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2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests

April 11, 2024

The protests in Saudi Arabia were part of the Arab Spring that started with the 2011 Tunisian revolution. Protests started with a self-immolation in Samtah[36] and Jeddah street protests in late January 2011.[37][38] Protests against anti-Shia discrimination followed in February and early March in Qatif, Hofuf, al-Awamiyah, and Riyadh.[39] A Facebook organiser of a planned 11 March "Day of Rage",[40][41] Faisal Ahmed Abdul-Ahad,[25] was allegedly killed by Saudi security forces on 2 March,[25][26][27] with several hundred people protesting in Qatif, Hofuf and al-Amawiyah on the day itself.[42] Khaled al-Johani demonstrated alone in Riyadh,[42] was interviewed by BBC Arabic Television, was detained in ʽUlaysha Prison,[43][44] and became known online as "the only brave man in Saudi Arabia".[43] Many protests over human rights took place in April 2011 in front of government ministry buildings in Riyadh, Ta'if and Tabuk[45][46] and in January 2012 in Riyadh.[47] In 2011, Nimr al-Nimr encouraged his supporters in nonviolent resistance.[48]

2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests
Part of Qatif conflict and the Arab Spring
Date11 March 2011 – 24 December 2012
(1 year, 11 months and 3 days)
Location
Saudi Arabia

24°39′00″N 46°46′01″E / 24.65°N 46.767°E / 24.65; 46.767
Caused by
Goals
Methods
Status
  • Saudi government victory
  • Occasional protests since 2013
Concessions
Parties
Lead figures

Human Rights Defenders

show all (3)

Independent Opposition leaders

King Abdullah
King of Saudi Arabia
Prince Salman
Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia
Prince Nayef
Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia (until June 2012)
Prince Muhammad
Interior Minister

Number
Protesters:Thousands[29]
Online campaign:26,000[30]
Casualties and losses
Deaths:36
Injuries:100+[31]
Arrests: Riyadh: 50;[32][33][34] East Province: 952[35][16]
Deaths:13 identified
Injuries:Unknown

Anti-government protests demanding release of prisoners held without charge or trial continued in April and May 2011 in Qatif, al-Awamiyah and Hofuf in the Eastern Province,[39][29][49] and extended to calls for the Peninsula Shield Force to be withdrawn from Bahrain[11][50][51] and for the Eastern Province to have a constitution and a legislature.[14] Four protesters were shot dead by Saudi authorities in late November in Qatif region protests and funerals,[52] two on 2012 January 13[53][54] and two on 9 and 10 February 2012.[55][56][57] In the early 2012 demonstrations, protesters chanted slogans against the House of Saud and Minister of Interior, Nayef,[58] calling Nayef a "terrorist", "criminal" and "butcher"[59] and throwing an effigy of Nayef at tanks.[59] Police described two of the fatal shootings as responses to unidentified gunmen who had shot first.[56][60] Eastern Province protests intensified after Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr was wounded in the leg and arrested by police on 8 July.[61] Four men were killed in a protest immediately following the arrest,[62][63] with several funerals and protests following,[64] including calls for the downfall of the House of Saud.[65][66] While detained, al-Nimr was tortured and started a hunger strike, he was later executed in the 2016 mass execution.[67] Protest organisers insisted on the use of nonviolent resistance[68] and called for all Shia and Sunni detainees to be freed.[69] A protester and a soldier were fatally shot in Qatif during a 3–4 August protest,[70] leading to more protests.[71]

Protests and sit-ins calling for political prisoners[72] to be released spread beyond the Eastern Province to protests at the Ministry of Interior in Riyadh on 20 March[73] and in Riyadh and Buraidah in December 2011,[52] and in July and August 2012 near al-Ha'ir Prison.[74][75][76]

Women organised a Facebook women's suffrage campaign called "Baladi", stating that Saudi Arabian law gives women electoral rights.[77] In April 2011, women in Jeddah, Riyadh and Dammam tried to register as electors for the 29 September municipal elections despite officials stating that women could not participate.[77][2] In May and June, Manal al-Sharif and other women organised a women's right-to-drive campaign, with the main action to take place on 17 June.[3][78] In late September, Shaima Jastania was sentenced to 10 lashes for driving in Jeddah, shortly after King Abdullah announced women's participation in the 2015 municipal elections and eligibility as Consultative Assembly members; King Abdullah overturned the sentence.[79][80] Al-Sharif and Samar Badawi filed lawsuits against Saudi authorities in the Grievances Board, a non-Sharia court,[81] because of the rejection of their driving licence applications.[82] Women university students protested in King Khalid University (KKU) in Abha in March 2012[83] and were attacked by security forces, leading to one death.[84] Other university protests followed in Taibah University in Medina[85] and Tabuk University in March and April.[86][87] KKU students called for the university president to be dismissed. He was replaced on 1 July 2012.[21]

Protests timeline edit

Main article: Timeline of the 2011–2013 Saudi Arabian protests

January–April 2011 edit

Main article: Timeline of the 2011–2013 Saudi Arabian protests (January–April 2011)

Protests started with a 65-year-old man's self-immolation in Samtah, Jizan on 21 January[36] and protests of a few hundred people in late January in Jeddah, triggered by flooding,[37][38] and several times throughout February and early March in the cities of Qatif, al-Awamiyah, Riyadh, and Hofuf.[39] A "Day of Rage" was planned for 11 March.[40][41][88] One of the main organisers, Faisal Ahmed Abdul-Ahad[25] (or Abdul-Ahadwas[26]), was alleged to have been killed by Saudi security forces on 2 March,[26][27] by which time one of the Facebook groups discussing the plans had over 26,000 members.[30] On 11 March, several hundred people protested in Qatif, Hofuf and al-Amawiyah.[42] Khaled al-Johani demonstrated in Riyadh despite a massive police presence,[42] was interviewed by BBC Arabic Television, and has since then been detained in 'Ulaysha Prison.[43][44] Al-Johani became known online as "the only brave man in Saudi Arabia".[43]

The Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association (ACPRA) and the Saudi organisation Human Rights First Society called for ACPRA co-founder Mohammed Saleh Albejadi to be released following his arbitrary arrest in Buraidah on 21 March by Mabahith, the internal security agency.[89][90] In April, several small protests over labour rights took place in front of government ministry buildings in Riyadh, Ta'if and Tabuk.[45][46] Protests, made up mainly of Shia protesters, continued in late March and April in Qatif and smaller cities in the Eastern Province such as al-Awamiyah, and Hofuf.[39][29][49] The protesters called for the release of prisoners, for the Peninsula Shield Force to be withdrawn from Bahrain,[11][50] for equal representation in key offices and for reforms in political positions, as they feel marginalised.[49]

In response to the 22–23 March announcement of men-only municipal elections in late September 2011 to elect half the members of local councils,[17][18] women organised a Facebook women's suffrage campaign called "Baladi", stating that Saudi Arabian law gives women electoral rights.[77] In April, women in Jeddah, Riyadh and Dammam tried to register as electors for the 22 September municipal elections despite officials stating that women could not participate.[77][2]

May–December 2011 edit

Main article: Timeline of the 2011–2013 Saudi Arabian protests (May–December 2011)
 
Poster for the Saudi Arabia's women to drive movement, artwork by Carlos Latuff.

In May and June, motivated by the Arab Spring,[91] Manal al-Sharif and other women organised a women's right-to-drive campaign, with the main action to take place on 17 June. Al-Sharif drove a car in May and was detained on 22 May and from 23‒30 May.[3][78][92] Other women also drove cars, including actress Wajnat Rahbini, who was arrested after driving in Jeddah on 4 June and released a day later.[93] From 17 June to late June, about seventy cases of women driving were documented.[94][95][96] In late September, Shaima Jastania was sentenced to 10 lashes for driving in Jeddah, shortly after King Abdullah announced women's participation in the 2015 municipal elections and eligibility as Consultative Assembly members. King Abdullah cancelled the sentence.[79][80]

From 17 June to late June, more than seventy cases of women driving were documented.[94][95][96] In October protests, police shot live ammunition at protesters.[14] The protesters called for Eastern Province to have its own constitution and legislative assembly, and for their association Society for Development and Change to be legally registered.[14] In late November, Nasser al-Mheishi, Ali al-Felfel, Munib al-Sayyed al-'Adnan and Ali Abdullah al-Qarairis were shot dead by security forces in the Qatif region in successive protests and funerals.[52][97][98][99]

Hundreds of people protested in Riyadh and Buraidah in December, calling for the release or trial of prisoners.[52]

January–June 2012 edit

Main article: Timeline of the 2011–2013 Saudi Arabian protests (January–June 2012)
 
Women's rights activist Manal al-Sharif, one of the organizers of the women's right-to-drive campaign

A protest for labour rights took place in Riyadh on 14 January[47] and a sit-in calling for the Syrian Ambassador to be expelled occurred on 5 February in Jeddah.[100]

Protests in the Qatif region continued from January to May, with security forces arresting medical personnel.[101] Security forces shot dead Issam Mohamed Abu Abdallah in al-Awamiyah on 12[53] or 13 January,[54] and Munir al-Midani[55] and Zuhair al-Said[56][57] on 9 and 10 February. In the 70,000 strong funeral for Abdallah on 16 January in al-Awamiyah and the daily Qatif region protests that followed, protesters chanted slogans against the House of Saud and Minister of Interior, Nayef, Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia.[58][102] In mid-February, two medical personnel were arrested for having clandestinely treated injured protesters.[101] In a 10 February protest and a 13 February funeral, an effigy of Nayef was thrown at tanks and participants described Nayef as a "terrorist", "criminal" and "butcher".[59] Police described two of the fatal shootings as responses to unidentified gunmen who had shot first.[56][60] Dawoud al-Marhoon and Abdullah Hasan al-Zaher were arrested on 22 May and 3 March 2012, when they were aged 17 and 16 respectively, for participated in the 2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests. Originally, in March 2012, Al Marhoon was questioned by Saudi police and asked to be an informant and report details about his fellow protesters. After he refused, Saudi security forces arrested him from the Dammam Central Hospital, where he was undergoing treatment for an eye injury sustained in a traffic accident. Saudi forces surrounded the hospital and arrested him as he prepared for surgery. He was arrested on 22 May 2012, and have been tortured and forced to "confess". Then sentenced to death by the Specialized Criminal Court in September 2015, and as of 23 September 2015, awaited ratification of his sentence by King Salman of Saudi Arabia, to be carried out by beheading and crucifixion (in that order).[103][104][105]

Manal al-Sharif and Samar Badawi, active in the women to drive movement, announced that they had filed lawsuits against Saudi authorities in the Grievances Board, a non-Sharia court,[81] because of the rejection of their driving licence applications.[82] As of the end of June 2012, 100 Saudi women had started driving regularly since the June 2011 campaign launch.[106] Women university students protested in King Khalid University in Abha in March[83] and were attacked by security forces, leading to one death.[84] Other university protests followed in Taibah University in Medina[85] and Tabuk University in March and April.[86][87]

July–August 2012 edit

Main article: Timeline of the 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests (from July 2012)

In July 2012, Amnesty International protested in the United Nations Human Rights Council against legal persecution of Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association (ACPRA) leaders.[107] Ten female activists were detained in a Buraidah 14 July protest calling for political prisoners[72] to be freed. Similar protests calling for prisoners to be freed and protesting against the Saudi government occurred in Buraidah on 23 July and in front of the Ministry of Interior near al-Ha'ir Prison[74][75][76] and in Dammam[108] in August.

In July and August 2012, protests in the Qatif region intensified after Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr was wounded in the leg and arrested by police on 8 July.[61] Three men were killed in a protest on the evening of the arrest.[62][63] Funerals and protests took place on 10 July,[64] including chants calling for the downfall of the House of Saud.[65][66] While detained, al-Nimr was tortured, had bruises on his face and broken teeth, and started a hunger strike.[67] Protest organisers in al-Awamiyah stated their support for al-Nimr and insisted on the use of nonviolent resistance.[68] Protester Mohamed al-Shakhouri was shot in the back and neck and arrested in a 26–27 July protest calling for al-Nimr's release.[109] Further protests called for all Shia and Sunni detainees to be freed.[69] A protester and a soldier were fatally shot in Qatif during a 3–4 August evening human rights protest,[70] leading to several more protests.[71]

Aftermath edit

2014 Qatif protests edit

Main articles: Qatif conflict and 2017–2019 Qatif unrest

In early 2014, conflict between protesters and the security forces continued, with Qatif being "a militarised zone, surrounded by checkpoints and armoured vehicles". A Saudi journalist who had been documenting the protests for two years for the BBC left Saudi Arabia as she judged the situation "too risky for [her] to continue investigating".[110] Nimr al-Nimr was sentenced to death by the Specialized Criminal Court on 15 October 2014 for "seeking 'foreign meddling' in [Saudi Arabia], 'disobeying' its rulers and taking up arms against the security forces".[111] His brother, Mohammad al-Nimr, was arrested on the same day for tweeting information about the death sentence.[111][112] Al-Nimr was executed on or shortly before 2 January 2016, along with 46 others in a mass execution.[113] His execution was condemned by Iran and Shiites throughout the Middle East, as well as by Western figures and Sunnis opposed to sectarianism. The Saudi government said the body would not be handed over to the family.[114] In March 2017, after a long campaign of harassment, the Saudi security forces killed two members of Nimr family during a raid on a farm in eastern Saudi Arabia. Miqdad and Mohammad Al-Nimr were killed at a farm in Awamiyah, the Nimr family hometown.[115] al-Nimr was very critical of the Saudi Arabian government,[citation needed] and called for free elections in Saudi Arabia.[116]

Protests in the Qatif region continued during 2017–19, with deaths of protestors and security forces.[117][118][119][120][121][122]

Casualties edit

Deaths edit

Notable deaths (protesters)
Name Age From Date of death Cause of death
Faisal Ahmed Abdul-Ahad[25] (or Abdul-Ahadwas)[26]
(Administrator of Facebook group calling for 11 March "Day of Rage", according to DPA)[25][26] 		27[26] Riyadh[26] Before 2 March 2011[25][26] Shot by the Saudi security forces, who removed his body to "hide evidence of the crime".[26][27]
Nasser al-Mheishi[97][123] (or Nasir al-Muhaishi)[52] 19[98] Al-Shweika[98] 20 November 2011 Shot by the police during a protest.[52][97]
Ali al-Felfel[97] 24[99] Al-Shweika[124] 21 November 2011 Shot in the chest by police during a funeral for Nasser al-Mheishi.[52][97]
Munib al-Sayyed al-Adnan[99] 20[99] Al-Shweika[99] 23 November 2011 Shot in the head by police during protest over al-Mheishi and al-Felfel killings.[52]
Ali Abdullah al-Qarayrees[99] 26[99] Al-Awamiyah[125] 23 November 2011 Shot by police during protest over al-Mheishi and al-Felfel killings.[52]
Issam Mohamed Abu Abdallah[53] 22[53] Al-Awamiyah[53] 12 January 2012 Shot by security forces during protest.[53][54][126]
Montazar Sa'eed al-Abdel[citation needed] Al-Awamiyah[citation needed] 26 January 2012 Shot by security forces during protest.[citation needed]
Muneer al-Midani[55] 21[60] Al-Shweika[55] 9 February 2012 Shot in the heart by security forces during protest.[55]
Zuhair al-Said[56] (or Zaheer Abdullah Saeed)[127] 21[57] Al-Awamiyah[56] 10 February 2012 Shot in the stomach by security forces during protest,[56] died in hospital.[127]
Hajer al-Yazidi[84] Abha[citation needed] 7 March 2012 Epileptic student injured in head during protest, died of head wound.[citation needed]
Akbar Hassan al-Shakhouri[128] 31[129] Al-Awamiyah[62] 8 July 2012 Shot by security forces during protest over the arrest of Nimr al-Nimr.[62]
Mohamed Redha al-Felfel[128] 18[129] Al-Awamiyah[62] 8 July 2012 Shot by security forces during protest over the arrest of Nimr al-Nimr.[62]
Abdallah Jaafar al-Ojami[130] 18[130] Al-Awamiyah[citation needed] 13 July 2012 Shot by security forces near a police station during protest.[citation needed]
Hussain Yusuf al-Qallaf[131][citation needed] 18[131] Tarout Island[131] 4 August 2012 Shot in the chest by security forces during protest on 3 August, died of injuries on 4 August.[citation needed]
Khaled Abdulkarim al-Labad[132] 26[133] Al-Awamiyah[citation needed] 26 September 2012 Shot in the head by security forces while authorities were trying to arrest him, he was one of 23 opposition activist accused of organising protests in Qatif.[132][134]
Mohammed Habib al-Mnasif[135] 16[135] Al-Awamiyah[citation needed] 26 September 2012 Shot by security forces while authorities were trying to arrest Khaled Abdulkarim al-Labad.[135]
Hassan Mohammad Zaheri[citation needed] 16[136] Al-Awamiyah[136] 28 September 2012 Shot by security forces while authorities were trying to arrest Khaled Abdulkarim al-Labad on 26 September, died of injuries on 28 September.[136]
Ahmad al-Matar[137] 18[138] Tarout Island[138] 28 December 2012 Shot by security forces during protest over the detention of prisoners.[137]
Ali Hassan al-Mahroos[citation needed] 19[139] Qatif[citation needed] 21 June 2013 Shot in his car by a stray bullet by police when they fired at another person on a motorbike.[139]
Notable deaths (security forces)
Name Age From Date of death Cause of death
Hussein Bawah Ali Zabani[70] 20 or 21[140] Al-Malha[140] 4 August 2012 Shot by "rioters on a motorbike" in Qatif according to Ministry of Interior spokesperson Mansour al-Turki.[70]

Others edit

On 21 January 2011, an unidentified 65-year-old man died after setting himself on fire in the town of Samtah, Jizan. This was apparently the kingdom's first known case of self-immolation.[141]

On 10 September 2012, a Bangladeshi man was shot dead in the Al-Awamiyah district of eastern Saudi Arabia. Saudi police said that the Bangladeshi man was driving when his car was hit by bullets fired at two security patrol cars. However, an activist in Al-Awamiyah gave a different account of the incident, saying the man had been killed by gunfire when security forces stormed a house while trying to arrest one of the 23 wanted activist for organising protest in Qatif.[142]

Response edit

Domestic edit

On 10 February 2011, a Reuters report claimed that 10 intellectuals, human rights activists and lawyers came together to create the Umma Islamic Party – considered to be the first political party in Saudi Arabia since the 1990s – to demand the end of absolute monarchy in the country.[143] On 18 February however, all ten members of the party were arrested and ordered to withdraw demands for political reform in exchange for their release.[144]

On 23 February, Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah, after returning to the country following three months spent abroad for health treatment, announced a series of benefits for citizens amounting to $10.7 billion. These include funding to offset high inflation and to aid young unemployed people and Saudi citizens studying abroad, as well as writing off some loans. State employees' incomes were increased by 15 percent and new housing loans subsidies were introduced. No political reforms were announced as part of the package, though the 86-year-old monarch did pardon some prisoners indicted in financial crimes.[145]

On 6 March, the Saudi Arabian Council of Senior Scholars, headed by Grand Mufti Abd al-'Aziz al-Ashaikh, issued a fatwā (religious opinion) opposing petitions and demonstrations, declaring, "Therefore the council hereby reaffirms that only the reform and [counsel] that has its legitimacy is that which may bring welfare and avert the evil, whereas it is illegal to issue statements and take signatures for the purposes of intimidation and inciting the strife. ... reform should not be by demonstrations and other means and methods that give rise to unrest and divide the community. ... The Council affirms prohibition of the demonstrations in this country and [that] the legal method which realizes the welfare without causing destruction rests on the mutual advice."[146][147] The fatwa included a "severe threat against internal dissent",[8] stating, "[The Prophet] again said: 'He who wanted separate affairs of this nation who are unified, you should kill him with sword whoever he is' (narrated by Muslim)." In late March, Abd al-'Aziz al-Ashaikh called for a million copies of the fatwa to be printed and distributed.[147]

On 22–23 March 2011, officials of the Ministry of Municipal and Rural affairs announced that men-only municipal elections to elect half the members of local councils would be held in September 2011.[17][18] Associated Press described the election announcement as having "coincided with rumblings of dissent in Saudi Arabia stemming from the wave of political unrest in the Arab world".[148]

Arrests and other repression edit

About 30 to 50 people were arrested following 29 January Jeddah demonstration.[38] On 18 February, the ten founding members of the Umma Islamic Party were arrested and ordered to withdraw demands for political reform in exchange for their release.[144]

According to a Deutsche Presse-Agentur report on 2 March, Saudi activists have alleged that one of the main administrators of one of the Facebook groups calling for a "Day of Rage" on 11 March, Faisal Ahmed Abdul-Ahad[25] (or Abdul-Ahadwas[26]), was killed by Saudi security forces, who removed his body to "hide evidence of the crime".[26][27]

On 5 March, thousands of security forces were sent to the north-east, causing delays on the road to Dammam.[149] On the same day, following about two weeks of small protests in the eastern part of Saudi Arabia, the Ministry of the Interior warned that the "ban [on] all sorts of demonstrations, marches, sit-ins" imposed by Saudi law would be enforced.[39]

On 9 March, Foreign Minister Saud Al Faisal stated that the government would not tolerate any street protests against it, while also saying that the "best way to achieve demands is through national dialogue".[150]

On 21 March, Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association (ACPRA) co-founder Mohammed Saleh Albejadi (also Al-Bjady) was arrested in Buraidah by Mabahith, the internal security agency. ACPRA stated that the arrest was arbitrary, in violation of the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia and the Law of Criminal Procedures.[89][90] Both the ACPRA[89] and Human Rights First Society[90] called for his immediate, unconditional release.

On 27 March 2011, Human Rights Watch estimated that the "scale of arrests [rose] dramatically during the preceding two weeks", up to about 160 protesters and critics being held without charge.[16]

In early January 2012, Saudi authorities published the names of a list of 23 people who were allegedly involved in the October 2011 Awamiyah/Qatif protests, calling for their arrests.[151][152] Ministry of Interior spokesman Mansour al-Turki alleged that the protesters "were working according to a foreign agenda" and were "sponsored financially or supplied with weapons and were working as part of an organization".[151] Shah Ali al-Shokan (or Shaukan) from Tarout Island, one of the 23, was arrested by Mabahith on 2 January 2012.[153] Hussain Ali Abdullah al-Baraki, Mosa Ja'far Mohammad al-Mabyouq, and two others among the 23 were also arrested on 2 January.[154] The Ministry of Interior claimed that al-Shokan, al-Baraki and al-Mabyouq had turned themselves in voluntarily.[154] On 10 January, Aqeel al-Yaseen was wounded in al-Awamiyah by security forces, arrested and transferred to a Mabahith facility in Dammam, and forbidden family visits.[155]

Censorship edit

In mid-March 2011, Reuters chief correspondent in Saudi Arabia, Ulf Laessing, who had reported from Riyadh since 2009, had his journalistic accreditation withdrawn because of his reporting on the early 2011 Saudi Arabian protests, effectively forcing him to leave Saudi Arabia.[16][156]

Execution of Nimr al-Nimr edit

One of the subsequent responses of the Saudi government was the arrest, conviction and subsequent execution of Nimr al-Nimr on 2 January 2016.[157]

International edit

Governments edit

  •   Russia – On 12 July 2012, K.K. Dolgov, human rights representative of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, expressed "great concern" about the July events in the Eastern Province. He stated, "We expect that the authorities of the Kingdom will undertake all necessary measures to settle the situation in its eastern regions, to avoid conflict, including confrontation on interconfessional basis, and to ensure the observance of conventional human rights, including the right for freedom of expression of opinion, peaceful demonstrations and freedom of associations, as it is prescribed by the law."[158][159]
  •   United States – On 8 March 2012, the United States Department of State awarded Samar Badawi the 2012 International Women of Courage Award, citing her filing of a lawsuit for women's voting rights in the September 2011 Saudi Arabian municipal elections and her encouragement of other women by the launching of an online campaign.[160]

Street protests edit

  •   Australia – On 19 July 2012, 50 people protested in front of the Saudi Arabian Embassy in Canberra against the arrests of the Bahraini uprising, against "the crackdown happening in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia", and "to support the people seeking freedom of speech, seeking human rights, freedom for women".[161]
  •   Canada – On 21 July 2012, 30 people protested in front of the United States (US) consulate in Toronto against US support of the Saudi Arabian government. A protest organiser claimed that the Saudi government was hypocritical because "Saudi Arabia says [it] support[s] Syria's push for freedom [in the Syrian uprising], but [it] repress[es] [its] own citizens". He called for the release of Nimr al-Nimr.[162]

Media edit

Journalist Robert Fisk said that the protests were known as the "Hunayn Revolution," after the Battle of Hunayn fought between Muhammad and the Hawazin.[149]

Other edit

On 21 February 2011, oil prices rose in response to the 2011 Libyan civil war and speculation regarding 11 March Saudi Arabian Day of Rage.[40] The Saudi Tadawul stock market index fell to a seven-month low on stability concerns.[163] During the week of 27 February, global stock prices fell as oil prices increased and silver reached a 30-year high price on stability concerns in the region.[164] Regional stock market indices also fell on concern for Saudi stability.[163]

In August 2017, ten Nobel Peace Prize laureates, including Desmond Tutu and Lech Wałęsa, urged Saudi Arabia to stop the executions of 14 young people for participating in the 2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests.[165]

See also edit

References edit

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  2. ^ a b c d "Voters register for Saudi municipal elections". Al Jazeera. 23 April 2011. Archived from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
  3. ^ a b c d e al-Huwaider, Wajeha (23 May 2011). "The Saudi woman who took to the driver's seat". France 24. from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
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  9. ^ Jansen, Michael (19 March 2011). "Saudi king announces huge spending to stem dissent". The Irish Times. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
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Further reading edit

  • Alrabaa, Sami (2010). Veiled Atrocities: True Stories of Oppression in Saudi Arabia. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-61614-159-2.
  • Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2007). Contesting the Saudi State: Islamic Voices from a New Generation. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85836-6.
  • Hamzawy, Amr (2008). "The Saudi Labyrinth: Is There a Political Opening?". In Ottaway, Marina; Choucair-Vizoso, Julia (eds.). Beyond the Façade: Political Reform in the Arab World. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. pp. 187–210. ISBN 978-0-87003-239-4.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests.

April 11, 2024
2011, 2012, saudi, arabian, protests, protests, saudi, arabia, were, part, arab, spring, that, started, with, 2011, tunisian, revolution, protests, started, with, self, immolation, samtah, jeddah, street, protests, late, january, 2011, protests, against, anti,. The protests in Saudi Arabia were part of the Arab Spring that started with the 2011 Tunisian revolution Protests started with a self immolation in Samtah 36 and Jeddah street protests in late January 2011 37 38 Protests against anti Shia discrimination followed in February and early March in Qatif Hofuf al Awamiyah and Riyadh 39 A Facebook organiser of a planned 11 March Day of Rage 40 41 Faisal Ahmed Abdul Ahad 25 was allegedly killed by Saudi security forces on 2 March 25 26 27 with several hundred people protesting in Qatif Hofuf and al Amawiyah on the day itself 42 Khaled al Johani demonstrated alone in Riyadh 42 was interviewed by BBC Arabic Television was detained in ʽUlaysha Prison 43 44 and became known online as the only brave man in Saudi Arabia 43 Many protests over human rights took place in April 2011 in front of government ministry buildings in Riyadh Ta if and Tabuk 45 46 and in January 2012 in Riyadh 47 In 2011 Nimr al Nimr encouraged his supporters in nonviolent resistance 48 2011 2012 Saudi Arabian protestsPart of Qatif conflict and the Arab SpringDate11 March 2011 24 December 2012 1 year 11 months and 3 days LocationSaudi Arabia24 39 00 N 46 46 01 E 24 65 N 46 767 E 24 65 46 767Caused byPrisoners held without trial 1 Inequality for women 2 3 Corruption 4 5 High unemployment 6 7 Discrimination against Shias 8 9 Saudi troops intervention in Bahrain 10 11 12 Inspiration from concurrent regional protests Arrest of Nimr al Nimr 13 GoalsPolitical and economic changes Women s suffrage 2 Women s right to drive 3 Release of political prisoners Deportation of Peninsula Shield Force from Bahrain Equality for Shias Constitution and independent legislative assembly in Eastern Province 14 Release of Nimr al Nimr 15 MethodsDemonstrations Self immolation Online campaignStatusSaudi government victory Occasional protests since 2013ConcessionsUS 130 000 000 000 to benefit citizens 16 Municipal elections held on 29 September 2011 17 18 Women to participate in 2015 municipal elections and be nominated to Consultative Assembly 19 Partial shift from imprisonment without trial to imprisonment with trial 20 King Khalid University president fired on 1 July 2012 21 PartiesSaudi Arabian opposition groups show all 9 Coalition for Freedom and Justice 22 Women to drive movementSaudi Civil and Political Rights AssociationHuman Rights First SocietyAsharq Center for Human RightsCommittee for the Defense of Human Rights in the Arabian PeninsulaSociety for Development and ChangeAssociation for the Protection and Defense of Women s Rights in Saudi ArabiaUmma Islamic Party support by United States 23 Iran 24 Saudi Arabian government MabahithLead figuresHuman Rights Defenders show all 3 Manal al Sharif 3 Co founder of Women to drive movement Mohammad Fahad al Qahtani Leader and co founder of the Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association Wajeha al Huwaider Co founder of The Association for the Protection and Defense of Women s Rights in Saudi Arabia Independent Opposition leaders Faisal Ahmed Abdul Ahad 25 26 27 Facebook Activist Nimr al Nimr 28 Sheikh Hatoon al Fassi Female suffrage activist Morsi al Rebh Shia Activist King AbdullahKing of Saudi Arabia Prince SalmanCrown Prince of Saudi Arabia Prince NayefCrown Prince of Saudi Arabia until June 2012 Prince MuhammadInterior MinisterNumberProtesters Thousands 29 Online campaign 26 000 30 Casualties and lossesDeaths 36Injuries 100 31 Arrests Riyadh 50 32 33 34 East Province 952 35 16 Deaths 13 identifiedInjuries Unknownvte Anti government protests demanding release of prisoners held without charge or trial continued in April and May 2011 in Qatif al Awamiyah and Hofuf in the Eastern Province 39 29 49 and extended to calls for the Peninsula Shield Force to be withdrawn from Bahrain 11 50 51 and for the Eastern Province to have a constitution and a legislature 14 Four protesters were shot dead by Saudi authorities in late November in Qatif region protests and funerals 52 two on 2012 January 13 53 54 and two on 9 and 10 February 2012 55 56 57 In the early 2012 demonstrations protesters chanted slogans against the House of Saud and Minister of Interior Nayef 58 calling Nayef a terrorist criminal and butcher 59 and throwing an effigy of Nayef at tanks 59 Police described two of the fatal shootings as responses to unidentified gunmen who had shot first 56 60 Eastern Province protests intensified after Sheikh Nimr al Nimr was wounded in the leg and arrested by police on 8 July 61 Four men were killed in a protest immediately following the arrest 62 63 with several funerals and protests following 64 including calls for the downfall of the House of Saud 65 66 While detained al Nimr was tortured and started a hunger strike he was later executed in the 2016 mass execution 67 Protest organisers insisted on the use of nonviolent resistance 68 and called for all Shia and Sunni detainees to be freed 69 A protester and a soldier were fatally shot in Qatif during a 3 4 August protest 70 leading to more protests 71 Protests and sit ins calling for political prisoners 72 to be released spread beyond the Eastern Province to protests at the Ministry of Interior in Riyadh on 20 March 73 and in Riyadh and Buraidah in December 2011 52 and in July and August 2012 near al Ha ir Prison 74 75 76 Women organised a Facebook women s suffrage campaign called Baladi stating that Saudi Arabian law gives women electoral rights 77 In April 2011 women in Jeddah Riyadh and Dammam tried to register as electors for the 29 September municipal elections despite officials stating that women could not participate 77 2 In May and June Manal al Sharif and other women organised a women s right to drive campaign with the main action to take place on 17 June 3 78 In late September Shaima Jastania was sentenced to 10 lashes for driving in Jeddah shortly after King Abdullah announced women s participation in the 2015 municipal elections and eligibility as Consultative Assembly members King Abdullah overturned the sentence 79 80 Al Sharif and Samar Badawi filed lawsuits against Saudi authorities in the Grievances Board a non Sharia court 81 because of the rejection of their driving licence applications 82 Women university students protested in King Khalid University KKU in Abha in March 2012 83 and were attacked by security forces leading to one death 84 Other university protests followed in Taibah University in Medina 85 and Tabuk University in March and April 86 87 KKU students called for the university president to be dismissed He was replaced on 1 July 2012 21 Contents 1 Protests timeline 1 1 January April 2011 1 2 May December 2011 1 3 January June 2012 1 4 July August 2012 2 Aftermath 2 1 2014 Qatif protests 3 Casualties 3 1 Deaths 3 1 1 Others 4 Response 4 1 Domestic 4 1 1 Arrests and other repression 4 1 2 Censorship 4 1 3 Execution of Nimr al Nimr 4 2 International 4 2 1 Governments 4 2 2 Street protests 4 2 3 Media 4 2 4 Other 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksProtests timeline editMain article Timeline of the 2011 2013 Saudi Arabian protests January April 2011 edit Main article Timeline of the 2011 2013 Saudi Arabian protests January April 2011 Protests started with a 65 year old man s self immolation in Samtah Jizan on 21 January 36 and protests of a few hundred people in late January in Jeddah triggered by flooding 37 38 and several times throughout February and early March in the cities of Qatif al Awamiyah Riyadh and Hofuf 39 A Day of Rage was planned for 11 March 40 41 88 One of the main organisers Faisal Ahmed Abdul Ahad 25 or Abdul Ahadwas 26 was alleged to have been killed by Saudi security forces on 2 March 26 27 by which time one of the Facebook groups discussing the plans had over 26 000 members 30 On 11 March several hundred people protested in Qatif Hofuf and al Amawiyah 42 Khaled al Johani demonstrated in Riyadh despite a massive police presence 42 was interviewed by BBC Arabic Television and has since then been detained in Ulaysha Prison 43 44 Al Johani became known online as the only brave man in Saudi Arabia 43 The Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association ACPRA and the Saudi organisation Human Rights First Society called for ACPRA co founder Mohammed Saleh Albejadi to be released following his arbitrary arrest in Buraidah on 21 March by Mabahith the internal security agency 89 90 In April several small protests over labour rights took place in front of government ministry buildings in Riyadh Ta if and Tabuk 45 46 Protests made up mainly of Shia protesters continued in late March and April in Qatif and smaller cities in the Eastern Province such as al Awamiyah and Hofuf 39 29 49 The protesters called for the release of prisoners for the Peninsula Shield Force to be withdrawn from Bahrain 11 50 for equal representation in key offices and for reforms in political positions as they feel marginalised 49 In response to the 22 23 March announcement of men only municipal elections in late September 2011 to elect half the members of local councils 17 18 women organised a Facebook women s suffrage campaign called Baladi stating that Saudi Arabian law gives women electoral rights 77 In April women in Jeddah Riyadh and Dammam tried to register as electors for the 22 September municipal elections despite officials stating that women could not participate 77 2 May December 2011 edit Main article Timeline of the 2011 2013 Saudi Arabian protests May December 2011 nbsp Poster for the Saudi Arabia s women to drive movement artwork by Carlos Latuff In May and June motivated by the Arab Spring 91 Manal al Sharif and other women organised a women s right to drive campaign with the main action to take place on 17 June Al Sharif drove a car in May and was detained on 22 May and from 23 30 May 3 78 92 Other women also drove cars including actress Wajnat Rahbini who was arrested after driving in Jeddah on 4 June and released a day later 93 From 17 June to late June about seventy cases of women driving were documented 94 95 96 In late September Shaima Jastania was sentenced to 10 lashes for driving in Jeddah shortly after King Abdullah announced women s participation in the 2015 municipal elections and eligibility as Consultative Assembly members King Abdullah cancelled the sentence 79 80 From 17 June to late June more than seventy cases of women driving were documented 94 95 96 In October protests police shot live ammunition at protesters 14 The protesters called for Eastern Province to have its own constitution and legislative assembly and for their association Society for Development and Change to be legally registered 14 In late November Nasser al Mheishi Ali al Felfel Munib al Sayyed al Adnan and Ali Abdullah al Qarairis were shot dead by security forces in the Qatif region in successive protests and funerals 52 97 98 99 Hundreds of people protested in Riyadh and Buraidah in December calling for the release or trial of prisoners 52 January June 2012 edit Main article Timeline of the 2011 2013 Saudi Arabian protests January June 2012 nbsp Women s rights activist Manal al Sharif one of the organizers of the women s right to drive campaignA protest for labour rights took place in Riyadh on 14 January 47 and a sit in calling for the Syrian Ambassador to be expelled occurred on 5 February in Jeddah 100 Protests in the Qatif region continued from January to May with security forces arresting medical personnel 101 Security forces shot dead Issam Mohamed Abu Abdallah in al Awamiyah on 12 53 or 13 January 54 and Munir al Midani 55 and Zuhair al Said 56 57 on 9 and 10 February In the 70 000 strong funeral for Abdallah on 16 January in al Awamiyah and the daily Qatif region protests that followed protesters chanted slogans against the House of Saud and Minister of Interior Nayef Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia 58 102 In mid February two medical personnel were arrested for having clandestinely treated injured protesters 101 In a 10 February protest and a 13 February funeral an effigy of Nayef was thrown at tanks and participants described Nayef as a terrorist criminal and butcher 59 Police described two of the fatal shootings as responses to unidentified gunmen who had shot first 56 60 Dawoud al Marhoon and Abdullah Hasan al Zaher were arrested on 22 May and 3 March 2012 when they were aged 17 and 16 respectively for participated in the 2011 12 Saudi Arabian protests Originally in March 2012 Al Marhoon was questioned by Saudi police and asked to be an informant and report details about his fellow protesters After he refused Saudi security forces arrested him from the Dammam Central Hospital where he was undergoing treatment for an eye injury sustained in a traffic accident Saudi forces surrounded the hospital and arrested him as he prepared for surgery He was arrested on 22 May 2012 and have been tortured and forced to confess Then sentenced to death by the Specialized Criminal Court in September 2015 and as of 23 September 2015 update awaited ratification of his sentence by King Salman of Saudi Arabia to be carried out by beheading and crucifixion in that order 103 104 105 Manal al Sharif and Samar Badawi active in the women to drive movement announced that they had filed lawsuits against Saudi authorities in the Grievances Board a non Sharia court 81 because of the rejection of their driving licence applications 82 As of the end of June 2012 100 Saudi women had started driving regularly since the June 2011 campaign launch 106 Women university students protested in King Khalid University in Abha in March 83 and were attacked by security forces leading to one death 84 Other university protests followed in Taibah University in Medina 85 and Tabuk University in March and April 86 87 July August 2012 edit Main article Timeline of the 2011 2012 Saudi Arabian protests from July 2012 In July 2012 Amnesty International protested in the United Nations Human Rights Council against legal persecution of Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association ACPRA leaders 107 Ten female activists were detained in a Buraidah 14 July protest calling for political prisoners 72 to be freed Similar protests calling for prisoners to be freed and protesting against the Saudi government occurred in Buraidah on 23 July and in front of the Ministry of Interior near al Ha ir Prison 74 75 76 and in Dammam 108 in August In July and August 2012 protests in the Qatif region intensified after Sheikh Nimr al Nimr was wounded in the leg and arrested by police on 8 July 61 Three men were killed in a protest on the evening of the arrest 62 63 Funerals and protests took place on 10 July 64 including chants calling for the downfall of the House of Saud 65 66 While detained al Nimr was tortured had bruises on his face and broken teeth and started a hunger strike 67 Protest organisers in al Awamiyah stated their support for al Nimr and insisted on the use of nonviolent resistance 68 Protester Mohamed al Shakhouri was shot in the back and neck and arrested in a 26 27 July protest calling for al Nimr s release 109 Further protests called for all Shia and Sunni detainees to be freed 69 A protester and a soldier were fatally shot in Qatif during a 3 4 August evening human rights protest 70 leading to several more protests 71 Aftermath edit2014 Qatif protests edit Main articles Qatif conflict and 2017 2019 Qatif unrest In early 2014 conflict between protesters and the security forces continued with Qatif being a militarised zone surrounded by checkpoints and armoured vehicles A Saudi journalist who had been documenting the protests for two years for the BBC left Saudi Arabia as she judged the situation too risky for her to continue investigating 110 Nimr al Nimr was sentenced to death by the Specialized Criminal Court on 15 October 2014 for seeking foreign meddling in Saudi Arabia disobeying its rulers and taking up arms against the security forces 111 His brother Mohammad al Nimr was arrested on the same day for tweeting information about the death sentence 111 112 Al Nimr was executed on or shortly before 2 January 2016 along with 46 others in a mass execution 113 His execution was condemned by Iran and Shiites throughout the Middle East as well as by Western figures and Sunnis opposed to sectarianism The Saudi government said the body would not be handed over to the family 114 In March 2017 after a long campaign of harassment the Saudi security forces killed two members of Nimr family during a raid on a farm in eastern Saudi Arabia Miqdad and Mohammad Al Nimr were killed at a farm in Awamiyah the Nimr family hometown 115 al Nimr was very critical of the Saudi Arabian government citation needed and called for free elections in Saudi Arabia 116 Protests in the Qatif region continued during 2017 19 with deaths of protestors and security forces 117 118 119 120 121 122 Casualties editDeaths edit Notable deaths protesters Name Age From Date of death Cause of deathFaisal Ahmed Abdul Ahad 25 or Abdul Ahadwas 26 Administrator of Facebook group calling for 11 March Day of Rage according to DPA 25 26 27 26 Riyadh 26 Before 2 March 2011 25 26 Shot by the Saudi security forces who removed his body to hide evidence of the crime 26 27 Nasser al Mheishi 97 123 or Nasir al Muhaishi 52 19 98 Al Shweika 98 20 November 2011 Shot by the police during a protest 52 97 Ali al Felfel 97 24 99 Al Shweika 124 21 November 2011 Shot in the chest by police during a funeral for Nasser al Mheishi 52 97 Munib al Sayyed al Adnan 99 20 99 Al Shweika 99 23 November 2011 Shot in the head by police during protest over al Mheishi and al Felfel killings 52 Ali Abdullah al Qarayrees 99 26 99 Al Awamiyah 125 23 November 2011 Shot by police during protest over al Mheishi and al Felfel killings 52 Issam Mohamed Abu Abdallah 53 22 53 Al Awamiyah 53 12 January 2012 Shot by security forces during protest 53 54 126 Montazar Sa eed al Abdel citation needed Al Awamiyah citation needed 26 January 2012 Shot by security forces during protest citation needed Muneer al Midani 55 21 60 Al Shweika 55 9 February 2012 Shot in the heart by security forces during protest 55 Zuhair al Said 56 or Zaheer Abdullah Saeed 127 21 57 Al Awamiyah 56 10 February 2012 Shot in the stomach by security forces during protest 56 died in hospital 127 Hajer al Yazidi 84 Abha citation needed 7 March 2012 Epileptic student injured in head during protest died of head wound citation needed Akbar Hassan al Shakhouri 128 31 129 Al Awamiyah 62 8 July 2012 Shot by security forces during protest over the arrest of Nimr al Nimr 62 Mohamed Redha al Felfel 128 18 129 Al Awamiyah 62 8 July 2012 Shot by security forces during protest over the arrest of Nimr al Nimr 62 Abdallah Jaafar al Ojami 130 18 130 Al Awamiyah citation needed 13 July 2012 Shot by security forces near a police station during protest citation needed Hussain Yusuf al Qallaf 131 citation needed 18 131 Tarout Island 131 4 August 2012 Shot in the chest by security forces during protest on 3 August died of injuries on 4 August citation needed Khaled Abdulkarim al Labad 132 26 133 Al Awamiyah citation needed 26 September 2012 Shot in the head by security forces while authorities were trying to arrest him he was one of 23 opposition activist accused of organising protests in Qatif 132 134 Mohammed Habib al Mnasif 135 16 135 Al Awamiyah citation needed 26 September 2012 Shot by security forces while authorities were trying to arrest Khaled Abdulkarim al Labad 135 Hassan Mohammad Zaheri citation needed 16 136 Al Awamiyah 136 28 September 2012 Shot by security forces while authorities were trying to arrest Khaled Abdulkarim al Labad on 26 September died of injuries on 28 September 136 Ahmad al Matar 137 18 138 Tarout Island 138 28 December 2012 Shot by security forces during protest over the detention of prisoners 137 Ali Hassan al Mahroos citation needed 19 139 Qatif citation needed 21 June 2013 Shot in his car by a stray bullet by police when they fired at another person on a motorbike 139 Notable deaths security forces Name Age From Date of death Cause of deathHussein Bawah Ali Zabani 70 20 or 21 140 Al Malha 140 4 August 2012 Shot by rioters on a motorbike in Qatif according to Ministry of Interior spokesperson Mansour al Turki 70 Others edit On 21 January 2011 an unidentified 65 year old man died after setting himself on fire in the town of Samtah Jizan This was apparently the kingdom s first known case of self immolation 141 On 10 September 2012 a Bangladeshi man was shot dead in the Al Awamiyah district of eastern Saudi Arabia Saudi police said that the Bangladeshi man was driving when his car was hit by bullets fired at two security patrol cars However an activist in Al Awamiyah gave a different account of the incident saying the man had been killed by gunfire when security forces stormed a house while trying to arrest one of the 23 wanted activist for organising protest in Qatif 142 Response editDomestic edit On 10 February 2011 a Reuters report claimed that 10 intellectuals human rights activists and lawyers came together to create the Umma Islamic Party considered to be the first political party in Saudi Arabia since the 1990s to demand the end of absolute monarchy in the country 143 On 18 February however all ten members of the party were arrested and ordered to withdraw demands for political reform in exchange for their release 144 On 23 February Saudi Arabia s King Abdullah after returning to the country following three months spent abroad for health treatment announced a series of benefits for citizens amounting to 10 7 billion These include funding to offset high inflation and to aid young unemployed people and Saudi citizens studying abroad as well as writing off some loans State employees incomes were increased by 15 percent and new housing loans subsidies were introduced No political reforms were announced as part of the package though the 86 year old monarch did pardon some prisoners indicted in financial crimes 145 On 6 March the Saudi Arabian Council of Senior Scholars headed by Grand Mufti Abd al Aziz al Ashaikh issued a fatwa religious opinion opposing petitions and demonstrations declaring Therefore the council hereby reaffirms that only the reform and counsel that has its legitimacy is that which may bring welfare and avert the evil whereas it is illegal to issue statements and take signatures for the purposes of intimidation and inciting the strife reform should not be by demonstrations and other means and methods that give rise to unrest and divide the community The Council affirms prohibition of the demonstrations in this country and that the legal method which realizes the welfare without causing destruction rests on the mutual advice 146 147 The fatwa included a severe threat against internal dissent 8 stating The Prophet again said He who wanted separate affairs of this nation who are unified you should kill him with sword whoever he is narrated by Muslim In late March Abd al Aziz al Ashaikh called for a million copies of the fatwa to be printed and distributed 147 On 22 23 March 2011 officials of the Ministry of Municipal and Rural affairs announced that men only municipal elections to elect half the members of local councils would be held in September 2011 17 18 Associated Press described the election announcement as having coincided with rumblings of dissent in Saudi Arabia stemming from the wave of political unrest in the Arab world 148 Arrests and other repression edit About 30 to 50 people were arrested following 29 January Jeddah demonstration 38 On 18 February the ten founding members of the Umma Islamic Party were arrested and ordered to withdraw demands for political reform in exchange for their release 144 According to a Deutsche Presse Agentur report on 2 March Saudi activists have alleged that one of the main administrators of one of the Facebook groups calling for a Day of Rage on 11 March Faisal Ahmed Abdul Ahad 25 or Abdul Ahadwas 26 was killed by Saudi security forces who removed his body to hide evidence of the crime 26 27 On 5 March thousands of security forces were sent to the north east causing delays on the road to Dammam 149 On the same day following about two weeks of small protests in the eastern part of Saudi Arabia the Ministry of the Interior warned that the ban on all sorts of demonstrations marches sit ins imposed by Saudi law would be enforced 39 On 9 March Foreign Minister Saud Al Faisal stated that the government would not tolerate any street protests against it while also saying that the best way to achieve demands is through national dialogue 150 On 21 March Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association ACPRA co founder Mohammed Saleh Albejadi also Al Bjady was arrested in Buraidah by Mabahith the internal security agency ACPRA stated that the arrest was arbitrary in violation of the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia and the Law of Criminal Procedures 89 90 Both the ACPRA 89 and Human Rights First Society 90 called for his immediate unconditional release On 27 March 2011 Human Rights Watch estimated that the scale of arrests rose dramatically during the preceding two weeks up to about 160 protesters and critics being held without charge 16 In early January 2012 Saudi authorities published the names of a list of 23 people who were allegedly involved in the October 2011 Awamiyah Qatif protests calling for their arrests 151 152 Ministry of Interior spokesman Mansour al Turki alleged that the protesters were working according to a foreign agenda and were sponsored financially or supplied with weapons and were working as part of an organization 151 Shah Ali al Shokan or Shaukan from Tarout Island one of the 23 was arrested by Mabahith on 2 January 2012 153 Hussain Ali Abdullah al Baraki Mosa Ja far Mohammad al Mabyouq and two others among the 23 were also arrested on 2 January 154 The Ministry of Interior claimed that al Shokan al Baraki and al Mabyouq had turned themselves in voluntarily 154 On 10 January Aqeel al Yaseen was wounded in al Awamiyah by security forces arrested and transferred to a Mabahith facility in Dammam and forbidden family visits 155 Censorship edit In mid March 2011 Reuters chief correspondent in Saudi Arabia Ulf Laessing who had reported from Riyadh since 2009 had his journalistic accreditation withdrawn because of his reporting on the early 2011 Saudi Arabian protests effectively forcing him to leave Saudi Arabia 16 156 Execution of Nimr al Nimr edit One of the subsequent responses of the Saudi government was the arrest conviction and subsequent execution of Nimr al Nimr on 2 January 2016 157 International edit Governments edit nbsp Russia On 12 July 2012 K K Dolgov human rights representative of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed great concern about the July events in the Eastern Province He stated We expect that the authorities of the Kingdom will undertake all necessary measures to settle the situation in its eastern regions to avoid conflict including confrontation on interconfessional basis and to ensure the observance of conventional human rights including the right for freedom of expression of opinion peaceful demonstrations and freedom of associations as it is prescribed by the law 158 159 nbsp United States On 8 March 2012 the United States Department of State awarded Samar Badawi the 2012 International Women of Courage Award citing her filing of a lawsuit for women s voting rights in the September 2011 Saudi Arabian municipal elections and her encouragement of other women by the launching of an online campaign 160 Street protests edit nbsp Australia On 19 July 2012 50 people protested in front of the Saudi Arabian Embassy in Canberra against the arrests of the Bahraini uprising against the crackdown happening in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia and to support the people seeking freedom of speech seeking human rights freedom for women 161 nbsp Canada On 21 July 2012 30 people 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Post 11 August 2017 Further reading editAlrabaa Sami 2010 Veiled Atrocities True Stories of Oppression in Saudi Arabia Amherst NY Prometheus Books ISBN 978 1 61614 159 2 Al Rasheed Madawi 2007 Contesting the Saudi State Islamic Voices from a New Generation New York Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 85836 6 Hamzawy Amr 2008 The Saudi Labyrinth Is There a Political Opening In Ottaway Marina Choucair Vizoso Julia eds Beyond the Facade Political Reform in the Arab World Washington DC Carnegie Endowment for International Peace pp 187 210 ISBN 978 0 87003 239 4 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2011 2012 Saudi Arabian protests Blog discussing a Facebook page for 11 March protests by Eman Fahad al Nafjan archive 2011 02 18 Saudi Arabia s Secret Uprising on YouTube and on BBC documentary film BBC 2015 by Safa Al Ahmad Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 2011 2012 Saudi Arabian protests amp oldid 1187984388, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, 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