"Sandflea" redirects here. Sandflea may also refer to members of the family Talitridae.
Sandfly (or sand fly) is a colloquial name for any species or genus of flying, biting, blood-suckingdipteran (fly) encountered in sandy areas. In the United States, sandfly may refer to certain horse flies that are also known as "greenheads" (family Tabanidae), or to members of the family Ceratopogonidae. The bites usually result in a small, intensely itchy bump or welt, the strength of which intensifies over a period of 5-7 days before dissipating. Moderate relief is achieved with varying success through the application of over the counter products such as Benadryl (ingested) or an analgesic cream such as After Bite (applied topically). Outside the United States, sandfly may refer to members of the subfamily Phlebotominae within the Psychodidae. Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) are sometimes called sandflies or no-see-ums (no-see-em, noseeum). New Zealand sandflies are in the genus Austrosimulium, a type of black fly.[1]
In the various sorts of sandfly only the female is responsible for biting and sucking the blood of mammals, reptiles and birds; the protein in the blood is necessary for the production of eggs, making the sandfly an anautogenous reproducer.
Some sandfly genera of the subfamily Phlebotominae are the primary vectors of leishmaniasis and pappataci fever; both diseases are confusingly referred to as sandfly fever. In Asia, Africa, and Europe, leishmaniasis is spread by sand flies of the genus Phlebotomus; in the Americas, the disease is spread by sandflies of the genus Lutzomyia. Belize and Honduras are notorious in the Caribbean for their sandfly populations and travel pages frequently warn tourists to bring bug spray containing high concentrations of DEET.
Among the viruses that sandflies can carry is the Chandipura virus, which, as a cousin of rabies, is very deadly.[2] There was an outbreak in India in 2010.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis, a disease transmitted by sandflies, in North Africa; Leishmania infantum = green, Leishmania major = blue, Leishmania tropica = red[3]
Leishmaniasis, a disease caused by several species of the genus Leishmania, is transmitted by various sandflies.[3]
Bartonella bacilliformis, the causal agent of Carrion's disease, is transmitted by different members of the genus Lutzomyia. This disease is restricted to Andean areas of Peru and Ecuador, with historical reports in Southern Colombia.[4]
Prevention
Over-the-counter repellents with high concentrations of DEET or picaridin are proven to work; however effectiveness seems to differ among individuals with some people reporting better results with one product over another while other people finding neither product effective for them. This may be partially due to various species living in different areas.
A particular extract of lemon eucalyptus oil (not the essential oil) has now been shown to be as effective as DEET in various studies.[5][6]
Most information on repellents focuses on mosquitoes, but mosquito repellents are effective for sandflies and midges as well.[7]
Cultural views
New Zealand sandflies (which are taxonomically blackflies—Simulidae) have a native Māori legend wherein "the god Tu-te-raki-whanoa had just finished creating the landscape of Fiordland, it was absolutely stunning... so stunning that it stopped people from working. They just stood around gazing at the beauty instead. The goddess Hine-nui-te-pō became angry at these unproductive people, so she created the sandfly to bite them and get them moving".[8]
These sand flies were able, according to another Māori legend, to revive the dead hero Ha-tupatu.[9]
^Sandflies and mosquitoes – Sandflies: New Zealand’s blackflies. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand (2009-03-01). Retrieved on 2011-06-15.
^Fontenille, D.; Traore-Lamizana, M.; Trouillet, J.; Leclerc, A.; Mondo, M.; Ba, Y.; Digoutte, J. P.; Zeller H. G. (May 1994). "First Isolations of Arboviruses from Phlebotomine Sand Flies in West Africa". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 50 (5): 570–574. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1994.50.570. PMID 8203705.
^ abAoun, K.; Bouratbine, A. (2014). "Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in North Africa: a review". Parasite. 21: 14. doi:10.1051/parasite/2014014. PMC3952656. PMID 24626301.
^Gomes, Cláudia; Ruiz, Joaquim (2018). "Carrion's disease. The sound of silence". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 31: e00056-17. doi:10.1128/CMR.00056-17.
^Trigg, JK (1996). "Evaluation of a eucalyptus-based repellent against Culicoides impunctatus (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae) in Scotland". Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 12 (2 Pt 1): 329–30. PMID 8827615.
^Carroll, SP; Loye, J (2006). "Field test of a lemon eucalyptus repellent against Leptoconops biting midges". Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 22 (3): 483–5. doi:10.2987/8756-971X(2006)22[483:FTOALE]2.0.CO;2. PMID 17067050.
^Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: CDC: West Nile Virus – Updated Insect Repellent. Cdc.gov, USA (2009-10-13). Retrieved on 2011-06-15.
^Sandflies – New Zealand – IgoUgo – stomps. IgoUgo (2008-06-04). Retrieved on 2011-06-15.
^Ha-tupatu and the sand flies. Maori.org.nz. Retrieved on 2011-06-15.
External links
Infectious skin disease found in Texas September 15, 2007 Breaking News – Sandfly may carry parasites that will cause infectious skin disease called leishmaniasis.
Biting midges and no-see-ums --University of Florida
January 07, 2023
sandfly, other, uses, disambiguation, sandflea, redirects, here, sandflea, also, refer, members, family, talitridae, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsource. For other uses see Sandfly disambiguation Sandflea redirects here Sandflea may also refer to members of the family Talitridae This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Sandfly news newspapers books scholar JSTOR June 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message Sandfly or sand fly is a colloquial name for any species or genus of flying biting blood sucking dipteran fly encountered in sandy areas In the United States sandfly may refer to certain horse flies that are also known as greenheads family Tabanidae or to members of the family Ceratopogonidae The bites usually result in a small intensely itchy bump or welt the strength of which intensifies over a period of 5 7 days before dissipating Moderate relief is achieved with varying success through the application of over the counter products such as Benadryl ingested or an analgesic cream such as After Bite applied topically Outside the United States sandfly may refer to members of the subfamily Phlebotominae within the Psychodidae Biting midges Ceratopogonidae are sometimes called sandflies or no see ums no see em noseeum New Zealand sandflies are in the genus Austrosimulium a type of black fly 1 In the various sorts of sandfly only the female is responsible for biting and sucking the blood of mammals reptiles and birds the protein in the blood is necessary for the production of eggs making the sandfly an anautogenous reproducer Some sandfly genera of the subfamily Phlebotominae are the primary vectors of leishmaniasis and pappataci fever both diseases are confusingly referred to as sandfly fever In Asia Africa and Europe leishmaniasis is spread by sand flies of the genus Phlebotomus in the Americas the disease is spread by sandflies of the genus Lutzomyia Belize and Honduras are notorious in the Caribbean for their sandfly populations and travel pages frequently warn tourists to bring bug spray containing high concentrations of DEET New Zealand sandfly biting a human s thumb Contents 1 Viruses 2 Protozoa 3 Bacteria 4 Prevention 5 Cultural views 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksViruses EditAmong the viruses that sandflies can carry is the Chandipura virus which as a cousin of rabies is very deadly 2 There was an outbreak in India in 2010 Protozoa EditSee also Leishmaniasis Cutaneous leishmaniasis a disease transmitted by sandflies in North Africa Leishmania infantum green Leishmania major blue Leishmania tropica red 3 Leishmaniasis a disease caused by several species of the genus Leishmania is transmitted by various sandflies 3 Leishmania donovani causes spiking fevers hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia It can be diagnosed through microscopic review by visualizing amastigotes in containing macrophages and is treatable with sodium stibogluconate Bacteria EditBartonella bacilliformis the causal agent of Carrion s disease is transmitted by different members of the genus Lutzomyia This disease is restricted to Andean areas of Peru and Ecuador with historical reports in Southern Colombia 4 Prevention EditOver the counter repellents with high concentrations of DEET or picaridin are proven to work however effectiveness seems to differ among individuals with some people reporting better results with one product over another while other people finding neither product effective for them This may be partially due to various species living in different areas A particular extract of lemon eucalyptus oil not the essential oil has now been shown to be as effective as DEET in various studies 5 6 Most information on repellents focuses on mosquitoes but mosquito repellents are effective for sandflies and midges as well 7 Cultural views EditNew Zealand sandflies which are taxonomically blackflies Simulidae have a native Maori legend wherein the god Tu te raki whanoa had just finished creating the landscape of Fiordland it was absolutely stunning so stunning that it stopped people from working They just stood around gazing at the beauty instead The goddess Hine nui te pō became angry at these unproductive people so she created the sandfly to bite them and get them moving 8 These sand flies were able according to another Maori legend to revive the dead hero Ha tupatu 9 Indonesian sandfly bites on leg Sandfly bite A swarm of sandflies at Georges River National Park Australia See also EditPrevention of sand fly borne diseasesReferences Edit Sandflies and mosquitoes Sandflies New Zealand s blackflies Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 2009 03 01 Retrieved on 2011 06 15 Fontenille D Traore Lamizana M Trouillet J Leclerc A Mondo M Ba Y Digoutte J P Zeller H G May 1994 First Isolations of Arboviruses from Phlebotomine Sand Flies in West Africa American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 50 5 570 574 doi 10 4269 ajtmh 1994 50 570 PMID 8203705 a b Aoun K Bouratbine A 2014 Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in North Africa a review Parasite 21 14 doi 10 1051 parasite 2014014 PMC 3952656 PMID 24626301 Gomes Claudia Ruiz Joaquim 2018 Carrion s disease The sound of silence Clinical Microbiology Reviews 31 e00056 17 doi 10 1128 CMR 00056 17 Trigg JK 1996 Evaluation of a eucalyptus based repellent against Culicoides impunctatus Diptera Ceratopogonidae in Scotland Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 12 2 Pt 1 329 30 PMID 8827615 Carroll SP Loye J 2006 Field test of a lemon eucalyptus repellent against Leptoconops biting midges Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 22 3 483 5 doi 10 2987 8756 971X 2006 22 483 FTOALE 2 0 CO 2 PMID 17067050 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC West Nile Virus Updated Insect Repellent Cdc gov USA 2009 10 13 Retrieved on 2011 06 15 Sandflies New Zealand IgoUgo stomps IgoUgo 2008 06 04 Retrieved on 2011 06 15 Ha tupatu and the sand flies Maori org nz Retrieved on 2011 06 15 External links EditSand Flies Beaufort County Library via Internet Archive Infectious skin disease found in Texas September 15 2007 Breaking News Sandfly may carry parasites that will cause infectious skin disease called leishmaniasis Biting midges and no see ums University of Florida Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sandfly amp oldid 1124121627, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
