Sapindus mukorossi, commonly known as Indian soapberry, washnut, ritha[2][3][4][5] or Chinese soapberry,[1] is a species of tree in the family Sapindaceae. It is a deciduous tree that grows in the lower foothills and midhills of the Himalayas at altitudes of up to 1,200 metres (4,000 ft).[6][7] It is also native to western coastal Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Goa in India; as well as southern China,[8] and Taiwan as known by its many indigenous peoples.[9] It is tolerant to reasonably poor soil, can be planted around farmers’ homes,[10] and one tree can produce 30 to 35 kilograms (66 to 77 lb) of fruit per year.[11]
Fruits of Sapindus mukorossiFruits of the washnut tree
The value of the tree mostly comes from its fruit, which can be used for many pharmacological and cleansing purposes.[3]
Cleanser/insecticideEdit
The soapnut contains the compound of saponin, which has natural cleansing properties, and therefore the soapnut can be used as a cleanser for hair, skin, and clothing.[6] These saponins are also useful as insecticides, for purposes such as removing head lice off the scalp.[3]
SurfactantEdit
Methods of extracting the maximum amount of oil from existing oil reserves has become a scientific focus in a world that has become dependent on fossil fuels. Researchers have found that the Ritha fruit can be used in an enhanced oil recovery technique.[12] More specifically, Chhetri, Watts, Rahman, and Islam (2009) found that extracts from the soapnut can be used as an organic surfactant to increase the mobility of oil from the fields. In addition, researchers have demonstrated the potential for the soapnut to be used as a natural surfactant for washing arsenic from soils that are rich in iron.[13]
Antimicrobial agentEdit
Due to its saponin content, soapnuts extract may exhibit antibacterial activity.[14][15] In addition, Grzywaczyk et al. (2023) found that saponins from soapnuts can support the effects of the antibiotics nitrofurantoin or furazolidone against several Pseudomonas bacteria.[16]
ReferencesEdit
^ abPlummer, J. (2021). "Sapindus mukorossi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T169299323A169300329. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T169299323A169300329.en. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
^USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Sapindus mukorossi". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
^ abcUpadhyay, A. & Singh, D. K. (2012). "Pharmacological effects of Sapindus mukorossi". Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo. 54 (5): 273–280. doi:10.1590/s0036-46652012000500007. PMID 22983291.
^ abSharma, A.; Sati, S. C.; Sati, O.; Sati, D. M.; Kothiyal, S. K. (2011). "Chemical constituents and bio activities of genus Sapindus" (PDF). International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy. 2 (2): 403–409.
^Sarin, J. L.; Beri, M. L. (1939). "Extraction of saponin from soapnut". Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 31 (6): 712–713. doi:10.1021/ie50354a012.
^Sun, C.; Wang, J.; Duan, J.; Zhao, G.; Weng, X.; Jia, L. Association of Fruit and Seed Traits of Sapindus mukorossi Germplasm with Environmental Factors in Southern China. Forests2017, 8, 491. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8120491
^Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (2010). "*daqu₂: soapberry - Sapindus mukrossi, S. saponaria". Austronesian Comparative Dictionary. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
^Poudel, K. L. (2011). Trade potentiality and ecological analysis of NTFPs in Himalayan Kingdom of Nepal. Himalayan Research Papers Archives, 61 . Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1928/3300
^Chhetri, A. B.; Watts, K. C.; Rahman, M. S.; Islam, M. R. (2009). "Soapnut extract as a natural surfactant for enhanced oil recovery". Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects. 31 (20): 1893–1903. doi:10.1080/15567030802462622. S2CID 95498375.
^Mukhopadhyay, S.; Hashim, M. A.; Sahu, J. N.; Yusoff, I; Gupta, B. S. (2013). "Comparison of a plant based natural surfactant with SDS for washing of As(V) from Fe rich soil" (PDF). Journal of Environmental Sciences. 25 (11): 2247–2256. doi:10.1016/s1001-0742(12)60295-2. PMID 24552053.
^Wei, Min-ping; Yu, Hang; Guo, Ya-hui; Cheng, Yu-liang; Xie, Yun-fei; Yao, Wei-rong (2021). "Antibacterial activity of Sapindus saponins against microorganisms related to food hygiene and the synergistic action mode of Sapindoside A and B against Micrococcus luteus in vitro". Food Control. 130: 108337. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108337.
^Ibrahim, Mohammed (2006). "Antimicrobial activity of Sapindus mukorossi and Rheum emodi extracts against H pylori : In vitro and in vivo studies". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 12 (44): 7136–7142. doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i44.7136. ISSN 1007-9327. PMC4087774. PMID 17131475.
^Grzywaczyk, Adam; Smułek, Wojciech; Olejnik, Anna; Guzik, Urszula; Nowak, Agnieszka; Kaczorek, Ewa (2023). "Co-interaction of nitrofuran antibiotics and the saponin-rich extract on gram-negative bacteria and colon epithelial cells". World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 39 (8): 221. doi:10.1007/s11274-023-03669-2. ISSN 0959-3993. PMC10241687. PMID 37273071.
Media related to Sapindus mukorossi at Wikimedia Commons
October 27, 2023
sapindus, mukorossi, genre, arabic, literature, rithā, commonly, known, indian, soapberry, washnut, ritha, chinese, soapberry, species, tree, family, sapindaceae, deciduous, tree, that, grows, lower, foothills, midhills, himalayas, altitudes, metres, also, nat. For the genre of Arabic literature see Ritha Sapindus mukorossi commonly known as Indian soapberry washnut ritha 2 3 4 5 or Chinese soapberry 1 is a species of tree in the family Sapindaceae It is a deciduous tree that grows in the lower foothills and midhills of the Himalayas at altitudes of up to 1 200 metres 4 000 ft 6 7 It is also native to western coastal Karnataka Maharashtra and Goa in India as well as southern China 8 and Taiwan as known by its many indigenous peoples 9 It is tolerant to reasonably poor soil can be planted around farmers homes 10 and one tree can produce 30 to 35 kilograms 66 to 77 lb of fruit per year 11 Sapindus mukorossiConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder SapindalesFamily SapindaceaeGenus SapindusSpecies S mukorossiBinomial nameSapindus mukorossiGaertn Contents 1 Uses 1 1 Cleanser insecticide 1 2 Surfactant 1 3 Antimicrobial agent 2 ReferencesUses Edit nbsp Fruits of Sapindus mukorossi nbsp Fruits of the washnut treeThe value of the tree mostly comes from its fruit which can be used for many pharmacological and cleansing purposes 3 Cleanser insecticide Edit The soapnut contains the compound of saponin which has natural cleansing properties and therefore the soapnut can be used as a cleanser for hair skin and clothing 6 These saponins are also useful as insecticides for purposes such as removing head lice off the scalp 3 Surfactant Edit Methods of extracting the maximum amount of oil from existing oil reserves has become a scientific focus in a world that has become dependent on fossil fuels Researchers have found that the Ritha fruit can be used in an enhanced oil recovery technique 12 More specifically Chhetri Watts Rahman and Islam 2009 found that extracts from the soapnut can be used as an organic surfactant to increase the mobility of oil from the fields In addition researchers have demonstrated the potential for the soapnut to be used as a natural surfactant for washing arsenic from soils that are rich in iron 13 Antimicrobial agent Edit Due to its saponin content soapnuts extract may exhibit antibacterial activity 14 15 In addition Grzywaczyk et al 2023 found that saponins from soapnuts can support the effects of the antibiotics nitrofurantoin or furazolidone against several Pseudomonas bacteria 16 References Edit a b Plummer J 2021 Sapindus mukorossi IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021 e T169299323A169300329 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2021 2 RLTS T169299323A169300329 en Retrieved 5 August 2023 USDA NRCS n d Sapindus mukorossi The PLANTS Database plants usda gov Greensboro North Carolina National Plant Data Team Retrieved 5 November 2015 a b c Upadhyay A amp Singh D K 2012 Pharmacological effects of Sapindus mukorossi Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo 54 5 273 280 doi 10 1590 s0036 46652012000500007 PMID 22983291 Orwa C A Mutua K R amp Jamnadasss R S A 2009 Agroforestree Database a tree reference and selection guide version 4 0 Retrieved from http www worldagroforestry org treedb AFTPDFS Sapindus mukorossi pdf Sapindus mukorossi Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 14 December 2014 a b Sharma A Sati S C Sati O Sati D M Kothiyal S K 2011 Chemical constituents and bio activities of genus Sapindus PDF International Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy 2 2 403 409 Sarin J L Beri M L 1939 Extraction of saponin from soapnut Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 31 6 712 713 doi 10 1021 ie50354a012 Sun C Wang J Duan J Zhao G Weng X Jia L Association of Fruit and Seed Traits of Sapindus mukorossi Germplasm with Environmental Factors in Southern China Forests 2017 8 491 https doi org 10 3390 f8120491 Blust Robert Trussel Stephen 2010 daqu soapberry Sapindus mukrossi S saponaria Austronesian Comparative Dictionary Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Retrieved 8 November 2022 Forestry Nepal 2014 Sapindus mukorossi Retrieved from http www forestrynepal org resources trees sapindus mukorossi Poudel K L 2011 Trade potentiality and ecological analysis of NTFPs in Himalayan Kingdom of Nepal Himalayan Research Papers Archives 61 Retrieved from http hdl handle net 1928 3300 Chhetri A B Watts K C Rahman M S Islam M R 2009 Soapnut extract as a natural surfactant for enhanced oil recovery Energy Sources Part A Recovery Utilization and Environmental Effects 31 20 1893 1903 doi 10 1080 15567030802462622 S2CID 95498375 Mukhopadhyay S Hashim M A Sahu J N Yusoff I Gupta B S 2013 Comparison of a plant based natural surfactant with SDS for washing of As V from Fe rich soil PDF Journal of Environmental Sciences 25 11 2247 2256 doi 10 1016 s1001 0742 12 60295 2 PMID 24552053 Wei Min ping Yu Hang Guo Ya hui Cheng Yu liang Xie Yun fei Yao Wei rong 2021 Antibacterial activity of Sapindus saponins against microorganisms related to food hygiene and the synergistic action mode of Sapindoside A and B against Micrococcus luteus in vitro Food Control 130 108337 doi 10 1016 j foodcont 2021 108337 Ibrahim Mohammed 2006 Antimicrobial activity of Sapindus mukorossi and Rheum emodi extracts against H pylori In vitro and in vivo studies World Journal of Gastroenterology 12 44 7136 7142 doi 10 3748 wjg v12 i44 7136 ISSN 1007 9327 PMC 4087774 PMID 17131475 Grzywaczyk Adam Smulek Wojciech Olejnik Anna Guzik Urszula Nowak Agnieszka Kaczorek Ewa 2023 Co interaction of nitrofuran antibiotics and the saponin rich extract on gram negative bacteria and colon epithelial cells World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 39 8 221 doi 10 1007 s11274 023 03669 2 ISSN 0959 3993 PMC 10241687 PMID 37273071 nbsp Media related to Sapindus mukorossi at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sapindus mukorossi amp oldid 1174172382, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
