Most species of the genus were previously referred to the related genus Lepidotes, but most Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous species of that genus have since been re-classified as Scheenstia following detailed phylogenetic analysis.[1] It is a member of Lepisosteiformes meaning that its closest living relatives are gars. The teeth of Scheenstia are low and rounded, and were likely used for crushing hard shelled organisms (durophagy).[2] The teeth were replaced synchronously, undergoing a 180 degree rotation during development, unique among vertebrates.[4] It was probably a relatively slow swimmer that was capable of making fine movements in order to remove prey from the seafloor. [5] One species, the marine Scheenstia maximus from the Late Jurassic of Germany, could reach body lengths in excess of 1.5 metres (4.9 ft),[1] likely up to 2 metres (6.6 ft).[5]
The teeth of Scheenstia were historically known as toadstones, and were attributed magical and medicinal properties in Medieval Europe, with some being incorporated into jewelry, including on a crown held at Aachen Cathedral used to coronate Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor.[6]
Classificationedit
Scheenstia is related to the genus Lepidotes, with both genera placed in the family Lepidotidae. Lepidotes has been one of the greatest actinopterygian wastebasket taxa, with one 2012 study finding species referrable to a minimum of three different and distantly related genera. Scheenstia is also related to Isanichthys. A cladogram showing the relations of Neopterygii was published in the review, and a simplified version labelling the previous species of Lepidotes is shown here.[1]
^ abLeuzinger, Léa; Cavin, Lionel; López‐Arbarello, Adriana; Billon‐Bruyat, Jean‐Paul (January 2020). Smith, Andrew (ed.). "Peculiar tooth renewal in a Jurassic ray‐finned fish (Lepisosteiformes, † Scheenstia sp.)". Palaeontology. 63 (1): 117–129. doi:10.1111/pala.12446. ISSN 0031-0239. S2CID 204265568.
^ abCavin, Lionel; Deesri, Uthumporn; Olive, Sébastien (2019-07-22). "Scheenstia bernissartensis (Actinopterygii: Ginglymodi) from the Early Cretaceous of Bernissart, Belgium, with an appraisal of ginglymodian evolutionary history". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (6): 513–527. doi:10.1080/14772019.2019.1634649. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 199631685.
^Leuzinger, Léa; Cavin, Lionel; López‐Arbarello, Adriana; Billon‐Bruyat, Jean‐Paul (January 2020). Smith, Andrew (ed.). "Peculiar tooth renewal in a Jurassic ray‐finned fish (Lepisosteiformes, † Scheenstia sp.)". Palaeontology. 63 (1): 117–129. doi:10.1111/pala.12446. ISSN 0031-0239.
^ abCawley, John J.; Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio; Villafaña, Jaime A.; López‐Romero, Faviel A.; Kriwet, Jürgen (February 2021). "Rise and fall of †Pycnodontiformes: Diversity, competition and extinction of a successful fish clade". Ecology and Evolution. 11 (4): 1769–1796. doi:10.1002/ece3.7168. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC7882952. PMID 33614003.
^Gregorová, R., Bohatý, M., Stehlíková, D., Duffin, Ch., 2020: “Crapaudine” (Scheenstia teeth) - the jewel of Kings. – Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae geologicae, 105, 2, 277–294 (with Czech summary).
scheenstia, extinct, genus, neopterygian, finned, fish, from, late, jurassic, early, cretaceous, europe, fossils, have, been, found, both, marine, freshwater, environments, temporal, range, late, jurassic, early, cretaceous, preꞒ, nfossil, specimen, maximuslow. Scheenstia is an extinct genus of neopterygian ray finned fish from the Late Jurassic Early Cretaceous of Europe Fossils have been found in both marine and freshwater environments 2 3 ScheenstiaTemporal range Late Jurassic Early Cretaceous 150 125 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NFossil specimen of S maximusLower jaw with teeth of Scheenstia sp scale bar 1 cmScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ActinopterygiiClade GinglymodiOrder LepisosteiformesFamily LepidotidaeGenus ScheenstiaLopez Arbarello amp Sferco 2011Type speciesScheenstia zappiLopez Arbarello amp Sferco 2011Species 1 S mantelli Agassiz 1833 S laevis Agassiz 1837 S maximus Wagner 1863 S decoratus Wagner 1863 S degenhardti Branco 1885 S hauchecornei Wagner 1863 S zappi Lopez Arbarello amp Sferco 2011 S bernissartensis Traquair 1911 Life restoration of S maximaMost species of the genus were previously referred to the related genus Lepidotes but most Late Jurassic Early Cretaceous species of that genus have since been re classified as Scheenstia following detailed phylogenetic analysis 1 It is a member of Lepisosteiformes meaning that its closest living relatives are gars The teeth of Scheenstia are low and rounded and were likely used for crushing hard shelled organisms durophagy 2 The teeth were replaced synchronously undergoing a 180 degree rotation during development unique among vertebrates 4 It was probably a relatively slow swimmer that was capable of making fine movements in order to remove prey from the seafloor 5 One species the marine Scheenstia maximus from the Late Jurassic of Germany could reach body lengths in excess of 1 5 metres 4 9 ft 1 likely up to 2 metres 6 6 ft 5 The teeth of Scheenstia were historically known as toadstones and were attributed magical and medicinal properties in Medieval Europe with some being incorporated into jewelry including on a crown held at Aachen Cathedral used to coronate Charles IV Holy Roman Emperor 6 Classification editScheenstia is related to the genus Lepidotes with both genera placed in the family Lepidotidae Lepidotes has been one of the greatest actinopterygian wastebasket taxa with one 2012 study finding species referrable to a minimum of three different and distantly related genera Scheenstia is also related to Isanichthys A cladogram showing the relations of Neopterygii was published in the review and a simplified version labelling the previous species of Lepidotes is shown here 1 Ginglymodi Semionotiformes SangiorgioichthysMacrosemiidae LuoxiongchthysNotagogusMacrosemiusPropterusSemionotidae SemionotusCallipurbeckiidae SemiolepsisParalepidotusMacrosemimimusTlayuamichinCallipurbeckia incl L minor L notopterus L tendagurensis Lepisosteiformes NeosemionotusScheenstia incl L mantelli L laevis L maximus L decoratus L degenhardti L hauchecorni LepidotesIsanichthysLepisosteoidei Some studies have suggested that Scheenstia may be paraphyletic with respect to the lepidotid genera Camerichthys and Isanichthys 3 References edit a b c d Lopez Arbarello A 2012 Phylogenetic Interrelationships of Ginglymodian Fishes Actinopterygii Neopterygii PLOS ONE 7 7 e39370 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 739370L doi 10 1371 journal pone 0039370 PMC 3394768 PMID 22808031 a b Leuzinger Lea Cavin Lionel Lopez Arbarello Adriana Billon Bruyat Jean Paul January 2020 Smith Andrew ed Peculiar tooth renewal in a Jurassic ray finned fish Lepisosteiformes Scheenstia sp Palaeontology 63 1 117 129 doi 10 1111 pala 12446 ISSN 0031 0239 S2CID 204265568 a b Cavin Lionel Deesri Uthumporn Olive Sebastien 2019 07 22 Scheenstia bernissartensis Actinopterygii Ginglymodi from the Early Cretaceous of Bernissart Belgium with an appraisal of ginglymodian evolutionary history Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18 6 513 527 doi 10 1080 14772019 2019 1634649 ISSN 1477 2019 S2CID 199631685 Leuzinger Lea Cavin Lionel Lopez Arbarello Adriana Billon Bruyat Jean Paul January 2020 Smith Andrew ed Peculiar tooth renewal in a Jurassic ray finned fish Lepisosteiformes Scheenstia sp Palaeontology 63 1 117 129 doi 10 1111 pala 12446 ISSN 0031 0239 a b Cawley John J Marrama Giuseppe Carnevale Giorgio Villafana Jaime A Lopez Romero Faviel A Kriwet Jurgen February 2021 Rise and fall of Pycnodontiformes Diversity competition and extinction of a successful fish clade Ecology and Evolution 11 4 1769 1796 doi 10 1002 ece3 7168 ISSN 2045 7758 PMC 7882952 PMID 33614003 Gregorova R Bohaty M Stehlikova D Duffin Ch 2020 Crapaudine Scheenstia teeth the jewel of Kings Acta Musei Moraviae Scientiae geologicae 105 2 277 294 with Czech summary nbsp Paleontology portal nbsp This article about a prehistoric ray finned fish is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte nbsp This article related to a Jurassic fish is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte nbsp This article about a Cretaceous fish is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Scheenstia amp oldid 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