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Sargasso Sea

December 18, 2023

Not to be confused with Saragossa.
For other uses, see Sargasso Sea (disambiguation).

The Sargasso Sea (/sɑːrˈɡæsoʊ/) is a region of the Atlantic Ocean bounded by four currents forming an ocean gyre.[1] Unlike all other regions called seas, it has no land boundaries.[2][3][4] It is distinguished from other parts of the Atlantic Ocean by its characteristic brown Sargassum seaweed and often calm blue water.[1]

Map of the Sargasso Sea
The Sargasso Sea in the North Atlantic is bounded by the Gulf Stream on the west, the North Atlantic Current on the north, the Canary Current on the east, and the North Equatorial Current on the south.

The sea is bounded on the west by the Gulf Stream, on the north by the North Atlantic Current, on the east by the Canary Current, and on the south by the North Atlantic Equatorial Current, the four together forming a clockwise-circulating system of ocean currents termed the North Atlantic Gyre. It lies between 20° and 35° north and 40° and 70° west and is approximately 1,100 kilometres (600 nautical miles) wide by 3,200 km (1,750 nmi) long. Bermuda is near the western fringes of the sea.

While all of the above currents deposit marine plants and refuse into the sea, ocean water in the Sargasso Sea is distinctive for its deep blue color and exceptional clarity, with underwater visibility of up to 60 m (200 ft).[5] It is also a body of water that has captured the public imagination, and so is seen in a wide variety of literary and artistic works and in popular culture.[6]

History edit

The first known written account of the Sargasso Sea dates to Christopher Columbus in 1492, who wrote about seaweed that he feared would trap his ship and potentially hide shallow waters that could run them aground, as well as a lack of wind that he feared would trap them.[7]

The sea may have been known to earlier mariners, as a poem by the late fourth century author Avienius describes a portion of the Atlantic as being covered with seaweed and windless, citing a now-lost account by the fifth century BCE Carthaginian Himilco the Navigator. Columbus himself was aware of this account and thought Himilco had reached the Sargasso Sea, as did several other explorers. However, modern scholars consider this unlikely.[8] According to the cartographer Muhammad al-Idrisi, the Mugharrarūn (Arabic: المغررون, "the adventurers") sent by the Almoravid sultan Ali ibn Yusuf (1084–1143), led by his admiral Ahmad ibn Umar, reached a part of the ocean covered by seaweed,[9] identified by some as the Sargasso Sea.[10]

In 1609, the English vessel Sea Venture was blown to the shore of Bermuda. The sea has also been the site of whaling and fishing.[11]

The 1920–1922 Dana expeditions, led by Johannes Schmidt, determined that the European eel's breeding sites were in the Sargasso Sea.[12][13] The sea has played a role in a number of other pioneering research efforts, including William Beebe and Otis Barton's 1932 dive where they conducted observations of animals and radio broadcasts, John Swallow's work on the Swallow float in the late 1950s, the discovery of Prochlorococcus by a team of researchers in the 1980s, and various oceanographic data gathering programs such as those of Henry Stommel.[14]

In July 1969, British businessman and amateur sailor Donald Crowhurst disappeared after his yacht became mired in the Sargasso Sea. He had been competing in the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race, a single-handed, round-the-world yacht race when his poorly-prepared boat began to take on water. He abandoned his circumnavigation attempt, but reported false positions by radio in an attempt to give the impression that he was still participating. Eventually, Crowhurst wound up drifting in the Sargasso Sea, where he deteriorated psychologically, filling his logbooks with metaphysical speculation and delusional comments. His last entry was July 1, and his yacht was found unoccupied and drifting on July 10. It is unclear whether his death came as the result of suicide or misadventure.[15][16]

Boundaries edit

The sea is bounded on the west by the Gulf Stream, on the north by the North Atlantic Current, on the east by the Canary Current, and on the south by the North Atlantic Equatorial Current, the four together forming a clockwise-circulating system of ocean currents termed the North Atlantic Gyre.[17] It lies between 20° to 35° N and 40° and 70° W and is approximately 1,100 km (600 nmi) wide by 3,200 km (1,750 nmi) long.[18][19] Bermuda is near the western fringes of the sea.[20]

Because the Sargasso Sea is bordered by oceanic currents, its precise borders may change. The Canary Current in particular is widely variable, and often the line utilized is one west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. A 2011 report based the sea's boundaries on several variables including currents, presence of seaweed, and the topography of the ocean floor, and determined that the specific boundaries of the sea were "between 22°–38°N, 76°–43°W and centred on 30°N and 60°W" for a total of around 4,163,499 km2 (1,213,882 sq nmi).[21]

Ecology edit

 
Lines of sargassum in the Sargasso Sea

The Sargasso Sea is home to seaweed of the genus Sargassum, which floats en masse on the surface.[22] The Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt is the largest such mass in the world.[23] The sargassum masses generally are not a threat to shipping, and historic incidents of sailing ships being trapped there are due to the often calm winds of the horse latitudes.[22]

The Sargasso Sea plays a role in the migration of catadromous eel species such as the European eel, the American eel, and the American conger eel. The larvae of these species hatch within the sea, and as they grow they travel to Europe or the East Coast of North America. Later in life, the matured eel migrates back to the Sargasso Sea to spawn and lay eggs. It is also believed that after hatching, young loggerhead sea turtles use currents such as the Gulf Stream to travel to the Sargasso Sea, where they use the sargassum as cover from predators until they are mature.[24][25] The sargassum fish is a species of frogfish specially adapted to blend in among the sargassum seaweed.[26]

In the early 2000s, the Sargasso Sea was sampled as part of the Global Ocean Sampling survey, to evaluate its diversity of microbial life through metagenomics. Contrary to previous theories, results indicated the area has a wide variety of prokaryotic life.[27]

Though commonly called seaweed, Sargassum is a type of macroalgae. Like all algae, it produces oxygen. Based on 1975 measurements of oxygen production, and estimates of the total mass of Sargassum in the sea, it can be calculated that the Sargasso Sea may produce 2.2 billion Liters of O2 per hour.[28] This makes it a very important part of global ecology.

Threats edit

Pollution edit

Owing to surface currents, the Sargasso accumulates a high concentration of non-biodegradable plastic waste.[29][30] The area contains the huge North Atlantic garbage patch.[31]

Several nations and nongovernmental organizations have united to protect the Sargasso Sea.[32] These organizations include the Sargasso Sea Commission[33] established 11 March 2014 by the governments of the Azores (Portugal), Bermuda (United Kingdom), Monaco, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Bacteria that consume plastic have been found in the plastic-polluted waters of the Sargasso Sea; however, it is unknown whether these bacteria ultimately clean up poisons or simply spread them elsewhere in the marine microbial ecosystem. Plastic debris can absorb toxic chemicals from ocean pollution, potentially poisoning anything that eats it.[34]

Others edit

Human activity in the Sargasso Sea has negatively impacted it, such as over-fishing and shipping.[35]

Depictions in popular culture edit

The Sargasso Sea is often portrayed in literature and the media as an area of mystery.[6] It is often depicted in fiction as a dangerous area where ships are mired in weed for centuries, unable to escape.[36]

Literature edit

Ezra Pound's Portrait d'une Femme opens with the line: "Your mind and you are our Sargasso Sea", suggesting that the woman addressed in the poem is a repository of trivia and disconnected facts.[37]

The Sargasso Sea features in classic fantasy stories by William Hope Hodgson, such as his novel The Boats of the "Glen Carrig" (1907), Victor Appleton's Don Sturdy novel Don Sturdy in the Port of Lost Ships: Or, Adrift in the Sargasso Sea, and several related short stories.[38] Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas describes the Sargasso Sea and gives an account of its formation.[39] Thomas Allibone Janvier's 1898 novel is titled In the Sargasso Sea.[40]

Wide Sargasso Sea (1966) by Jean Rhys is a rewriting of Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre from Bertha Mason's point of view.[41][42]

Music edit

References edit

Notes

  1. ^ a b Stow, Dorrik A.V. (2004). Encyclopedia of the Oceans. Oxford University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0198606871. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  2. ^ NGS Staff (27 September 2011). "Sea". nationalgeographic.org. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 27 June 2017. ...a sea is a division of the ocean that is enclosed or partly enclosed by land...
  3. ^ Karleskint, George (2009). Introduction to Marine Biology. Boston: Cengage Learning. p. 47. ISBN 978-0495561972. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  4. ^ "What's the Difference between an Ocean and a Sea?". Ocean Facts. Silver Spring MD: National Ocean Service (NOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 25 March 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2017 – via OceanService.NOAA.gov.
  5. ^ "Sargasso Sea". World Book. 1958. Vol. 15. Field Enterprises Educational Corp.
  6. ^ a b Heller, Ruth (2000). A Sea Within a Sea: Secrets of the Sargasso. Price Stern Sloan. ISBN 978-0448424170.
  7. ^ Sargasso Sea Alliance 2011, p. 10.
  8. ^ Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (2012). Dictionary of African Biography. OUP. p. 70. ISBN 978-0195382075.
  9. ^ الإدريسي, أبي عبد الله محمد بن محمد/الشريف (2020). نزهة المشتاق في اختراق الآفاق (in Arabic). Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. ISBN 978-2745165633.
  10. ^ Fromherz, Allen James, '‘The Near West’', p. 133. 2016, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1474426404
  11. ^ Sargasso Sea Alliance 2011, p. 11.
  12. ^ "Where Do Eels Come From?". The New Yorker. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  13. ^ Benson, Keith Rodney; Benson, Keith R.; Rehbock, Philip F. (2002). Oceanographic History: The Pacific and Beyond. University of Washington Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0295982397.
  14. ^ Sargasso Sea Alliance 2011, p. 28.
  15. ^ McCrum, Robert (4 April 2009). "Deep water". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  16. ^ Proudfoot, Shannon (2016). "Inside Donald Crowhurst's heartbreaking round-the-world hoax". Sportsnet. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  17. ^ "Ocean Gyre". National Geographic. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  18. ^ "Sargasso Sea". oceanfdn.org. The Ocean Foundation. 14 September 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  19. ^ Weatheritt, Les (2000). Your First Atlantic Crossing: A Planning Guide for Passagemakers (4th ed.). London: Adlard Coles Nautical. ISBN 978-1408188088. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  20. ^ Webster, George (31 May 2011). "Mysterious waters: from the Bermuda Triangle to the Devil's Sea". CNN. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  21. ^ Sargasso Sea Alliance 2011, p. 7.
  22. ^ a b "Sargasso". Straight Dope. August 2002.
  23. ^ Wang, Mengqiu; Hu, Chuanmin; Barnes, Brian B.; Mitchum, Gary; Lapointe, Brian; Montoya, Joseph P. (5 July 2019). "The great Atlantic Sargassum belt". Science. 365 (6448): 83–87. doi:10.1126/science.aaw7912. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 31273122.
  24. ^ "Turtles return home after UK stay". BBC News. 30 June 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
  25. ^ "Satellites track turtle 'lost years'". BBC News. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  26. ^ . National Geographic Society. 15 May 2019. Archived from the original on 19 May 2019.
  27. ^ Venter, JC; Remington, K; Heidelberg, JF; et al. (April 2004). "Environmental genome shotgun sequencing of the Sargasso Sea". Science. 304 (5667): 66–74. Bibcode:2004Sci...304...66V. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.124.1840. doi:10.1126/science.1093857. PMID 15001713. S2CID 1454587.
  28. ^ Blake, Norman J.; Johnson, David L. (August 1976). "Oxygen production-consumption of the pelagic Sargassum community in a flow-through system with arsenic additions". Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts. 23 (8): 773–778. doi:10.1016/S0011-7471(76)80020-4.
  29. ^ . Greenpeace. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2008.
  30. ^ "The trash vortex (2014)". Greenpeace.
  31. ^ Wilson, Stiv J. (16 June 2010). "Atlantic Garbage Patch". HuffPost. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  32. ^ Shaw, David (27 May 2014). "Protecting the Sargasso Sea". Science & Diplomacy. 3 (2).
  33. ^ "Sargasso Sea Commission". sargassoalliance.org. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  34. ^ Gwyneth Dickey Zaikab (March 2011). "Marine microbes digest plastic". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2011.191.
  35. ^ Sargasso Sea Alliance 2011, p. 33.
  36. ^ Ryther, John H. (1956). "The Sargasso Sea". Scientific American. 194 (1): 98–108. Bibcode:1956SciAm.194a..98R. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0156-98. ISSN 0036-8733. JSTOR 24943833.
  37. ^ Roberts, Brian Russell; Stephens, Michelle Ann (2017). Archipelagic American Studies. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822373209.
  38. ^ Hodgeson, William Hope (2011). The Collected Fiction of William Hope Hodgson: Boats of Glen Carrig & Other Nautical Adventures. New York: Night Shade Books. ISBN 978-1892389398.
  39. ^ Verne, Jules (1870). 20,000 Leagues Under the Seas. Translated by Butcher, William (2001 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0192828392.
  40. ^ The Literary World: A Monthly Review of Current Literature. S. R. Crocker. 1898. p. 243.
  41. ^ Jolley, Susan Arpajian (2005). "Teaching "Wide Sargasso Sea" in New Jersey". The English Journal. 94 (3): 61–66. doi:10.2307/30046421. ISSN 0013-8274. JSTOR 30046421.
  42. ^ Gilchrist, Jennifer (2012). "Women, Slavery, and the Problem of Freedom in Wide Sargasso Sea". Twentieth Century Literature. 58 (3): 462–494. doi:10.1215/0041462X-2012-4003. ISSN 0041-462X. JSTOR 24246943.
  43. ^ Nastos, M. G. Allmusic Review accessed September 6, 2011
  44. ^ Tony, Caro and John. "Sargasso Sea". AllMusic. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  45. ^ Taeko Ohnuki. "Sargasso Sea". AllMusic. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  46. ^ "Pram – Sargasso Sea". AllMusic. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  47. ^ Modest Mouse – Dashboard (Official Music Video). YouTube
  48. ^ "Carving Desert Canyons". Discogs. Retrieved 1 October 2023.

Bibliography

  • The Protection and Management of the Sargasso Sea (PDF). Sargasso Sea Alliance. 2011. ISBN 978-0984752003. (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2016.

External links edit

 
Look up Sargasso Sea in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

28°N 66°W / 28°N 66°W / 28; -66

December 18, 2023
sargasso, confused, with, saragossa, other, uses, disambiguation, ɑːr, region, atlantic, ocean, bounded, four, currents, forming, ocean, gyre, unlike, other, regions, called, seas, land, boundaries, distinguished, from, other, parts, atlantic, ocean, character. Not to be confused with Saragossa For other uses see Sargasso Sea disambiguation The Sargasso Sea s ɑːr ˈ ɡ ae s oʊ is a region of the Atlantic Ocean bounded by four currents forming an ocean gyre 1 Unlike all other regions called seas it has no land boundaries 2 3 4 It is distinguished from other parts of the Atlantic Ocean by its characteristic brown Sargassum seaweed and often calm blue water 1 Map of the Sargasso SeaThe Sargasso Sea in the North Atlantic is bounded by the Gulf Stream on the west the North Atlantic Current on the north the Canary Current on the east and the North Equatorial Current on the south The sea is bounded on the west by the Gulf Stream on the north by the North Atlantic Current on the east by the Canary Current and on the south by the North Atlantic Equatorial Current the four together forming a clockwise circulating system of ocean currents termed the North Atlantic Gyre It lies between 20 and 35 north and 40 and 70 west and is approximately 1 100 kilometres 600 nautical miles wide by 3 200 km 1 750 nmi long Bermuda is near the western fringes of the sea While all of the above currents deposit marine plants and refuse into the sea ocean water in the Sargasso Sea is distinctive for its deep blue color and exceptional clarity with underwater visibility of up to 60 m 200 ft 5 It is also a body of water that has captured the public imagination and so is seen in a wide variety of literary and artistic works and in popular culture 6 Contents 1 History 2 Boundaries 3 Ecology 4 Threats 4 1 Pollution 4 2 Others 5 Depictions in popular culture 5 1 Literature 5 2 Music 6 References 7 External linksHistory editThe first known written account of the Sargasso Sea dates to Christopher Columbus in 1492 who wrote about seaweed that he feared would trap his ship and potentially hide shallow waters that could run them aground as well as a lack of wind that he feared would trap them 7 The sea may have been known to earlier mariners as a poem by the late fourth century author Avienius describes a portion of the Atlantic as being covered with seaweed and windless citing a now lost account by the fifth century BCE Carthaginian Himilco the Navigator Columbus himself was aware of this account and thought Himilco had reached the Sargasso Sea as did several other explorers However modern scholars consider this unlikely 8 According to the cartographer Muhammad al Idrisi the Mugharrarun Arabic المغررون the adventurers sent by the Almoravid sultan Ali ibn Yusuf 1084 1143 led by his admiral Ahmad ibn Umar reached a part of the ocean covered by seaweed 9 identified by some as the Sargasso Sea 10 In 1609 the English vessel Sea Venture was blown to the shore of Bermuda The sea has also been the site of whaling and fishing 11 The 1920 1922 Dana expeditions led by Johannes Schmidt determined that the European eel s breeding sites were in the Sargasso Sea 12 13 The sea has played a role in a number of other pioneering research efforts including William Beebe and Otis Barton s 1932 dive where they conducted observations of animals and radio broadcasts John Swallow s work on the Swallow float in the late 1950s the discovery of Prochlorococcus by a team of researchers in the 1980s and various oceanographic data gathering programs such as those of Henry Stommel 14 In July 1969 British businessman and amateur sailor Donald Crowhurst disappeared after his yacht became mired in the Sargasso Sea He had been competing in the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race a single handed round the world yacht race when his poorly prepared boat began to take on water He abandoned his circumnavigation attempt but reported false positions by radio in an attempt to give the impression that he was still participating Eventually Crowhurst wound up drifting in the Sargasso Sea where he deteriorated psychologically filling his logbooks with metaphysical speculation and delusional comments His last entry was July 1 and his yacht was found unoccupied and drifting on July 10 It is unclear whether his death came as the result of suicide or misadventure 15 16 Boundaries editThe sea is bounded on the west by the Gulf Stream on the north by the North Atlantic Current on the east by the Canary Current and on the south by the North Atlantic Equatorial Current the four together forming a clockwise circulating system of ocean currents termed the North Atlantic Gyre 17 It lies between 20 to 35 N and 40 and 70 W and is approximately 1 100 km 600 nmi wide by 3 200 km 1 750 nmi long 18 19 Bermuda is near the western fringes of the sea 20 Because the Sargasso Sea is bordered by oceanic currents its precise borders may change The Canary Current in particular is widely variable and often the line utilized is one west of the Mid Atlantic Ridge A 2011 report based the sea s boundaries on several variables including currents presence of seaweed and the topography of the ocean floor and determined that the specific boundaries of the sea were between 22 38 N 76 43 W and centred on 30 N and 60 W for a total of around 4 163 499 km2 1 213 882 sq nmi 21 Ecology edit nbsp Lines of sargassum in the Sargasso SeaThe Sargasso Sea is home to seaweed of the genus Sargassum which floats en masse on the surface 22 The Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt is the largest such mass in the world 23 The sargassum masses generally are not a threat to shipping and historic incidents of sailing ships being trapped there are due to the often calm winds of the horse latitudes 22 The Sargasso Sea plays a role in the migration of catadromous eel species such as the European eel the American eel and the American conger eel The larvae of these species hatch within the sea and as they grow they travel to Europe or the East Coast of North America Later in life the matured eel migrates back to the Sargasso Sea to spawn and lay eggs It is also believed that after hatching young loggerhead sea turtles use currents such as the Gulf Stream to travel to the Sargasso Sea where they use the sargassum as cover from predators until they are mature 24 25 The sargassum fish is a species of frogfish specially adapted to blend in among the sargassum seaweed 26 In the early 2000s the Sargasso Sea was sampled as part of the Global Ocean Sampling survey to evaluate its diversity of microbial life through metagenomics Contrary to previous theories results indicated the area has a wide variety of prokaryotic life 27 Though commonly called seaweed Sargassum is a type of macroalgae Like all algae it produces oxygen Based on 1975 measurements of oxygen production and estimates of the total mass of Sargassum in the sea it can be calculated that the Sargasso Sea may produce 2 2 billion Liters of O2 per hour 28 This makes it a very important part of global ecology Threats editPollution edit Owing to surface currents the Sargasso accumulates a high concentration of non biodegradable plastic waste 29 30 The area contains the huge North Atlantic garbage patch 31 Several nations and nongovernmental organizations have united to protect the Sargasso Sea 32 These organizations include the Sargasso Sea Commission 33 established 11 March 2014 by the governments of the Azores Portugal Bermuda United Kingdom Monaco the United Kingdom and the United States Bacteria that consume plastic have been found in the plastic polluted waters of the Sargasso Sea however it is unknown whether these bacteria ultimately clean up poisons or simply spread them elsewhere in the marine microbial ecosystem Plastic debris can absorb toxic chemicals from ocean pollution potentially poisoning anything that eats it 34 Others edit Human activity in the Sargasso Sea has negatively impacted it such as over fishing and shipping 35 Depictions in popular culture editThe Sargasso Sea is often portrayed in literature and the media as an area of mystery 6 It is often depicted in fiction as a dangerous area where ships are mired in weed for centuries unable to escape 36 Literature edit Ezra Pound s Portrait d une Femme opens with the line Your mind and you are our Sargasso Sea suggesting that the woman addressed in the poem is a repository of trivia and disconnected facts 37 The Sargasso Sea features in classic fantasy stories by William Hope Hodgson such as his novel The Boats of the Glen Carrig 1907 Victor Appleton s Don Sturdy novel Don Sturdy in the Port of Lost Ships Or Adrift in the Sargasso Sea and several related short stories 38 Jules Verne s Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas describes the Sargasso Sea and gives an account of its formation 39 Thomas Allibone Janvier s 1898 novel is titled In the Sargasso Sea 40 Wide Sargasso Sea 1966 by Jean Rhys is a rewriting of Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre from Bertha Mason s point of view 41 42 Music edit Guitarists John Abercrombie and Ralph Towner released an album titled Sargasso Sea in 1976 43 Sargasso Sea is the title of the sixth track of the 1972 album All on the First Day by Tony Caro and John 44 The ninth song in Taeko Onuki s 1977 album Sunshower is titled Sargasso Sea 45 Pram s third album is titled Sargasso Sea 46 The video for the 2007 song Dashboard by Modest Mouse features the Sargasso Sea on a map and as the purported scene of events depicted in the video 47 The second song on American instrumental progressive rock band Scale the Summit s 2009 album Carving Desert Canyons is entitled Sargasso Sea 48 References editNotes a b Stow Dorrik A V 2004 Encyclopedia of the Oceans Oxford University Press p 90 ISBN 978 0198606871 Retrieved 27 June 2017 NGS Staff 27 September 2011 Sea nationalgeographic org National Geographic Society Retrieved 27 June 2017 a sea is a division of the ocean that is enclosed or partly enclosed by land Karleskint George 2009 Introduction to Marine Biology Boston Cengage Learning p 47 ISBN 978 0495561972 Retrieved 7 January 2017 What s the Difference between an Ocean and a Sea Ocean Facts Silver Spring MD National Ocean Service NOS National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA 25 March 2014 Retrieved 7 January 2017 via OceanService NOAA gov Sargasso Sea World Book 1958 Vol 15 Field Enterprises Educational Corp a b Heller Ruth 2000 A Sea Within a Sea Secrets of the Sargasso Price Stern Sloan ISBN 978 0448424170 Sargasso Sea Alliance 2011 p 10 Akyeampong Emmanuel Kwaku Gates Henry Louis Jr 2012 Dictionary of African Biography OUP p 70 ISBN 978 0195382075 الإدريسي أبي عبد الله محمد بن محمد الشريف 2020 نزهة المشتاق في اختراق الآفاق in Arabic Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية ISBN 978 2745165633 Fromherz Allen James The Near West p 133 2016 Edinburgh University Press ISBN 978 1474426404 Sargasso Sea Alliance 2011 p 11 Where Do Eels Come From The New Yorker 14 May 2020 Retrieved 2 October 2021 Benson Keith Rodney Benson Keith R Rehbock Philip F 2002 Oceanographic History The Pacific and Beyond University of Washington Press p 196 ISBN 978 0295982397 Sargasso Sea Alliance 2011 p 28 McCrum Robert 4 April 2009 Deep water The Guardian Retrieved 30 September 2021 Proudfoot Shannon 2016 Inside Donald Crowhurst s heartbreaking round the world hoax Sportsnet Retrieved 30 September 2021 Ocean Gyre National Geographic Retrieved 24 June 2022 Sargasso Sea oceanfdn org The Ocean Foundation 14 September 2015 Retrieved 27 June 2017 Weatheritt Les 2000 Your First Atlantic Crossing A Planning Guide for Passagemakers 4th ed London Adlard Coles Nautical ISBN 978 1408188088 Retrieved 27 June 2017 Webster George 31 May 2011 Mysterious waters from the Bermuda Triangle to the Devil s Sea CNN Retrieved 27 June 2017 Sargasso Sea Alliance 2011 p 7 a b Sargasso Straight Dope August 2002 Wang Mengqiu Hu Chuanmin Barnes Brian B Mitchum Gary Lapointe Brian Montoya Joseph P 5 July 2019 The great Atlantic Sargassum belt Science 365 6448 83 87 doi 10 1126 science aaw7912 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 31273122 Turtles return home after UK stay BBC News 30 June 2008 Retrieved 23 May 2010 Satellites track turtle lost years BBC News 5 March 2014 Retrieved 5 March 2014 In the Sargasso Sea life depends on floating sargassum seaweed National Geographic Society 15 May 2019 Archived from the original on 19 May 2019 Venter JC Remington K Heidelberg JF et al April 2004 Environmental genome shotgun sequencing of the Sargasso Sea Science 304 5667 66 74 Bibcode 2004Sci 304 66V CiteSeerX 10 1 1 124 1840 doi 10 1126 science 1093857 PMID 15001713 S2CID 1454587 Blake Norman J Johnson David L August 1976 Oxygen production consumption of the pelagic Sargassum community in a flow through system with arsenic additions Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts 23 8 773 778 doi 10 1016 S0011 7471 76 80020 4 The Trash Vortex 2008 Greenpeace Archived from the original on 11 January 2009 Retrieved 20 April 2008 The trash vortex 2014 Greenpeace Wilson Stiv J 16 June 2010 Atlantic Garbage Patch HuffPost Retrieved 27 June 2017 Shaw David 27 May 2014 Protecting the Sargasso Sea Science amp Diplomacy 3 2 Sargasso Sea Commission sargassoalliance org Retrieved 7 January 2017 Gwyneth Dickey Zaikab March 2011 Marine microbes digest plastic Nature doi 10 1038 news 2011 191 Sargasso Sea Alliance 2011 p 33 Ryther John H 1956 The Sargasso Sea Scientific American 194 1 98 108 Bibcode 1956SciAm 194a 98R doi 10 1038 scientificamerican0156 98 ISSN 0036 8733 JSTOR 24943833 Roberts Brian Russell Stephens Michelle Ann 2017 Archipelagic American Studies Duke University Press ISBN 978 0822373209 Hodgeson William Hope 2011 The Collected Fiction of William Hope Hodgson Boats of Glen Carrig amp Other Nautical Adventures New York Night Shade Books ISBN 978 1892389398 Verne Jules 1870 20 000 Leagues Under the Seas Translated by Butcher William 2001 ed Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0192828392 The Literary World A Monthly Review of Current Literature S R Crocker 1898 p 243 Jolley Susan Arpajian 2005 Teaching Wide Sargasso Sea in New Jersey The English Journal 94 3 61 66 doi 10 2307 30046421 ISSN 0013 8274 JSTOR 30046421 Gilchrist Jennifer 2012 Women Slavery and the Problem of Freedom in Wide Sargasso Sea Twentieth Century Literature 58 3 462 494 doi 10 1215 0041462X 2012 4003 ISSN 0041 462X JSTOR 24246943 Nastos M G Allmusic Review accessed September 6 2011 Tony Caro and John Sargasso Sea AllMusic Retrieved 5 November 2021 Taeko Ohnuki Sargasso Sea AllMusic Retrieved 19 August 2022 Pram Sargasso Sea AllMusic Retrieved 5 November 2021 Modest Mouse Dashboard Official Music Video YouTube Carving Desert Canyons Discogs Retrieved 1 October 2023 Bibliography The Protection and Management of the Sargasso Sea PDF Sargasso Sea Alliance 2011 ISBN 978 0984752003 Archived PDF from the original on 21 July 2016 External links edit nbsp Look up Sargasso Sea in Wiktionary the free dictionary nbsp Environment portal nbsp Oceans portal Sargasso Sea Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 24 11th ed 1911 Sargasso Sea Alliance Dunning Brian 16 December 2008 Skeptoid 132 The Sargasso Sea and the Pacific Garbage Patch Skeptoid Photos of organisms living in the Sargasso Sea 28 N 66 W 28 N 66 W 28 66 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sargasso Sea amp oldid 1190311226, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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