the fleet have flown the flags of a variety of different nations.[86][87] Canada, Belize, UK and Togo have revoked the registrations of various vessels.[88][89][90] Both the Steve Irwin and Bob Barker ships now sail under Dutch flag leading to direct complaints by the Japanese government towards Dutch ambassadors. The Netherlands consequently considered revoking the registrations for both vessels but finally decided not to do so.[91]

Government response

 
MY Steve Irwin approaching Melbourne, Victoria

In testimony on "The Threat of Eco-Terrorism" given to a US congressional subcommittee in 2002, Sea Shepherd was the first group mentioned by an FBI official for having attacked commercial fishing operations by cutting drift nets.[92] An earlier Canadian intelligence report on "single issue terrorism" stated that "Watson and his supporters have been involved in a number of militant actions against whale hunting, driftnet fishing, seal hunting and other related issues" and mentions "activities against logging operations in Canada".[93] In 2007, Ian Campbell, then the Australian Environment Minister and a vigorous critic of Japan's whaling, once opposed Sea Shepherd's tactics, saying that it really put the cause of conservation backwards.[94] Due to the 2008 operations against Canadian seal hunters, Danny Williams, Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador, called Watson a terrorist and said that Sea Shepherd was not welcome in the province.[95] The group has been accused of eco-terrorism by the Japanese government,[4] whose internationally banned whaling program[5] is a principal focus of the Sea Shepherd. It has also been opposed by some countries that also oppose whaling, including Australia and New Zealand.[94]

Sea Shepherd has based many of its operations out of Australia with foreign crew members being able to travel in and out of the country on tourist visas,[96] but in October 2009, the Australian Immigration Department imposed additional criminal background checks on Watson and his First Officer, Peter Hammarstedt, when they applied for visas. Watson criticized the action as a submission to Japanese pressure by the Rudd government.[96] The Australian government rejected the idea it had delayed the visas, and on October 20, 2009, they were issued.[97] By contrast, the Tasmanian Greens and the former Greens Senator Bob Brown, has endorsed and supported Sea Shepherd in various ways, including through advocacy within the Australian government and public endorsement of the group.[98] However, when the Steve Irwin returned to Hobart, Tasmania, in February 2009, Australian Federal Police seized film footage and the ship's logs, reportedly prompted by complaints from Japan.[99][100] Brown demanded that the Australian Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd, order their immediate return, but a spokesman for the Home Affairs Minister said it was a federal police matter.[101] In 2013, Julie Bishop, the Foreign Minister of Australia, told the press club of Japan, "We do not, and will never, condone reckless, dangerous, unlawful behaviour. And where it occurs on the high seas, we will unreservedly condemn it. The fact that the Sea Shepherd visits Australian ports or some of the Sea Shepherd fleet might be registered in Australia is not indicative in any way of the Australian government's support for the organisation."[102] When Sea Shepherd indicated it was abandoning pursuit of Japanese whalers in 2017, Watson noted the hostility of the governments in the US, Australia and New Zealand, which he accused of acting "in league with Japan" against the organisation.[48][49]

 
A variation of the flag used by the group

Officials in Japan have attempted to combat Sea Shepherd at the highest levels, discussing the revocation of the group's tax exempt status with their counterparts in the United States.[103][104][105] In December 2011, the Institute of Cetacean Research (ICR) and Kyodo Senpaku Kaisha, the two Japanese organizations which operate Japan's whaling program, requested an injunction in the US district court in Seattle to stop Sea Shepherd's operations against Japanese whalers.[106] The federal court denied the ICR's preliminary injunction against SSCS.[107] The ICR and Kyodo Senpaku appealed and, on December 17, 2012, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit issued an injunction against Paul Watson and Sea Shepherd and requiring them to stay at least 500 yd (457 m) from ICR vessels.[108][109] After the court ruling, Paul Watson stepped down and Bob Brown succeeded as the leader of Sea Shepherd,[110][111] which launched an ultimately rejected appeal to have the injunction set aside.[112] On the appeal's conclusion, the Court of Appeals stated that SSCS's activities were "the very embodiment of piracy".[113][114] This reversed a previous decision by Richard A. Jones, who was removed as trial judge for abuse of discretion.[115][116] As a result, Paul Watson and US members of Sea Shepherd are currently prohibited by US courts from approaching Japanese whalers, even if they are observed acting in defiance of international law, including by killing whales in protected waters.[109]

In March 2012, reacting to Paul Watson's allegation that Maltese politicians were bribed by the Bluefin tuna industry, Prime Minister of Malta Lawrence Gonzi announced that the government would initiate libel proceedings against the Sea Shepherd founder.[117]

In May 2012, Watson was detained by German authorities after he arrived at the Frankfurt Airport based on a request from the government of Costa Rica on the charge of violating navigational regulations.[118] The charge stemmed from an altercation in 2002 took place during filming for the documentary Sharkwater,[119] in which Sea Shepherd contended that the other vessel was shark finning in Guatemalan waters.[120] Watson subsequently skipped bail and went into hiding.[121] The Costa Rican government subsequently requested the Interpol to issue a Red Notice arrest request for Watson to its member countries.[122]

Watson said on the Discovery Channel in 2009 that the Dalai Lama had sent a letter of support for Sea Shepherd's volunteers accompanied by a wrathful, scowling statue of the deity Hayagriva, which expresses compassion and determination in overcoming obstacles.[4] However, during a visit to Japan in 2010, the Dalai Lama said that while he agrees with the goal of stopping Japan from hunting whales, they should stop using violent methods to achieve that goal.[123]

In the media

Sea Shepherd's campaigns have been documented in the Netflix documentary Seaspiracy, TV series Whale Wars, and TV series Ocean Warriors produced by Animal Planet/Discovery Channel, and in books by current and past members including:

  • Laura Dakin, Cookin' Up a Storm: Stories and Recipes from Sea Shepherd's Anti-Whaling Campaigns (March 16, 2015; Book Publishing Company). ISBN 978-1570673122
  • Raffaella Tolicetti, Think! Eat! Act!: A Sea Shepherd Chef's Vegan Cookbook (July 24, 2014; Microcosm Publishing). ISBN 9781621066668
  • Laurens de Groot, Hunting the Hunters: At war with the whalers (January 2, 2014; Adlard Coles). ISBN 978-1472903648.
  • Rik Scarce, Eco-Warriors: Understanding the Radical Environmental Movement, second revised ed. (1990; Left Coast Press, 2005), Ch. 6. ISBN 978-1-59874-028-8
  • Paul Watson, Seal Wars: Twenty-five Years in the Front Lines with the Harp Seals (2002; Firefly Books, 2003). ISBN 978-1-55297-751-4
  • Paul Watson, Ocean Warrior: My Battle to End the Illegal Slaughter on the High Seas (1994; Key Porter Books, 1996). ISBN 978-1-55013-599-2
  • David B. Morris, Earth Warrior: Overboard with Paul Watson and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (1995; Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing). ISBN 1-55591-203-6
  • Paul Watson, Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy (1993; Los Angeles: Chaco Press). ISBN 0-9616019-5-7
  • Paul Watson, Sea Shepherd : My Fight For Whales And Seals (1980; W. W. Norton and Company). ISBN 978-0393335804

References

  1. ^ Lynch, Jim (March 21, 2004). "Friday Harbor, Wash., Activist Elicits Dual Images of Hero, Foe". The Oregonian.
  2. ^ Enders, Cathy (5 June 2015). "Can Sea Shepherd survive its own success?". TheGuardian.com. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
  3. ^ a b "Paul Watson, Sea Shepherd and Greenpeace: some facts". Greenpeace. December 17, 2008. Archived from the original on September 1, 2010. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "Paul Watson: Sea Shepherd eco-warrior fighting to stop whaling and seal hunts". London: The Telegraph. April 17, 2009. from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  5. ^ a b "Japan ordered to immediately stop whaling in Antarctic as International Court of Justice rules program was not carried out for scientific purposes". Australia: ABC News. March 31, 2014. from the original on March 31, 2014.
  6. ^ Vidal, John (January 2, 2006). "Greenpeace fights sea battle with rival anti-whaling ship". The Guardian. London. from the original on August 29, 2013. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Khatchadourian, Raffi (November 5, 2007). "Neptune's Navy". The New Yorker. from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
  8. ^ "Environmentalists Jailed After Painting Baby Seals Red". Ocala Star-Banner. March 11, 1979. p. 2A.
  9. ^ "Seal-hunt protesters fear more trouble". The Spokesman-Review. March 12, 1979. p. 3.[permanent dead link]
  10. ^ Mitchell, Henry (August 24, 1979). "Paul Watson, Angry Shepherd Of the Seas". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2021-09-08.
  11. ^ a b Nagtzaam, Gerry; Lentini, Pete (January 2008). "Vigilantes on the High Seas?: The Sea Shepherds and Political Violence". Terrorism and Political Violence. 20 (1): 110–133. doi:10.1080/09546550701723658. ISSN 0954-6553. S2CID 144079856.
  12. ^ a b c d Heller, Peter (May 2006). . National Geographic Adventure. Archived from the original on April 18, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2007.
  13. ^ a b c d Le Montre, Darrah (June 9, 2009). "Whale Wars' Sea Shepherd Nets Anthony Kiedis and Rick Rubin's Support". Hollywood Today. Archived from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2009.
  14. ^ a b c “Our History.” Sea Shepherd, 6 Mar. 2018, seashepherd.org/our-history/.
  15. ^ Manami Okazaki (February 9, 2010). "Watson to whalers: We will never surrender". The Japan Times. p. 12. from the original on February 12, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
  16. ^ . ABC News (Australia). November 26, 2022. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  17. ^ . Archived from the original on December 23, 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  18. ^ . December 13, 2022. Archived from the original on December 20, 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  19. ^ "Charity Navigator Rating: Sea Shepherd Conservation Society". Charity Navigator. Retrieved 2021-06-09.
  20. ^ Perpitch, Nicolas (December 14, 2006). "Campbell denies eco-terrorism". Perth Now. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
  21. ^ "Japanese whalers attack Campbell's links". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australian Associated Press. December 15, 2006. from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
  22. ^ Larter, Paul (February 8, 2008). "Australia condemns bloody killing of whale and calf by Japanese fleet". London: Times Newspapers Ltd. from the original on June 3, 2010. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
  23. ^ "Marine Animals Are Suffocating On Plastic In This New Sea Shepherd PSA". Fast Company. 2018-04-11. from the original on 2018-05-01. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
  24. ^ . Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. Archived from the original on August 30, 2009. Retrieved July 29, 2009.
  25. ^ Vidal, John (July 30, 2011). "'Eco-pirate' Paul Watson is in danger of losing his boat". London: The Observer. from the original on March 13, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2011.
  26. ^ "Street Fight on the High Seas". The New Yorker. January 12, 2010. from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
  27. ^ "Hardline warrior in war to save the whale". The New Zealand Herald. January 11, 2010. from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
  28. ^ "National News Briefs; Whale Hunt Protesters Are Arrested by Police". The New York Times. November 2, 1998. p. 19. from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
  29. ^ "Seal defenders attacked". The New Zealand Herald. April 3, 2005. from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
  30. ^ "Sealers scuffle with protesters: 'I hit one guy with my fist to defend myself:' ship's captain". Edmonton Journal. April 1, 2005.
  31. ^ "Anti-sealing activist opts to pay fine rather than face jail". The Canadian Press. April 3, 2006.
  32. ^ "St-Pierre fishermen chase anti-sealing ship from harbour". CBC News. April 4, 2008. from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
  33. ^ Woodham, Kerre (January 10, 2010). "Lucky ocean crash". The New Zealand Herald. from the original on May 10, 2012. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
  34. ^ "Whaling acid attack terrorist act: Japan". The Sydney Morning Herald. Reuters. February 9, 2007. Archived from the original on May 26, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2007.
  35. ^ Darby, Andrew (March 3, 2008). "Sea Shepherd activists attack Japanese whaler". The Sydney Morning Herald. from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved June 4, 2009.
  36. ^ Biggs, Stuart (March 4, 2008). "Japan Summons Australian, Dutch Ambassadors Over Whaling Clash". Bloomberg News. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
  37. ^ Campbell, Duncan (June 3, 2002). "Champion of seas faces attempted murder case". The Guardian. London. from the original on August 26, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
  38. ^ Vidal, John (January 2, 2006). "Greenpeace fights sea battle with rival anti-whaling ship". The Guardian. London. from the original on August 29, 2013. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
  39. ^ Young, Emma (January 15, 2008). "Australia rules Japanese whaling illegal". New Scientist. from the original on March 28, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
  40. ^ Summers, Chris (April 30, 2002). "Spotlight on Greenpeace rebel". BBC News. from the original on November 10, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
  41. ^ Vidal, John (January 2, 2006). "Greenpeace fights sea battle with rival anti-whaling ship". The Guardian. London. from the original on August 29, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
  42. ^ McKie, Robin (January 13, 2008). "Green ships in deadly duel with whalers". The Guardian. London. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
  43. ^ Fraser, Doug (April 9, 2008). . Cape Cod Times. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
  44. ^ Kingston, Jeff, "Whaling whoppers debunked 2010-08-20 at the Wayback Machine", The Japan Times, April 25, 2010, p. 11.
  45. ^ "The Court finds that Japan's whaling programme in the Antarctic (JARPA II) is not in accordance with three provisions of the Schedule to the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling", (PDF), The Hague, Netherlands: International Court of Justice, March 31, 2014, archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2014, retrieved January 27, 2019
  46. ^ Oliver Milman (18 November 2014). "Japan cuts Antarctic whale quota after UN court ruling | Environment". The Guardian. from the original on January 3, 2018. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
  47. ^ "Sea Shepherd is quitting the Antarctic. Could this help end whaling? - Hack - triple j". Abc.net.au. August 29, 2017. from the original on February 11, 2018. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
  48. ^ a b c Doherty, Ben (29 August 2017). "Sea Shepherd says it will abandon pursuit of Japanese whalers". TheGuardian.com. from the original on 2018-01-03. Retrieved 2018-01-03.
  49. ^ a b "Sea Shepherd to suspend pursuit of Japanese whalers". CNN. 29 August 2017. from the original on 2019-02-09. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
  50. ^ Klaus Esterluss. "Sea Shepherd quits campaign - giving Japan′s whalers free rein? | Environment| All topics from climate change to conservation | DW | 30.08.2017". DW. from the original on February 18, 2018. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
  51. ^ Preville, Philip (June 5, 1997). . Montreal Mirror. Archived from the original on June 22, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
  52. ^ Lacitis, Erik (November 3, 1998). "Lead Stuntman In Anti-Whaling Drama Is One Seasoned Actor". The Seattle Times. from the original on September 26, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
  53. ^ Strong, Geoff (January 14, 2006). "Sophisticated media machine blows whalers out of the water". The Age. Melbourne. from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
  54. ^ "International Incidents R Us". Whale Wars. Season 1. Episode 3. 2008-11-14. Animal Planet. from the original on 2012-03-06. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  55. ^ Paul Watson. 1993. Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy. La Caňada, CA: Chaco Press, p. 42.
  56. ^ The Australian Accessed 090810 [dead link]
  57. ^ Millar, Peter (January 10, 2010). "Ady Gil downed by Japanese whalers". The Sunday Times. London. from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
  58. ^ . Wearethemasses.com. Archived from the original on September 15, 2010. Retrieved January 9, 2010.
  59. ^ "Heath Ledger's graphic animation". Melbourne: The Age. Associated Press. August 5, 2009. from the original on January 7, 2010. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
  60. ^ "Dale Vince OBE and Sam Carter (Architects) join Sea Shepherd UK". www.seashepherd.org.uk. April 14, 2014. from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
  61. ^ Shari Black Velvet. "EARTH CRISIS - DENNIS MERRICK". www.saveascream.com. from the original on April 7, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
  62. ^ . Roadrunner Records. Archived from the original on August 21, 2010. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
  63. ^ . www.seashepherd.org. Archived from the original on January 31, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
  64. ^ Bassett, Deborah. "Kelly Slater Teams Up With Sea Shepherd". Surfer magazine. from the original on March 23, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
  65. ^ "Artist to be hung on shark hooks". BBC News. September 3, 2008. from the original on September 14, 2008. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
  66. ^ "Sea Shepherd Australia - Hobart festival banned Sea Shepherd". www.seashepherd.org.au. from the original on June 27, 2017. Retrieved July 2, 2017.
  67. ^ "Mexican fisherman 'dies after attack on Sea Shepherd conservationists'". BBC News. January 5, 2021.
  68. ^ Associated, Press (September 23, 2021). "Mexico Allows Limited Return of Activists to Help Porpoise". Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  69. ^ Shepherd, Sea (24 June 2015). "Sea Shepherd Worldwide Fleet". Sea Shepherd UK. Sea Shepherd UK. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  70. ^ Neptune's Navy November 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
  71. ^ Wotherspoon, Sarah (December 5, 2007). "Protest ship renamed to honor Croc Hunter Steve Irwin". Herald Sun. from the original on January 7, 2008. Retrieved July 14, 2009.
  72. ^ . Shipping Times. December 6, 2007. Archived from the original on June 25, 2008. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
  73. ^ . The Rachel Maddow Show. January 6, 2010. MSNBC. Archived from the original on August 6, 2009.
  74. ^ Violence Escalates in Southern Ocean Whaling Battle 2010-08-08 at the Wayback Machine Environment News Service
  75. ^ Urbina, Ian. "A Renegade Trawler, Hunted for 10,000 Miles by Vigilantes 2020-09-11 at the Wayback Machine." The New York Times. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  76. ^ "The Crash That Made Headlines". Whale Wars. Animal Planet. from the original on November 20, 2010. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
  77. ^ Darby, Andrew (November 18, 2010). "Ady Gil and whalers both at fault for collision: inquiry". The Sydney Morning Herald. from the original on November 20, 2010. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
  78. ^ "Sea Shepherd Renames Vessel After Actress Brigitte Bardot : Ecorazzi". from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
  79. ^ "Drones deployed against Japan's whaling fleet: inquiry". Reuters. from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2013-12-22.
  80. ^ Darby, Andrew (July 2, 2012). "Simpsons co-creator backs anti-whaling bid". Brisbane Times. from the original on July 4, 2012. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
  81. ^ "Martin Sheen Unveils Sea Shepherd's Newest Vessel, R/V Martin Sheen, Named in his Honor" (Press release). Sea Shepherd. October 18, 2014. from the original on December 31, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  82. ^ Furgurson, E.B. III. "A pair of cutters spark curiosity in downtown Annapolis". from the original on 2015-01-10. Retrieved 2015-01-10.
  83. ^ "Two former USCG Island Class cutters bought by Sea Shepherd". Marine Log. from the original on 2016-08-20. Retrieved 2015-06-04.
  84. ^ . Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. Archived from the original on December 8, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
  85. ^ . Archived from the original on March 4, 2017. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
  86. ^ Sea Shepherd kom med norsk flagg 2011-06-28 at the Wayback Machine – Norsk rikskringkasting AS, published January 8, 2010. (Norwegian)
  87. ^ Stuart, Myiow (February 13, 2009). "Five Nations Confederacy Flag Flying Proud on Earth's Oceans". Mohawk Traditional Council. from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
  88. ^ "Detained antiwhaling activist in good health: Okada". Kyodo News International. February 19, 2010. from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
  89. ^ Darby, Andrew (January 6, 2007). "Buccaneer a badge of honour for whaling opponent". The Sydney Morning Herald. from the original on February 10, 2011. Retrieved September 7, 2009.
  90. ^ Britain to deregister anti-whaler after Japan pipes up 2010-12-11 at the Wayback Machine, The Age, January 30, 2007
  91. ^ "Dutch bill would hit Sea Shepherd". The Japan Times. February 6, 2010. from the original on September 1, 2010. Retrieved February 6, 2010.
  92. ^ "Federal Bureau of Investigation – Congressional Testimony". Federal Bureau of Investigation. February 12, 2002. from the original on June 11, 2016. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
  93. ^ "Commentary No. 74: Single Issue Terrorism". Canadian Security Intelligence Service. April 25, 2008. Archived from the original on December 27, 2009. Retrieved January 9, 2010.
  94. ^ a b Parry, Lloyd (February 9, 2007). . Times Online. London. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
  95. ^ "Sealing activists bailed out with bag of toonies". CTV. April 14, 2008. from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
  96. ^ a b Darby, Andrew (May 10, 2009). "Whale activist hits visa hurdle". The Age. Hobart. from the original on January 19, 2010. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
  97. ^ Clifford, Liam (October 19, 2009). "Australian immigration denies delaying Sea Shepherd's visa – Immigration News". Global Visas. from the original on December 31, 2009. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
  98. ^ "Greens Welcome Steve Irwin's Safe Return to Hobart". The Tasmanian Greens. February 21, 2009. from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
  99. ^ "Aust federal govt distances itself from raid". Perth Now. February 22, 2009. from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
  100. ^ Thomas, Pete (October 5, 2009). "Whale wars saga begins with Sea Shepherd's Paul Watson under investigation". The Los Angeles Times, Outposts. from the original on October 8, 2009. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
  101. ^ "Aust federal govt distances itself from raid". Television New Zealand. Australian Associated Press. February 22, 2009. from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
  102. ^ Murphy, Katharine (October 17, 2013). "Greg Hunt and Julie Bishop at odds over whaling monitoring". The Guardian. from the original on September 27, 2016. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
  103. ^ Alabaster, Jay (January 3, 2011). "WikiLeaks: Sea Shepherd, Anti-Whaling Group, Tax Exempt Status Revocation Discussed By U.S., Japan Officials". The Huffington Post. from the original on January 5, 2011. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
  104. ^ Maher, Sid (January 4, 2011). "WikiLeaks cables reveal Japan, US 'plot' to sink activists". The Australian. from the original on January 19, 2011. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
  105. ^ Koh, Yoree (January 3, 2011). "WikiLeaks Japan: Whale Diplomacy". The Wall Street Journal. from the original on January 5, 2011. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
  106. ^ "Sea Shepherd sued in U.S. by whalers". Japan Times. Kyodo News. December 10, 2011. p. 2. from the original on December 14, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
  107. ^ Jones, Richard (February 16, 2012). "Judge won't stop anti-whaling activists". UPI. from the original on February 17, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
  108. ^ Dwyer, Molly (December 17, 2012). "Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington Richard A. Jones, District Judge, Presiding" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
  109. ^ a b . AFP. December 19, 2012. Archived from the original on December 20, 2012. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
  110. ^ Martinez, Michael (January 9, 2013). "'Whale Wars' TV star-activist resigns after court injunction". CNN. from the original on January 10, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
  111. ^ McCurry, Justin (February 1, 2013). "Australia orders Japanese whalers to stay away". The Guardian. London. from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
  112. ^ . Special Broadcasting Service. February 15, 2013. Archived from the original on February 15, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
  113. ^ "US court brands whale activists Sea Shepherd 'pirates'". BBC. February 26, 2013. from the original on February 28, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
  114. ^ Yuhas, Alan (February 27, 2013). "Sea Shepherd conservation group declared 'pirates' in US court ruling". The Guardian. London. from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
  115. ^ "Court Orders Injunction Against 'Piracy' by Anti-Whaling Group". Metropolitan News-Enterprise. February 27, 2013. from the original on February 5, 2014. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  116. ^ "'We're not pirates,' anti-whaling sailor Paul Watson tells Seattle court". The Seattle Times. November 6, 2013. from the original on December 16, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  117. ^ Balzan, Jurgen (March 6, 2012). "Government initiates libel proceedings against Sea Shepherd founder". Malta Today. from the original on April 13, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
  118. ^ Slivka, Kelly (May 16, 2012). "Germany Detains Activist 'Whale Wars' Captain". The New York Times. from the original on May 28, 2012. Retrieved May 29, 2012.
  119. ^ "Sea Shepherd appeals to German gov't over arrest". Taiwan News. Associated Press. May 15, 2012. Retrieved 2021-09-07.
  120. ^ "Paul Watson Arrested: Sea Shepherd Says Founder Arrested In Germany". The Huffington Post. Associated Press. May 14, 2012. from the original on May 26, 2012. Retrieved May 29, 2012.
  121. ^ Hopper, Tristin (July 25, 2012). "Canadian-born Sea Shepherd boss Paul Watson skips bail in Germany for 'unknown destination'". National Post. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
  122. ^ "Interpol issues Watson Red Notice". The Japan Times. Jiji Press. August 10, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  123. ^ "Dalai Lama criticises anti-whaling protesters". AFP. June 18, 2010. from the original on July 6, 2012. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sea Shepherd Conservation Society.

January 01, 1970
shepherd, conservation, society, sscs, profit, marine, conservation, activism, organization, based, friday, harbor, juan, island, washington, united, states, shepherd, employs, direct, action, tactics, achieve, goals, most, famously, deploying, fleet, ships, t. The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society SSCS is a non profit marine conservation activism organization based in Friday Harbor on San Juan Island Washington in the United States 1 Sea Shepherd employs direct action tactics to achieve its goals 2 most famously by deploying its fleet of ships to track report on and actively impede the work of fishing vessels believed to be engaged in illegal and unregulated activities causing the unsustainable exploitation of marine life Sea Shepherd Conservation SocietyFounded1977FounderPaul WatsonTypePublic charity US registered charity UK FocusMarine conservation activismLocationFriday Harbor Washington US Melbourne Victoria AustraliaArea servedGlobalMethodDirect actionWebsitewww wbr seashepherd wbr org Sea Shepherd has been criticised by some environmental groups and national governments that oppose its tactics 3 The Japanese government whose whaling industry is a leading target of the organization s efforts has called Sea Shepherd eco terrorists for impeding their research 4 In March 2014 the International Court of Justice ruled that the Japanese whaling program was not for scientific purposes as claimed and ordered Japan to immediately cease its operation 5 Contents 1 History 2 Organization 3 Direct action activism 3 1 Anti whaling controversy 4 Public relations 5 Fleet of ships 6 Government response 7 In the media 8 ReferencesHistoryMain article Sea Shepherd Conservation Society operations The predecessor organization of Sea Shepherd the Earth Force Society was formed in 1977 after its founder Paul Watson was ousted from the board of Greenpeace for disagreements over his direct action activism which clashed with their pacifist nature 6 Watson soon left Greenpeace Initially without funding and with only a small group of supporters Watson convinced Cleveland Amory head of the Fund for Animals to fund Watson s first vessel the Sea Shepherd in 1978 7 The first direct action undertaken by the organization was against Canadian seal hunting in the Gulf of St Lawrence in March 1979 8 9 The same year the Sea Shepherd also rammed an unregulated Portuguese whaling vessel 10 the notorious Sierra 11 After the Portugal campaign the first Sea Shepherd had to be scuttled but Watson sold the story to raise money to fund his next vessel 7 He then spent the 1980s undertaking a variety of controversial and dangerous operations in support of various marine conservation aims 7 and physically intervened against Russian Spanish Norwegian Icelandic Makah Faroese and Japanese whalers 7 12 In the 1990s the group is described as having undertaken a shift in its public attitude 7 Having previously argued primarily from an ethical viewpoint Sea Shepherd began to describe itself as an anti poaching agency a claim it based on its interpretation of the maritime and conservation law 7 13 The decade also saw the organization make more progress in saving wildlife including by teaming up with other groups to reduce the prevalence of driftnet fishing In 1994 Sea Shepherd sank an illegal Norwegian whaling vessel However no charges were brought as the vessel had been involved in even more illegal behavior than anticipated by the authorities 14 The organization began in the 2000s by assisting with the clean up of the Petrobras oil spill Brazil s worst oil spill to date after being contracted by the Rio government to mitigate against the devastation 14 Sea Shepherd also cooperated with other governments against maritime poaching including in Costa Rica though not always with good outcomes 15 In 2008 Sea Shepherd conducted two trips around Antarctica to disrupt illegal whaling practices 14 Since 2016 Sea Shepherd has increasingly co operated with national governments in assisting anti poaching activity in national territorial waters and marine reserves including with the Italian Coast Guard in Sicily Operation Siracusa Mexican Navy Operation Milagro and the Coastguards of Gabon and Sao Tome and Principe Operation Albacore which saw Gabonese military marines sail aboard Sea Shepherd vessels In late 2022 a schism occurred after Paul Watson was removed from the board of directors of Sea Shepherd Global a move which he says was due to the organization shifting away from his policy of independent direct action to one of collaboration with governments Watson subsequently formed his own organization the Captain Paul Watson Foundation and a competing Sea Shepherd group called Sea Shepherd Origins The France UK and Brazil chapters of Sea Shepherd have pledged their allegiance to Paul Watson and Sea Shepherd Origins and have left the umbrella of Sea Shepherd Global Neither Sea Shepherd Global or the regional chapters that remain loyal to it have issued statements in regard to these events 16 17 18 Organization nbsp Sea Shepherd flag nbsp A wildlife advocate during an education session on board RV Farley Mowat Sea Shepherd is a non governmental non profit environmental organization In the United States it has a 501 c 3 tax exempt status Most of the organization s revenue is spent on its programs 89 9 percent in 2019 with just 10 1 percent spent on administrative costs and fundraising Sea Shepherd has also been rated highly for financial transparency and accountability 19 The group is supported by private and corporate donations lectures by Watson internet advertising and grants It is operated by volunteers and a small paid staff and is committed to staying small and with low spending on fundraising or recruitment 7 Sea Shepherd is governed by a board of directors and several boards of advisers each addressing an area of expertise The Scientific Technical and Conservation Advisory Board includes Earth First founder Dave Foreman and Horst Klienschmidt a former deputy chair of the International Whaling Commission 2006 The Legal and Law Enforcement Advisory Board includes Ian Campbell a former Australian Minister of the Environment and Heritage 2004 07 20 21 The Animal Welfare Humane and Animal Rights Advisory Board included animal rights philosopher Tom Regan until his death in 2017 There is also a Media and Arts Advisory Board Photography Advisory Board and a Financial and Management Advisory Board Direct action activismMain article Sea Shepherd Conservation Society operations Sea Shepherd engages in conventional protests and direct actions to protect marine wildlife Sea Shepherd operations have included interdiction against commercial fishing shark poaching and finning seal hunting and whaling 12 22 The group has been active in intervening against fishing and poaching in the South Pacific the Mediterranean and in waters around the Galapagos Islands In addition to their direct action campaigns Sea Shepherd works on ocean issues such as plastic pollution Sea Shepherd chapters across the world organize onshore cleanups throughout the year to pick up debris near oceans streams and rivers In April 2018 Sea Shepherd released a PSA that takes an artistic approach to telling target audiences that more than one million marine animals die every year from plastic debris 23 According to its mission statement Sea Shepherd uses innovative direct action tactics to investigate document and take action when necessary to expose and confront illegal activities on the high seas 24 In addition to the organization s role of documenting and reporting violations of conservation laws Sea Shepherd operations have utilized direct non lethal tactics including scuttling and disabling whaling vessels at harbor 4 intervening in Canadian and Namibian seal hunts 25 shining laser light at whalers 26 throwing bottles of foul smelling butyric acid onto vessels at sea 27 boarding whaling vessels to protest while at sea and seizing and destroying drift nets at sea Sea Shepherd argues that these tactics are necessary to uncover and impede actions that violate international laws protecting wildlife as the international community has shown itself unwilling or unable to stop species endangering whaling and fishing practices 7 Sea Shepherd staff and equipment have also been on the receiving end of physical violence by members of the fishing industry In November 1998 Makah seized an inflatable boat belonging to the group and threw rocks at the Sea Shepherd s Sirenian in response to protests over their whale hunt 28 In 2005 11 Sea Shepherd crew were involved in an altercation with sealers while on the ice The sealers were not charged with any crime but the activists were arrested and later convicted for approaching too close to the hunt 29 30 31 In 2008 fishermen in the French islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon cut the mooring lines of the Farley Mowat after hearing Watson make disparaging comments about the deaths of four seal hunters 32 In 2009 Paul Watson claimed the organization has sunk ten whaling ships while also destroying millions of dollars worth of equipment 33 Their practice of attacking and sinking other ships has led to reports of injuries to other sailors as well as the Sea Shepherd crew including concussions and complications from chemical attacks 34 35 Watson considers the actions of Sea Shepherd to be against criminal operations and has called the group an anti poaching organization 13 Critics claim that Sea Shepherd s actions constitute violations of international law 36 while Watson has stated that Sea Shepherd believes that their actions constitute an attempt to enforce international conservation laws and international maritime law under the World Charter for Nature adopted by the United Nations 37 38 Australia has declared Japan s hunt in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary to be illegal and federal court judge Jim Allsop has stated there is no practical mechanism by which orders of this court can be enforced 39 The lack of official enforcement mechanisms in that law prompted Sea Shepherd to adopt without official sanction what it sees as a law enforcement mission A 2008 academic paper by researchers at Monash University in Melbourne Victoria concluded that Sea Shepherd s approach could constitute vigilantism because its seeks to enforce a legal status quo in the face of the international community s inabilities or unwillingness to do so 11 Anti whaling controversy Watson left Greenpeace in 1977 after being voted off the board over his confrontational methods 40 Since then Greenpeace has criticized Sea Shepherd for the group s tactics particularly regarding its interaction with whaling ships while at sea 41 The rival environmental group maintains Sea Shepherd is a violent organization whose tactics may endanger the lives of fishermen and whalers and has labelled Watson an extremist 4 42 43 Greenpeace has also stated By making it easy to paint anti whaling forces as dangerous piratical terrorists Sea Shepherd could undermine the forces within Japan which could actually bring whaling to an end 3 In his 2009 book Whaling in Japan Jun Morikawa stated that Sea Shepherd s confrontational tactics had strengthened Japan s resolve to continue with its whaling program by helping to rally domestic support from Japanese citizens who might otherwise have been ambivalent about the practice of hunting and eating whales 44 In March 2014 the International Court of Justice ruled Japan s whaling program was not for scientific purposes The Court ordered that Japan revoke any extant authorization permit or licence to kill take or treat whales and refrain from granting any further permits 45 In response to the court ruling Japan cut its annual whaling quota from 915 to 333 The new quota included only minke whales and ended the hunting of humpback whales and fin whales 46 Paul Watson said I think we ve done an amazing job reducing their quotas and saving whales and claimed the actions of Sea Shepherd were a major factor behind Japan s decision 47 In 2017 Sea Shepherd said it would stop sending ships to the Antarctic Ocean in pursuit of Japanese whalers citing Japan s increased use of military surveillance satellites and passage of anti terrorism laws specifically to thwart Sea Shepherd 48 49 Japan passed new anti terrorism legislation in view of the coming 2020 Olympics but among its elements the new law declared the presence of eco activist vessels near whalers a terrorist offence The combined measures were deemed to make Sea Shepherd s Antarctic operations no longer productive with Watson noting his organisation cannot compete with their military grade technology 48 50 Public relations nbsp A 5 million donation from Bob Barker facilitated the purchase of the MY Bob Barker pictured here docked in Hobart Tasmania The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society has received attention from the press and been called media savvy 12 51 The group has worked with journalists and has made statements through press releases to spread its message during various campaigns 52 53 Watson s public relations efforts are shown in an episode of Whale Wars when he creates an international media storm 54 after two crewmembers are detained on a Japanese whaling vessel In his book Earthforce Watson advises readers to make up facts and figures when they need to and to deliver them to reporters confidently 7 He also states that the truth is irrelevant due to the nature of mass media 55 In response to criticism that he manipulates the media Watson has stated What we do is provide the media with the kind of stories they can t resist and this is how we bring attention to what s happening to the whales the seals the sharks and the other marine conservation campaigns we re involved in 4 Sea Shepherd has also used satellite uplinks webcams and internet blogging during its operations in the Southern Ocean and has invited the media to ride along 56 In 2006 representatives from Seven network and National Geographic magazine along with documentary filmmakers accompanied the group 12 In a television series entitled Whale Wars Discovery Communications Inc documented Sea Shepherd s 2008 09 Antarctic campaign against Japanese whalers following events on the Steve Irwin 4 The program premiered on November 7 2008 on Discovery s Animal Planet network nbsp Aerial perspective of the Sea Shepherd docked at the Victoria Harbour Promenade Waterfront end of Enterprize Way Docklands February 2019 Sea Shepherd has received financial contributions from celebrities and businessmen such as entrepreneur Steve Wynn television personality Bob Barker and John Paul DeJoria as well as other celebrities 7 13 Martin Sheen Daryl Hannah and Richard Dean Anderson have joined the group during protests Actors including Edward Norton Pierce Brosnan Christian Bale Clive Standen and Emily Deschanel have supported the group through contributions 4 while William Shatner has also been mentioned as supporting the group 57 Actress and model Pamela Anderson is an active spokesperson for the group has participated in several campaigns served on the board of directors and is a close friend of founder Paul Watson In 2007 actor Heath Ledger conceived and directed a music video of the Modest Mouse song King Rat intended to raise awareness of the whale hunts taking place each year off the coast of his native Australia Although Ledger died before the video could be completed others finished it in his honor and debuted the video online in August 2009 Proceeds from iTunes sales of the video in its first month of release were donated to Sea Shepherd 58 59 From the music industry Anthony Kiedis of the Red Hot Chili Peppers Leona Lewis Rick Rubin and the groups Hawkwind The Red Paintings Propagandhi Gojira Parkway Drive Heaven Shall Burn Stick to Your Guns The Amity Affliction and Architects have financially supported Sea Shepherd 13 Architects vocalist Sam Carter is also one of Sea Shepherd s British ambassadors 60 Vegan straight edge band Earth Crisis and Zoltan Teglas of Ignite support SSCS among other environmental organizations dedicating songs such as So Others Live and Ultramilitance to them 61 62 Giacomo Josh Giorgi vocalist of now defunct Italian straight edge hardcore band To Kill is the bosun s mate aboard the MY Steve Irwin 63 In 2009 professional surfer Kelly Slater joined a Quiksilver Australia Sea Shepherd partnership featuring a fund raising clothing line including board shorts designed by Slater 64 In 2013 alt metal band Klogr started supporting Sea Shepherd in Europe through the videos Guinea Pigs 2013 and Zero Tolerance 2014 featuring images from Sea Shepherd documentaries filmed in Taiji and other missions The Lush cosmetics company joined with Sea Shepherd to raise awareness about the practice of shark finning in 2008 Lush produced Shark Fin Soap punning on shark fin soup all sale proceeds were directed to Sea Shepherd 65 In Tasmania Sea Shepherd has been banned from participation in the Australian Wooden Boat Festival on the grounds that its presence could jeopardize the reputation of the organization which aims to celebrate maritime heritage but not modern maritime issues in Australian waters 66 For years Mexico depended on Sea Shepherd to remove the illegal nets that trap and drown vaquita porpoises in the Gulf of California In January 2021 Sea Shepherds had to leave the Gulf after a New Year s Eve attack where a fisherman rammed a Sea Shepherd vessel 67 One fisherman died of injuries sustained during the attack Mexico has invited Sea Shepherd back to help save the vaquita but won t allow them to remove nets 68 Fleet of shipsFor the main article on Sea Shepherd s fleet see Neptune s Navy nbsp The MY Steve Irwin in September 2011 sailing up river under Tower Bridge in London nbsp The MY Sam Simon in Hobart Tasmania December 2012 nbsp MY Bob Barker berthed at Circular Quay in Sydney Australia in 2012 Sea Shepherd refer to the ships it has operated as Neptune s Navy As of 2021 update the conservation society operates 12 ships Ocean Warrior Brigitte Bardot Bob Barker Steve Irwin Sam Simon John Paul DeJoria Farley Mowat Sharpie Jairo Mora Sandoval White Holly Martin Sheen and Sea Eagle 69 The Steve Irwin was obtained in 2007 and originally called the Robert Hunter named in honor of Robert Hunter 70 co founder of Greenpeace 71 Irwin s widow Terri gave her support to Sea Shepherd saying Whales have always been in Steve s heart and in 2006 he was investigating the possibility of joining the Sea Shepherd on part of its journey to defend these beautiful animals 72 The other ship the 1200 ton Bob Barker was named after well known television game show host and animal activist Bob Barker who made the purchase in Ghana of the retired Norwegian whaling vessel possible with a donation of US 5 million 73 In February 2010 the Bob Barker collided with the Japanese whaling vessel Yushin Maru No 3 tearing a gash in the hull of the Bob Barker 74 In December 2014 the Bob Barker began its pursuit of the illegal fishing vessel the FV Thunder part of the Bandit 6 and involved in illegally fishing the Patagonian toothfish which became the longest chase in nautical history covering over 10 000 nautical miles and lasting 110 days 75 The group also formerly operated the Farley Mowat impounded by the Canadian government with Sea Shepherd having stated that they have no intention of paying the legal fines and berthage fees to recover their now obsolete vessel and the Ady Gil formerly known as the Earthrace sunk after a collision with the MV Shōnan Maru 2 whaling security vessel in early 2010 76 as well as a number of earlier vessels Sea Shepherd acquired the Ocean 7 Adventurer for its 2010 11 campaign against Japanese whaling in the Antarctic 77 In November 2010 Mayor Brad Pettitt of Fremantle Western Australia christened the vessel Gojira with Fremantle as its home port making this the first Sea Shepherd ship registered in Australia with an Australian crew The Gojira was renamed MV Brigitte Bardot in May 2011 after complaints of copyright infringement by Toho 78 For the 2011 2012 Antarctic campaign the organization acquired drone aircraft to assist in their surveillance of the whaling ships 79 In July 2012 Sam Simon a co creator of The Simpsons reportedly donated money to purchase the fourth vessel a former German icebreaker 80 The actual ship however turned out to be a former Japanese weather survey vessel now called the MY Sam Simon On October 18 2014 the actor Martin Sheen unveiled Sea Shepherd s newest vessel R V Martin Sheen named in his honor 81 and captained by Oona Layolle of France The name of this vessel carries the prefix R V because it will be engaged in direct action as a research vessel In January 2015 two decommissioned 30 knot Island class Coast Guard cutters were spotted flying the Sea Shepherd flag in Annapolis Yacht Basin 82 In June 2015 Sea Shepherd revealed on their website that they had purchased these vessels 83 One is named MY Farley Mowat after an earlier vessel impounded by the Canadian government and the other was named MY Jules Verne after the author of the novel 20 000 Leagues Under the Sea but was renamed MV John Paul DeJoria on January 31 2017 On December 7 2017 the organization announced the acquisition of a third Island Class Cutter thanks to a donation from Chris Sharp a biotech businessman The vessel was named MV Sharpie and for its maiden mission it will join Operation Milagro in the Gulf of California to help save the endangered vaquita porpoise 84 85 The ships of the fleet have flown the flags of a variety of different nations 86 87 Canada Belize UK and Togo have revoked the registrations of various vessels 88 89 90 Both the Steve Irwin and Bob Barker ships now sail under Dutch flag leading to direct complaints by the Japanese government towards Dutch ambassadors The Netherlands consequently considered revoking the registrations for both vessels but finally decided not to do so 91 Government response nbsp MY Steve Irwin approaching Melbourne Victoria In testimony on The Threat of Eco Terrorism given to a US congressional subcommittee in 2002 Sea Shepherd was the first group mentioned by an FBI official for having attacked commercial fishing operations by cutting drift nets 92 An earlier Canadian intelligence report on single issue terrorism stated that Watson and his supporters have been involved in a number of militant actions against whale hunting driftnet fishing seal hunting and other related issues and mentions activities against logging operations in Canada 93 In 2007 Ian Campbell then the Australian Environment Minister and a vigorous critic of Japan s whaling once opposed Sea Shepherd s tactics saying that it really put the cause of conservation backwards 94 Due to the 2008 operations against Canadian seal hunters Danny Williams Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador called Watson a terrorist and said that Sea Shepherd was not welcome in the province 95 The group has been accused of eco terrorism by the Japanese government 4 whose internationally banned whaling program 5 is a principal focus of the Sea Shepherd It has also been opposed by some countries that also oppose whaling including Australia and New Zealand 94 Sea Shepherd has based many of its operations out of Australia with foreign crew members being able to travel in and out of the country on tourist visas 96 but in October 2009 the Australian Immigration Department imposed additional criminal background checks on Watson and his First Officer Peter Hammarstedt when they applied for visas Watson criticized the action as a submission to Japanese pressure by the Rudd government 96 The Australian government rejected the idea it had delayed the visas and on October 20 2009 they were issued 97 By contrast the Tasmanian Greens and the former Greens Senator Bob Brown has endorsed and supported Sea Shepherd in various ways including through advocacy within the Australian government and public endorsement of the group 98 However when the Steve Irwin returned to Hobart Tasmania in February 2009 Australian Federal Police seized film footage and the ship s logs reportedly prompted by complaints from Japan 99 100 Brown demanded that the Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd order their immediate return but a spokesman for the Home Affairs Minister said it was a federal police matter 101 In 2013 Julie Bishop the Foreign Minister of Australia told the press club of Japan We do not and will never condone reckless dangerous unlawful behaviour And where it occurs on the high seas we will unreservedly condemn it The fact that the Sea Shepherd visits Australian ports or some of the Sea Shepherd fleet might be registered in Australia is not indicative in any way of the Australian government s support for the organisation 102 When Sea Shepherd indicated it was abandoning pursuit of Japanese whalers in 2017 Watson noted the hostility of the governments in the US Australia and New Zealand which he accused of acting in league with Japan against the organisation 48 49 nbsp A variation of the flag used by the group Officials in Japan have attempted to combat Sea Shepherd at the highest levels discussing the revocation of the group s tax exempt status with their counterparts in the United States 103 104 105 In December 2011 the Institute of Cetacean Research ICR and Kyodo Senpaku Kaisha the two Japanese organizations which operate Japan s whaling program requested an injunction in the US district court in Seattle to stop Sea Shepherd s operations against Japanese whalers 106 The federal court denied the ICR s preliminary injunction against SSCS 107 The ICR and Kyodo Senpaku appealed and on December 17 2012 the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit issued an injunction against Paul Watson and Sea Shepherd and requiring them to stay at least 500 yd 457 m from ICR vessels 108 109 After the court ruling Paul Watson stepped down and Bob Brown succeeded as the leader of Sea Shepherd 110 111 which launched an ultimately rejected appeal to have the injunction set aside 112 On the appeal s conclusion the Court of Appeals stated that SSCS s activities were the very embodiment of piracy 113 114 This reversed a previous decision by Richard A Jones who was removed as trial judge for abuse of discretion 115 116 As a result Paul Watson and US members of Sea Shepherd are currently prohibited by US courts from approaching Japanese whalers even if they are observed acting in defiance of international law including by killing whales in protected waters 109 In March 2012 reacting to Paul Watson s allegation that Maltese politicians were bribed by the Bluefin tuna industry Prime Minister of Malta Lawrence Gonzi announced that the government would initiate libel proceedings against the Sea Shepherd founder 117 In May 2012 Watson was detained by German authorities after he arrived at the Frankfurt Airport based on a request from the government of Costa Rica on the charge of violating navigational regulations 118 The charge stemmed from an altercation in 2002 took place during filming for the documentary Sharkwater 119 in which Sea Shepherd contended that the other vessel was shark finning in Guatemalan waters 120 Watson subsequently skipped bail and went into hiding 121 The Costa Rican government subsequently requested the Interpol to issue a Red Notice arrest request for Watson to its member countries 122 Watson said on the Discovery Channel in 2009 that the Dalai Lama had sent a letter of support for Sea Shepherd s volunteers accompanied by a wrathful scowling statue of the deity Hayagriva which expresses compassion and determination in overcoming obstacles 4 However during a visit to Japan in 2010 the Dalai Lama said that while he agrees with the goal of stopping Japan from hunting whales they should stop using violent methods to achieve that goal 123 In the mediaSea Shepherd s campaigns have been documented in the Netflix documentary Seaspiracy TV series Whale Wars and TV series Ocean Warriors produced by Animal Planet Discovery Channel and in books by current and past members including Laura Dakin Cookin Up a Storm Stories and Recipes from Sea Shepherd s Anti Whaling Campaigns March 16 2015 Book Publishing Company ISBN 978 1570673122 Raffaella Tolicetti Think Eat Act A Sea Shepherd Chef s Vegan Cookbook July 24 2014 Microcosm Publishing ISBN 9781621066668 Laurens de Groot Hunting the Hunters At war with the whalers January 2 2014 Adlard Coles ISBN 978 1472903648 Rik Scarce Eco Warriors Understanding the Radical Environmental Movement second revised ed 1990 Left Coast Press 2005 Ch 6 ISBN 978 1 59874 028 8 Paul Watson Seal Wars Twenty five Years in the Front Lines with the Harp Seals 2002 Firefly Books 2003 ISBN 978 1 55297 751 4 Paul Watson Ocean Warrior My Battle to End the Illegal Slaughter on the High Seas 1994 Key Porter Books 1996 ISBN 978 1 55013 599 2 David B Morris Earth Warrior Overboard with Paul Watson and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society 1995 Golden CO Fulcrum Publishing ISBN 1 55591 203 6 Paul Watson Earthforce An Earth Warrior s Guide to Strategy 1993 Los Angeles Chaco Press ISBN 0 9616019 5 7 Paul Watson Sea Shepherd My Fight For Whales And Seals 1980 W W Norton and Company ISBN 978 0393335804References Lynch Jim March 21 2004 Friday Harbor Wash Activist Elicits Dual Images of Hero Foe The Oregonian Enders Cathy 5 June 2015 Can Sea Shepherd survive its own success TheGuardian com Retrieved 2021 09 05 a b Paul Watson Sea Shepherd and Greenpeace some facts Greenpeace December 17 2008 Archived from the original on September 1 2010 Retrieved December 21 2013 a b c d e f g h Paul Watson Sea Shepherd eco warrior fighting to stop whaling and seal hunts London The Telegraph April 17 2009 Archived from the original on March 27 2018 Retrieved March 26 2018 a b Japan ordered to immediately stop whaling in Antarctic as International Court of Justice rules program was not carried out for scientific purposes Australia ABC News March 31 2014 Archived from the original on March 31 2014 Vidal John January 2 2006 Greenpeace fights sea battle with rival anti whaling ship The Guardian London Archived from the original on August 29 2013 Retrieved May 1 2010 a b c d e f g h i j Khatchadourian Raffi November 5 2007 Neptune s Navy The New Yorker Archived from the original on July 22 2010 Retrieved December 21 2013 Environmentalists Jailed After Painting Baby Seals Red Ocala Star Banner March 11 1979 p 2A Seal hunt protesters fear more trouble The Spokesman Review March 12 1979 p 3 permanent dead link Mitchell Henry August 24 1979 Paul Watson Angry Shepherd Of the Seas The Washington Post Retrieved 2021 09 08 a b Nagtzaam Gerry Lentini Pete January 2008 Vigilantes on the High Seas The Sea Shepherds and Political Violence Terrorism and Political Violence 20 1 110 133 doi 10 1080 09546550701723658 ISSN 0954 6553 S2CID 144079856 a b c d Heller Peter May 2006 The Whale Warriors Whaling in the Antarctic Seas National Geographic Adventure Archived from the original on April 18 2016 Retrieved February 10 2007 a b c d Le Montre Darrah June 9 2009 Whale Wars Sea Shepherd Nets Anthony Kiedis and Rick Rubin s Support Hollywood Today Archived from the original on January 12 2013 Retrieved July 30 2009 a b c Our History Sea Shepherd 6 Mar 2018 seashepherd org our history Manami Okazaki February 9 2010 Watson to whalers We will never surrender The Japan Times p 12 Archived from the original on February 12 2015 Retrieved February 12 2015 He s walked the plank but ousted Sea Shepherd captain Paul Watson says he s building a navy ABC News Australia November 26 2022 Archived from the original on November 29 2022 Retrieved December 23 2022 Our Origins Archived from the original on December 23 2022 Retrieved December 23 2022 EN PROIE A UN ENNEMI INTERIEUR SEA SHEPHERD RESISTE ET CREE SEA SHEPHERD ORIGINS December 13 2022 Archived from the original on December 20 2022 Retrieved December 23 2022 Charity Navigator Rating Sea Shepherd Conservation Society Charity Navigator Retrieved 2021 06 09 Perpitch Nicolas December 14 2006 Campbell denies eco terrorism Perth Now Retrieved December 21 2013 Japanese whalers attack Campbell s links The Sydney Morning Herald Australian Associated Press December 15 2006 Archived from the original on June 29 2011 Retrieved January 10 2010 Larter Paul February 8 2008 Australia condemns bloody killing of whale and calf by Japanese fleet London Times Newspapers Ltd Archived from the original on June 3 2010 Retrieved January 10 2010 Marine Animals Are Suffocating On Plastic In This New Sea Shepherd PSA Fast Company 2018 04 11 Archived from the original on 2018 05 01 Retrieved April 30 2018 Sea Shepherd Who We Are Sea Shepherd Conservation Society Archived from the original on August 30 2009 Retrieved July 29 2009 Vidal John July 30 2011 Eco pirate Paul Watson is in danger of losing his boat London The Observer Archived from the original on March 13 2013 Retrieved December 1 2011 Street Fight on the High Seas The New Yorker January 12 2010 Archived from the original on October 19 2013 Retrieved October 19 2010 Hardline warrior in war to save the whale The New Zealand Herald January 11 2010 Archived from the original on June 4 2011 Retrieved December 21 2013 National News Briefs Whale Hunt Protesters Are Arrested by Police The New York Times November 2 1998 p 19 Archived from the original on May 27 2015 Retrieved July 13 2009 Seal defenders attacked The New Zealand Herald April 3 2005 Archived from the original on October 25 2012 Retrieved September 25 2011 Sealers scuffle with protesters I hit one guy with my fist to defend myself ship s captain Edmonton Journal April 1 2005 Anti sealing activist opts to pay fine rather than face jail The Canadian Press April 3 2006 St Pierre fishermen chase anti sealing ship from harbour CBC News April 4 2008 Archived from the original on July 10 2015 Retrieved December 21 2013 Woodham Kerre January 10 2010 Lucky ocean crash The New Zealand Herald Archived from the original on May 10 2012 Retrieved June 5 2010 Whaling acid attack terrorist act Japan The Sydney Morning Herald Reuters February 9 2007 Archived from the original on May 26 2012 Retrieved February 11 2007 Darby Andrew March 3 2008 Sea Shepherd activists attack Japanese whaler The Sydney Morning Herald Archived from the original on June 29 2011 Retrieved June 4 2009 Biggs Stuart March 4 2008 Japan Summons Australian Dutch Ambassadors Over Whaling Clash Bloomberg News Retrieved January 10 2010 Campbell Duncan June 3 2002 Champion of seas faces attempted murder case The Guardian London Archived from the original on August 26 2013 Retrieved January 10 2010 Vidal John January 2 2006 Greenpeace fights sea battle with rival anti whaling ship The Guardian London Archived from the original on August 29 2013 Retrieved June 8 2009 Young Emma January 15 2008 Australia rules Japanese whaling illegal New Scientist Archived from the original on March 28 2010 Retrieved June 8 2009 Summers Chris April 30 2002 Spotlight on Greenpeace rebel BBC News Archived from the original on November 10 2011 Retrieved January 10 2010 Vidal John January 2 2006 Greenpeace fights sea battle with rival anti whaling ship The Guardian London Archived from the original on August 29 2013 Retrieved January 10 2010 McKie Robin January 13 2008 Green ships in deadly duel with whalers The Guardian London Retrieved June 11 2009 Fraser Doug April 9 2008 Cape man fights whalers Cape Cod Times Archived from the original on July 8 2011 Retrieved June 11 2009 Kingston Jeff Whaling whoppers debunked Archived 2010 08 20 at the Wayback Machine The Japan Times April 25 2010 p 11 The Court finds that Japan s whaling programme in the Antarctic JARPA II is not in accordance with three provisions of the Schedule to the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling Whaling in the Antarctic Australia v Japan New Zealand intervening PDF The Hague Netherlands International Court of Justice March 31 2014 archived from the original PDF on March 31 2014 retrieved January 27 2019 Oliver Milman 18 November 2014 Japan cuts Antarctic whale quota after UN court ruling Environment The Guardian Archived from the original on January 3 2018 Retrieved February 25 2018 Sea Shepherd is quitting the Antarctic Could this help end whaling Hack triple j Abc net au August 29 2017 Archived from the original on February 11 2018 Retrieved February 25 2018 a b c Doherty Ben 29 August 2017 Sea Shepherd says it will abandon pursuit of Japanese whalers TheGuardian com Archived from the original on 2018 01 03 Retrieved 2018 01 03 a b Sea Shepherd to suspend pursuit of Japanese whalers CNN 29 August 2017 Archived from the original on 2019 02 09 Retrieved 2019 02 07 Klaus Esterluss Sea Shepherd quits campaign giving Japan s whalers free rein Environment All topics from climate change to conservation DW 30 08 2017 DW Archived from the original on February 18 2018 Retrieved February 25 2018 Preville Philip June 5 1997 Live from jail Montreal Mirror Archived from the original on June 22 2007 Retrieved August 1 2009 Lacitis Erik November 3 1998 Lead Stuntman In Anti Whaling Drama Is One Seasoned Actor The Seattle Times Archived from the original on September 26 2012 Retrieved August 1 2009 Strong Geoff January 14 2006 Sophisticated media machine blows whalers out of the water The Age Melbourne Archived from the original on June 28 2011 Retrieved August 1 2009 International Incidents R Us Whale Wars Season 1 Episode 3 2008 11 14 Animal Planet Archived from the original on 2012 03 06 Retrieved 2011 12 28 Paul Watson 1993 Earthforce An Earth Warrior s Guide to Strategy La Canada CA Chaco Press p 42 The Australian Accessed 090810 dead link Millar Peter January 10 2010 Ady Gil downed by Japanese whalers The Sunday Times London Archived from the original on June 29 2011 Retrieved January 10 2010 Modest Mouse King Rat Directed by Heath Ledger amp 124 Wearethemasses com Archived from the original on September 15 2010 Retrieved January 9 2010 Heath Ledger s graphic animation Melbourne The Age Associated Press August 5 2009 Archived from the original on January 7 2010 Retrieved January 10 2010 Dale Vince OBE and Sam Carter Architects join Sea Shepherd UK www seashepherd org uk April 14 2014 Archived from the original on December 22 2015 Retrieved November 4 2017 Shari Black Velvet EARTH CRISIS DENNIS MERRICK www saveascream com Archived from the original on April 7 2012 Retrieved November 4 2017 Earth Crisis Roadrunner Records Archived from the original on August 21 2010 Retrieved November 4 2017 Meet the crew of the Steve Irwin www seashepherd org Archived from the original on January 31 2012 Retrieved November 4 2017 Bassett Deborah Kelly Slater Teams Up With Sea Shepherd Surfer magazine Archived from the original on March 23 2009 Retrieved June 8 2009 Artist to be hung on shark hooks BBC News September 3 2008 Archived from the original on September 14 2008 Retrieved January 10 2010 Sea Shepherd Australia Hobart festival banned Sea Shepherd www seashepherd org au Archived from the original on June 27 2017 Retrieved July 2 2017 Mexican fisherman dies after attack on Sea Shepherd conservationists BBC News January 5 2021 Associated Press September 23 2021 Mexico Allows Limited Return of Activists to Help Porpoise Retrieved October 18 2021 Shepherd Sea 24 June 2015 Sea Shepherd Worldwide Fleet Sea Shepherd UK Sea Shepherd UK Retrieved 27 April 2021 Neptune s Navy Archived November 10 2007 at the Wayback Machine Sea Shepherd Conservation Society Wotherspoon Sarah December 5 2007 Protest ship renamed to honor Croc Hunter Steve Irwin Herald Sun Archived from the original on January 7 2008 Retrieved July 14 2009 Sea Shepherd vessel named in honor of Steve Irwin Shipping Times December 6 2007 Archived from the original on June 25 2008 Retrieved September 21 2009 Rachel Maddow Bob Barker on saving the whales The Rachel Maddow Show January 6 2010 MSNBC Archived from the original on August 6 2009 Violence Escalates in Southern Ocean Whaling Battle Archived 2010 08 08 at the Wayback Machine Environment News Service Urbina Ian A Renegade Trawler Hunted for 10 000 Miles by Vigilantes Archived 2020 09 11 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times Retrieved 28 July 2015 The Crash That Made Headlines Whale Wars Animal Planet Archived from the original on November 20 2010 Retrieved October 26 2010 Darby Andrew November 18 2010 Ady Gil and whalers both at fault for collision inquiry The Sydney Morning Herald Archived from the original on November 20 2010 Retrieved November 18 2010 Sea Shepherd Renames Vessel After Actress Brigitte Bardot Ecorazzi Archived from the original on 2014 01 02 Retrieved 2014 01 02 Drones deployed against Japan s whaling fleet inquiry Reuters Archived from the original on 2013 12 24 Retrieved 2013 12 22 Darby Andrew July 2 2012 Simpsons co creator backs anti whaling bid Brisbane Times Archived from the original on July 4 2012 Retrieved July 9 2012 Martin Sheen Unveils Sea Shepherd s Newest Vessel R V Martin Sheen Named in his Honor Press release Sea Shepherd October 18 2014 Archived from the original on December 31 2014 Retrieved January 7 2015 Furgurson E B III A pair of cutters spark curiosity in downtown Annapolis Archived from the original on 2015 01 10 Retrieved 2015 01 10 Two former USCG Island Class cutters bought by Sea Shepherd Marine Log Archived from the original on 2016 08 20 Retrieved 2015 06 04 Sea Shepherd Launches New Anti poaching Vessel M V Sharpie Sea Shepherd Conservation Society Archived from the original on December 8 2017 Retrieved December 8 2017 Sea Shepherd Conservation Society Sea Shepherd Launches Its Newest Vessel The M V John Paul DeJoria News News And Commentary Archived from the original on March 4 2017 Retrieved April 11 2017 Sea Shepherd kom med norsk flagg Archived 2011 06 28 at the Wayback Machine Norsk rikskringkasting AS published January 8 2010 Norwegian Stuart Myiow February 13 2009 Five Nations Confederacy Flag Flying Proud on Earth s Oceans Mohawk Traditional Council Archived from the original on March 2 2012 Retrieved September 21 2009 Detained antiwhaling activist in good health Okada Kyodo News International February 19 2010 Archived from the original on July 13 2011 Retrieved February 22 2010 Darby Andrew January 6 2007 Buccaneer a badge of honour for whaling opponent The Sydney Morning Herald Archived from the original on February 10 2011 Retrieved September 7 2009 Britain to deregister anti whaler after Japan pipes up Archived 2010 12 11 at the Wayback Machine The Age January 30 2007 Dutch bill would hit Sea Shepherd The Japan Times February 6 2010 Archived from the original on September 1 2010 Retrieved February 6 2010 Federal Bureau of Investigation Congressional Testimony Federal Bureau of Investigation February 12 2002 Archived from the original on June 11 2016 Retrieved December 21 2013 Commentary No 74 Single Issue Terrorism Canadian Security Intelligence Service April 25 2008 Archived from the original on December 27 2009 Retrieved January 9 2010 a b Parry Lloyd February 9 2007 Whalers aid in Antarctic rescue of environmentalists Times Online London Archived from the original on June 29 2011 Retrieved June 8 2009 Sealing activists bailed out with bag of toonies CTV April 14 2008 Archived from the original on March 5 2021 Retrieved January 10 2010 a b Darby Andrew May 10 2009 Whale activist hits visa hurdle The Age Hobart Archived from the original on January 19 2010 Retrieved January 10 2010 Clifford Liam October 19 2009 Australian immigration denies delaying Sea Shepherd s visa Immigration News Global Visas Archived from the original on December 31 2009 Retrieved January 10 2010 Greens Welcome Steve Irwin s Safe Return to Hobart The Tasmanian Greens February 21 2009 Archived from the original on October 20 2012 Retrieved December 21 2013 Aust federal govt distances itself from raid Perth Now February 22 2009 Archived from the original on December 24 2013 Retrieved December 21 2013 Thomas Pete October 5 2009 Whale wars saga begins with Sea Shepherd s Paul Watson under investigation The Los Angeles Times Outposts Archived from the original on October 8 2009 Retrieved January 10 2010 Aust federal govt distances itself from raid Television New Zealand Australian Associated Press February 22 2009 Archived from the original on December 24 2013 Retrieved January 10 2010 Murphy Katharine October 17 2013 Greg Hunt and Julie Bishop at odds over whaling monitoring The Guardian Archived from the original on September 27 2016 Retrieved December 13 2016 Alabaster Jay January 3 2011 WikiLeaks Sea Shepherd Anti Whaling Group Tax Exempt Status Revocation Discussed By U S Japan Officials The Huffington Post Archived from the original on January 5 2011 Retrieved January 3 2011 Maher Sid January 4 2011 WikiLeaks cables reveal Japan US plot to sink activists The Australian Archived from the original on January 19 2011 Retrieved January 3 2011 Koh Yoree January 3 2011 WikiLeaks Japan Whale Diplomacy The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on January 5 2011 Retrieved January 3 2011 Sea Shepherd sued in U S by whalers Japan Times Kyodo News December 10 2011 p 2 Archived from the original on December 14 2011 Retrieved December 12 2011 Jones Richard February 16 2012 Judge won t stop anti whaling activists UPI Archived from the original on February 17 2012 Retrieved March 27 2012 Dwyer Molly December 17 2012 Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington Richard A Jones District Judge Presiding PDF United States Court of Appeals Retrieved December 18 2012 a b Group defiant over US ban on tackling Japan whalers AFP December 19 2012 Archived from the original on December 20 2012 Retrieved February 27 2013 Martinez Michael January 9 2013 Whale Wars TV star activist resigns after court injunction CNN Archived from the original on January 10 2013 Retrieved February 27 2013 McCurry Justin February 1 2013 Australia orders Japanese whalers to stay away The Guardian London Archived from the original on October 20 2013 Retrieved February 27 2013 US Supreme Court rejects Sea Shepherd bid Special Broadcasting Service February 15 2013 Archived from the original on February 15 2013 Retrieved February 27 2013 US court brands whale activists Sea Shepherd pirates BBC February 26 2013 Archived from the original on February 28 2013 Retrieved February 27 2013 Yuhas Alan February 27 2013 Sea Shepherd conservation group declared pirates in US court ruling The Guardian London Archived from the original on October 20 2013 Retrieved February 28 2013 Court Orders Injunction Against Piracy by Anti Whaling Group Metropolitan News Enterprise February 27 2013 Archived from the original on February 5 2014 Retrieved December 10 2013 We re not pirates anti whaling sailor Paul Watson tells Seattle court The Seattle Times November 6 2013 Archived from the original on December 16 2013 Retrieved December 10 2013 Balzan Jurgen March 6 2012 Government initiates libel proceedings against Sea Shepherd founder Malta Today Archived from the original on April 13 2012 Retrieved March 27 2012 Slivka Kelly May 16 2012 Germany Detains Activist Whale Wars Captain The New York Times Archived from the original on May 28 2012 Retrieved May 29 2012 Sea Shepherd appeals to German gov t over arrest Taiwan News Associated Press May 15 2012 Retrieved 2021 09 07 Paul Watson Arrested Sea Shepherd Says Founder Arrested In Germany The Huffington Post Associated Press May 14 2012 Archived from the original on May 26 2012 Retrieved May 29 2012 Hopper Tristin July 25 2012 Canadian born Sea Shepherd boss Paul Watson skips bail in Germany for unknown destination National Post Archived from the original on February 11 2021 Retrieved August 4 2012 Interpol issues Watson Red Notice The Japan Times Jiji Press August 10 2012 Retrieved August 17 2012 Dalai Lama criticises anti whaling protesters AFP June 18 2010 Archived from the original on July 6 2012 Retrieved June 27 2012 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sea Shepherd Conservation Society Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sea Shepherd Conservation Society amp oldid 1223743466, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.