Schizophyllum commune is a species of fungus in the genus Schizophyllum. The mushroom resembles undulating waves of tightly packed corals or loose Chinese fan. "Gillies" or "split gills" vary from creamy yellow to pale white in colour. The cap is small, 1–4 centimetres (3⁄8–1+5⁄8 in) wide with a dense yet spongey body texture. It is known as the split-gill mushroom because of the unique longitudinally divided nature of the "gills" on the underside of the cap. This mushroom is found throughout the world.[1]
Schizophyllum commune is usually described as a morphological species of global distribution, but some research has suggested that it may be a species complex encompassing several cryptic species of more narrow distribution, as typical of many mushroom-forming Basidiomycota.[2]
The caps are 1–4 centimetres (3⁄8–1+5⁄8 in) wide with white or grayish hairs. They grow in shelf-like arrangements, without stalks.[3] The gills, which produce basidiospores on their surface, split when the mushroom dries out, earning this mushroom the common name split gill. It is common in rotting wood.[4] The mushrooms can remain dry for decades and then revived with moisture.[3]
It has a tetrapolar mating system with each cell containing two genetic loci (called A and B) that govern different aspects the mating process, leading to 4 possible phenotypes after cell fusion. Each locus codes for a mating type (a or b) and each type is multi-allelic: the A locus has 9 alleles for the a type and an estimated 32 for its b type, and the B locus has 9 alleles each for both its a and b types. When combined this gives an estimated 23,328 potential mating type specificities.[5] While all mating types can initially fuse with any other mating type, a fertile fruitbody and subsequent spores will result only if both the A and B loci of the merging cells are compatible. If neither the A nor B are compatible the result is normal monokaryticmycelium, and if only one of A or B are compatible, the result is either two mycelia growing in opposite directions (only A compatible) or a "flat" phenotype with no mycelia (only B compatible).[6]
Hydrophobin was first isolated from Schizophyllum commune.[7]
Geneticsedit
The genome of Schizophyllum commune was sequenced in 2010.[8]
Edibilityedit
The species was regarded as nonpoisonous by Orson K. Miller Jr. and Hope H. Miller, who considered it to be inedible due to its smallness and toughness.[9] Because the mushrooms absorb moisture, they can expand during digestion. However, some sources indicate that it contains antitumor and antiviral components.[3]
As of 2006, it was widely consumed in Mexico and elsewhere in the tropics.[10] In Northeast India, in the state Manipur, it is known as kanglayen and one of the favourite ingredients for Manipuri-style pancakes called paaknam. In Mizoram, the local name is pasi (pa means mushroom, si means tiny) and it is one of the highest rated edible mushrooms among the Mizo community. The authors explain the preference for tough, rubbery mushrooms in the tropics as a consequence of the fact that tender, fleshy mushrooms quickly rot in the hot humid conditions there, making their marketing problematic.[citation needed]
As a pathogenedit
There is evidence that it may be a common cause of fungal infections and related diseases, most commonly that of the lungs.[11] They have also been reported to cause sinusitis and allergic reactions.[3]
Etymologyedit
Schizophyllum is derived from [the Greek] Schíza meaning split because of the appearance of radial, centrally split, gill like folds; commune means common or shared ownership or ubiquitous.[12]
^Kuo, M. (2003). "Schizophyllum commune". Mushroom Expert. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
^Taylor, John; Turner, Elizabeth; Townsend, Jeffrey; Dettman, Jeremy; Jacobson, David (2006). "Eukaryotic microbes, species recognition and the geographic limits of species: examples from the kingdom Fungi". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 361 (1475): 1947–1963. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1923. PMC1764934. PMID 17062413.
^Kothe, Erika (1996). "Tetrapolar fungal mating types: Sexes by the thousands". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 18 (1): 65–87. doi:10.1016/0168-6445(96)00003-4. PMID 8672296.
^Kothe, Erika (1999). "Mating types and pheromone recognition in the homobasidiomycete Schizophyllum commune". Fungal Genetics and Biology. 27 (2–3): 146–152. doi:10.1006/fgbi.1999.1129. PMID 10441440.
^Wessels, Jgh.; De Vries, Omh.; Asgeirsdottir, S. A.; Schuren, Fhj. (1991-08-01). "Hydrophobin Genes Involved in Formation of Aerial Hyphae and Fruit Bodies in Schizophyllum". The Plant Cell. 3 (8): 793–799. doi:10.1105/tpc.3.8.793. ISSN 1040-4651. PMC160046. PMID 12324614.
^Robin A Ohm; De Jong, JF; Lugones, LG; Aerts, A; Kothe, E; Stajich, JE; De Vries, RP; Record, E; et al. (Jul 2010), "Genome sequence of the model mushroom Schizophyllum commune", Nature Biotechnology, 28 (9): 957–63, doi:10.1038/nbt.1643, PMID 20622885
^Ruán-Soto, F.; Garibay-Orijel, R.; Cifuentes, J. (2006). "Process and dynamics of traditional selling of wild edible mushrooms in tropical Mexico". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2 (1): 3. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-2-3. PMC1360659. PMID 16393345.
^Chowdhary, A; Kathuria, S; Agarwal, K; Meis, JF (Nov 2014). "Recognizing filamentous basidiomycetes as agents of human disease: A review". Med Mycol. 52 (8): 782–97. doi:10.1093/mmy/myu047. PMID 25202126.
^Mahajan, Monika (March 2022). "Etymologia: Schizophyllum commune". Emerg. Infect. Dis. 28 (3): 725. doi:10.3201/eid2803.211051. PMC8888233. S2CID 247097577. Citing public domain text from the CDC.
External linksedit
Media related to Schizophyllum commune at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Schizophyllum commune at Wikispecies
"Schizophyllum commune", MykoWeb
"Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for February 2000
December 20, 2023
schizophyllum, commune, species, fungus, genus, schizophyllum, mushroom, resembles, undulating, waves, tightly, packed, corals, loose, chinese, gillies, split, gills, vary, from, creamy, yellow, pale, white, colour, small, centimetres, wide, with, dense, spong. Schizophyllum commune is a species of fungus in the genus Schizophyllum The mushroom resembles undulating waves of tightly packed corals or loose Chinese fan Gillies or split gills vary from creamy yellow to pale white in colour The cap is small 1 4 centimetres 3 8 1 5 8 in wide with a dense yet spongey body texture It is known as the split gill mushroom because of the unique longitudinally divided nature of the gills on the underside of the cap This mushroom is found throughout the world 1 Schizophyllum communeScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom FungiDivision BasidiomycotaClass AgaricomycetesOrder AgaricalesFamily SchizophyllaceaeGenus SchizophyllumSpecies S communeBinomial nameSchizophyllum communeFr 1815 SynonymsAgaricus alneus L 1755 Agaricus alneus Reichard 1780 Agaricus multifidus Batsch 1786 Apus alneus L Gray 1821 Merulius alneus L J F Gmel 1792 Merulius alneus Reichard Schumach 1803 Merulius communis Fr Spirin amp Zmitr 2004 Schizophyllum alneum J Schrot 1889 Schizophyllum alneum Reichard Kuntze 1898 Schizophyllum commune var multifidum Batsch Cooke 1892 Schizophyllum multifidum Batsch Fr 1875 It is found in the wild on decaying trees after rainy seasons followed by dry spells where the mushrooms are naturally collected Contents 1 Description 2 Genetics 3 Edibility 4 As a pathogen 5 Etymology 6 Gallery 7 References 8 External linksDescription editSchizophyllum commune is usually described as a morphological species of global distribution but some research has suggested that it may be a species complex encompassing several cryptic species of more narrow distribution as typical of many mushroom forming Basidiomycota 2 The caps are 1 4 centimetres 3 8 1 5 8 in wide with white or grayish hairs They grow in shelf like arrangements without stalks 3 The gills which produce basidiospores on their surface split when the mushroom dries out earning this mushroom the common name split gill It is common in rotting wood 4 The mushrooms can remain dry for decades and then revived with moisture 3 It has a tetrapolar mating system with each cell containing two genetic loci called A and B that govern different aspects the mating process leading to 4 possible phenotypes after cell fusion Each locus codes for a mating type a or b and each type is multi allelic the A locus has 9 alleles for the a type and an estimated 32 for its b type and the B locus has 9 alleles each for both its a and b types When combined this gives an estimated 23 328 potential mating type specificities 5 While all mating types can initially fuse with any other mating type a fertile fruitbody and subsequent spores will result only if both the A and B loci of the merging cells are compatible If neither the A nor B are compatible the result is normal monokarytic mycelium and if only one of A or B are compatible the result is either two mycelia growing in opposite directions only A compatible or a flat phenotype with no mycelia only B compatible 6 Hydrophobin was first isolated from Schizophyllum commune 7 Genetics editThe genome of Schizophyllum commune was sequenced in 2010 8 Edibility editThe species was regarded as nonpoisonous by Orson K Miller Jr and Hope H Miller who considered it to be inedible due to its smallness and toughness 9 Because the mushrooms absorb moisture they can expand during digestion However some sources indicate that it contains antitumor and antiviral components 3 As of 2006 it was widely consumed in Mexico and elsewhere in the tropics 10 In Northeast India in the state Manipur it is known as kanglayen and one of the favourite ingredients for Manipuri style pancakes called paaknam In Mizoram the local name is pasi pa means mushroom si means tiny and it is one of the highest rated edible mushrooms among the Mizo community The authors explain the preference for tough rubbery mushrooms in the tropics as a consequence of the fact that tender fleshy mushrooms quickly rot in the hot humid conditions there making their marketing problematic citation needed As a pathogen editThere is evidence that it may be a common cause of fungal infections and related diseases most commonly that of the lungs 11 They have also been reported to cause sinusitis and allergic reactions 3 Etymology editSchizophyllum is derived from the Greek Schiza meaning split because of the appearance of radial centrally split gill like folds commune means common or shared ownership or ubiquitous 12 Gallery edit nbsp Schizophyllum commune in the Santa Cruz Mountains of California nbsp Schizophyllum commune Elk Grove Illinois nbsp Schizophyllum commune in Missouri US nbsp Schizophyllum commune Grand Rapids Michigan nbsp Schizophyllum commune in EstoniaReferences edit Kuo M 2003 Schizophyllum commune Mushroom Expert Retrieved 18 February 2020 Taylor John Turner Elizabeth Townsend Jeffrey Dettman Jeremy Jacobson David 2006 Eukaryotic microbes species recognition and the geographic limits of species examples from the kingdom Fungi Phil Trans R Soc B 361 1475 1947 1963 doi 10 1098 rstb 2006 1923 PMC 1764934 PMID 17062413 a b c d Davis R Michael Sommer Robert Menge John A 2012 Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America Berkeley University of California Press pp 131 132 ISBN 978 0 520 95360 4 OCLC 797915861 Guarro J Genej Stchigel Am Jul 1999 Developments in Fungal Taxonomy Clinical Microbiology Reviews 12 3 454 500 doi 10 1128 CMR 12 3 454 ISSN 0893 8512 PMC 100249 PMID 10398676 Kothe Erika 1996 Tetrapolar fungal mating types Sexes by the thousands FEMS Microbiology Reviews 18 1 65 87 doi 10 1016 0168 6445 96 00003 4 PMID 8672296 Kothe Erika 1999 Mating types and pheromone recognition in the homobasidiomycete Schizophyllum commune Fungal Genetics and Biology 27 2 3 146 152 doi 10 1006 fgbi 1999 1129 PMID 10441440 Wessels Jgh De Vries Omh Asgeirsdottir S A Schuren Fhj 1991 08 01 Hydrophobin Genes Involved in Formation of Aerial Hyphae and Fruit Bodies in Schizophyllum The Plant Cell 3 8 793 799 doi 10 1105 tpc 3 8 793 ISSN 1040 4651 PMC 160046 PMID 12324614 Robin A Ohm De Jong JF Lugones LG Aerts A Kothe E Stajich JE De Vries RP Record E et al Jul 2010 Genome sequence of the model mushroom Schizophyllum commune Nature Biotechnology 28 9 957 63 doi 10 1038 nbt 1643 PMID 20622885 Miller Jr Orson K Miller Hope H 2006 North American Mushrooms A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi Guilford CN FalconGuide p 139 ISBN 978 0 7627 3109 1 Ruan Soto F Garibay Orijel R Cifuentes J 2006 Process and dynamics of traditional selling of wild edible mushrooms in tropical Mexico Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2 1 3 doi 10 1186 1746 4269 2 3 PMC 1360659 PMID 16393345 Chowdhary A Kathuria S Agarwal K Meis JF Nov 2014 Recognizing filamentous basidiomycetes as agents of human disease A review Med Mycol 52 8 782 97 doi 10 1093 mmy myu047 PMID 25202126 Mahajan Monika March 2022 Etymologia Schizophyllum commune Emerg Infect Dis 28 3 725 doi 10 3201 eid2803 211051 PMC 8888233 S2CID 247097577 Citing public domain text from the CDC External links edit nbsp Media related to Schizophyllum commune at Wikimedia Commons nbsp Data related to Schizophyllum commune at Wikispecies Schizophyllum commune MykoWeb Tom Volk s Fungus of the Month for February 2000 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Schizophyllum commune amp oldid 1178714241, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
