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Samuel Hydroelectric Dam

April 13, 2024

The Samuel Hydroelectric Dam (Portuguese: Usina Hidrelétrica Samuel) is a 216 MW hydroelectric dam near Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil. The project was controversial since it had a major environmental impact and during operations released more greenhouse gases than a comparable oil-fuelled plant.

Samuel Hydroelectric Dam
Satellite image. Deforestation (light colour fishbone patterns) is clearly visible
Location of Samuel Hydroelectric Dam in Brazil
Official nameUsina Hidrelétrica Samuel
CountryBrazil
LocationRondônia
Coordinates8°45′06″S 63°27′17″W / 8.751663°S 63.454669°W / -8.751663; -63.454669
PurposeHydroelectric power generation
StatusActive
Construction beganApril 1982
Opening date24 July 1989
Owner(s)Eletrobras Eletronorte
Reservoir
Active capacity3,200,000,000 cubic metres (1.1×1011 cu ft)
Surface area560 square kilometres (220 sq mi)
Maximum length40 kilometres (25 mi)
Maximum width20 kilometres (12 mi)
Normal elevation97 metres (318 ft)
Power Station
Operator(s)Eletrobras Eletronorte
Installed capacity216 MW
Capacity factor85 MW assured output

Reservoir edit

The Samuel dam impounds the Jamari River, a right tributary of the Madeira River. It is about 50 kilometres (31 mi) from Porto Velho.[1] The Jamari River originates in the Pacaás Novos Mountains to the south at an altitude of about 500 metres (1,600 ft).[2] The catchment area is just 15,280 square kilometres (5,900 sq mi), or 24 times the area of the reservoir. The river delivers an annual flow of 366 cubic metres (12,900 cu ft) per second.[3]

The dam contains a volume of 3,200,000,000 cubic metres (1.1×1011 cu ft) and covers 560 square kilometres (220 sq mi) at normal maximum level of 97 metres (318 ft) above sea level. The main reservoir is 25 kilometres (16 mi) long by 15 to 20 kilometres (9.3 to 12.4 mi) wide, and extends further to the south for another 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) with a width of 3 to 1 kilometre (1.86 to 0.62 mi). Since the terrain is relatively flat, 57 kilometres (35 mi) of dikes were built along the right and left banks to hold the water.[4]

Construction edit

Construction began towards the end of a period of military dictatorship, during the abertura transition to democracy. The governor of the federal territory of Rondônia was the army colonel Jorge Teixeira.[5] Teixerira was a strong promoter of development in Rondônia. The hydroelectric project was linked to the 1982 POLONOROESTE project funded by the World Bank that rebuilt and paved the BR-364 highway and opened Rondônia to a flood of migrants from the state of Paraná. The road project caused a surge of deforestation and had a large impact on the indigenous people. In 1987 the World Bank President, Barber Conable, called the road project "a sobering example of an environmentally sound effort which went wrong."[6]

Construction started in April 1982.[1] 238 farming families were relocated.[3] A 1981 World Bank report noted that a large amount of fine timber would have to be removed. This could easily be done using the nearby paved road from Ariquemes to Porto Velho, then via Manaus and Santarém to the overseas markets. The report recommended that the IBDF take an inventory and develop a marketing strategy as soon as possible.[7] The first of five turbines was installed on 24 July 1989 and the last on 2 August 1996.[8] The installed capacity is 216 MW. Cost excluding transmission was US$965 million.[5] With an area / capacity ratio of 2.59 km2/MW the dam compares poorly to most other hydroelectric power plants in the Amazon Region other than Curuá-Una at 2.60 and Balbina at 9.44.[9]

Operations edit

By 1990, a year after starting operation, the power station provided 36% of Rondônia's electricity. This had risen to 58% by 1996. The number of households in the state with electricity rose from 40,419 in 1983 to 132,157 in 1990.[10] The Samuel power plant was initially designed to supply the cities of Guajará-Mirim, Ariquemes, Ji-Paraná, Pimenta Bueno, Vilhena, Abunã and the capital, Porto Velho.[11] On 20 November 2002 Rio Branco, the capital of Acre, was connected to the plant.[12]

In 2009 the Samuel plant delivered 910,889 MWh to the Acre-Rondônia grid, a monthly average of 103.98 MW. The assured output of the plant is about 85 MW, but the higher amount was made possible by unusually high rainfall and availability of all five generating units.[12] As of 2016 electricity was being delivered from the plant to 90% of the municipalities of Rondônia. Eletrobras Eletronorte also operates the 90 MW Rio Madeira thermal power plant. When independent producers are included Eletrobras Eletronorte has a total installed capacity of 403 MW.[11]

In September 2015 the 11th Annual Fishing Tournament was held on the reservoir, attended by fishermen from Rondônia, Acre and Mato Grosso states. More than R$30,000 in prizes were awarded.[13] On 18 March 2016 a large group of protesters blocked the BR-364 highway in Candeias do Jamari. They were demanding a meeting with the state government and city council to address compensation that had not yet been paid to families affected by the Samuel hydroelectric plant.[14]

Environmental impact edit

Efforts were made to save land animals when the reservoir started filling.[4] The value of the well-publicized $US30 million rescue operation was questionable, since relatively small numbers of the total animal population were rescued. These were released at the lake edge where they caused critical overpopulation.[15] To compensate for the loss of forest by flooding the 56,000 hectares (140,000 acres) reservoir Eletronorte created the 21,000 hectares (52,000 acres) Samuel Ecological Station to the east of the reservoir's embankment about 26 kilometres (16 mi) from the dam.[16][17] On 29 December 1997 the station's limits were extended to an area of 71,061 hectares (175,600 acres).[18] The Ecological Station covers a large part of the reservoir, and extends to the east.[19]

Almost all of the reservoir area was covered in tropical forest before the dam was built.[3] Although not required by law, Eletronorte conducted a series of environmental studies, but these were later criticized for lack of depth and objectivity.[20] It has been noted that the region was undergoing rapid deforestation when the dam was built, so the area now covered by the dam would probably otherwise be covered by degraded cattle pasture, as is the case in neighbouring areas.[8] However, an exception to the Brazilian law prohibiting export of logs was created for Samuel, and this caused a boom in illegal logging throughout the western Amazon basin.[3] Satellite images from 1984 and 2011 show a dramatic expansion of deforestation in the areas to the north, west and south of the dam.[21]

The dam emits more greenhouse gas than an oil-fuelled power plant with the same capacity would emit. In 1990 the reservoir emitted 11.6 times more greenhouse gases than an oil-burning plant would have given off making the same amount of energy. This has since declined to a stable level of 2.6 times higher than the fossil fuel alternative.[22]

The reservoir methylated mercury present in the soil, contaminating fish.[3] Fish populations were studied before and after the dam was built. They showed a drop in diversity, but an increase in the populations of species that included Cichla sp. (tucunare), Schizodon fasciatus (aracu comum), Hypophthalmus marginatus (mapará) and Serrasalmus rhombeus (piranha preta). The reservoir is now used intensively for fishing, which in the past had been confined to the mouth of the river, causing concerns about sustainability.[1]

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b c Santos 1995.
  2. ^ Lemos de Sá 1995, p. 9–11.
  3. ^ a b c d e Fearnside 2005, p. 1.
  4. ^ a b Lemos de Sá 1995, p. 11.
  5. ^ a b Fearnside 2005, p. 4.
  6. ^ Fearnside 2005, p. 6.
  7. ^ Projects Department 1981, p. 107.
  8. ^ a b Fearnside 2005, p. 8.
  9. ^ Laubenbacher Sampaio 2013, p. 11.
  10. ^ Browder & Godfrey 1997, p. 327.
  11. ^ a b Rondônia – Eletrobras Eletronorte.
  12. ^ a b Usina Hidrelétrica Samuel registrou maior recorde .. 2010.
  13. ^ Torneio de Pesca Amadora ...
  14. ^ Atingidos por usina hidrelétrica de Samuel ...
  15. ^ Lemos de Sá 1995, p. 15.
  16. ^ Silvius, Bodmer & Fragoso 2012, p. 241.
  17. ^ Eletrobras Eletronorte.
  18. ^ Samuel Estação Ecológica – ISA.
  19. ^ Robson Damasceno 2015.
  20. ^ Fearnside 2005, p. 5.
  21. ^ Vinter 2012.
  22. ^ Fearnside 2004, p. 1.

Sources edit

  • "Atingidos por usina hidrelétrica de Samuel fecham BR-364 em Rondônia", Giro Central (in Portuguese), 18 March 2016, retrieved 2016-05-15
  • Browder, John O.; Godfrey, Brian J. (1997), Rainforest Cities: Urbanization, Development, and Globalization of the Brazilian Amazon, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-10655-9, retrieved 2016-05-15
  • Eletrobras Eletronorte, , Unidade de Conservação (in Portuguese), archived from the original on 2016-06-13, retrieved 2016-05-15
  • Fearnside, Philip M. (January 2005), "Brazil's Samuel Dam: lessons for hydroelectric development policy and the environment in Amazonia.", Environ Manage, 35 (1), National Institute for Research in the Amazon: 1–19, doi:10.1007/s00267-004-0100-3, PMID 15984060, S2CID 25498848, retrieved 2016-05-15
  • Fearnside, Philip M. (22 March 2004), A HIDRELÉTRICA DE SAMUEL: LIÇÕES PARA AS POLÍTICAS DE DESENVOLVIMENTO ENERGÉTICO E AMBIENTAL NA AMAZÔNIA, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), retrieved 2016-05-15
  • Laubenbacher Sampaio, Lilian (24–25 April 2013), The gathered best practices (lato-sensu) regarding the installation of large hydropower enterprises in the Amazon rainforest region (PDF), Tolyatti, retrieved 2016-05-15{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Lemos de Sá, Rosa Maria (1995), Effects of the Samuel Hydroelectric Dam on mammal and bird communities in a heterogeneous Amazonian lowland forest, Gainesville, FL.: University of Florida, George A. Smathers Libraries, retrieved 2016-05-15
  • Projects Department (30 October 1981), Report No. 3512b-BR, World Bank, retrieved 2016-05-15
  • Robson Damasceno (29 July 2015), , Rondonia Secretaria de Estado do Desenvolvimento Ambiental, archived from the original on 17 June 2016, retrieved 2016-05-15
  • Rondônia (in Portuguese), Eletrobras Eletronorte, retrieved 2016-05-15
  • Samuel Estação Ecológica (in Portuguese), ISA: Instituto Socioambiental, retrieved 2016-05-14
  • Santos, Geraldo Mendes dos (1995), "Impacts of the Samuel Hydroelectric Dam on the Fish Communities of the Jamari River, in Rondônia, Brazil", Acta Amazonica, 25 (3–4), Manaus, ISSN 1809-4392, retrieved 2016-05-15
  • Silvius, Kirsten M.; Bodmer, Richard E.; Fragoso, Jos M. V. (2012-05-29), People in Nature: Wildlife Conservation in South and Central America, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-50208-5, retrieved 2016-05-15
  • "Torneio de Pesca Amadora no Lago da Usina Hidrelétrica Samuel chega a sua 11ª Edição", O Melhor de Rondônia (in Portuguese), 26 September 2015, retrieved 2016-05-15
  • "Usina Hidrelétrica Samuel registrou maior recorde de geração de energia em 2009", Rondoniaovivo.com, 26 January 2010, retrieved 2016-05-15

April 13, 2024
samuel, hydroelectric, portuguese, usina, hidrelétrica, samuel, hydroelectric, near, porto, velho, rondônia, brazil, project, controversial, since, major, environmental, impact, during, operations, released, more, greenhouse, gases, than, comparable, fuelled, . The Samuel Hydroelectric Dam Portuguese Usina Hidreletrica Samuel is a 216 MW hydroelectric dam near Porto Velho Rondonia Brazil The project was controversial since it had a major environmental impact and during operations released more greenhouse gases than a comparable oil fuelled plant Samuel Hydroelectric DamSatellite image Deforestation light colour fishbone patterns is clearly visibleLocation of Samuel Hydroelectric Dam in BrazilOfficial nameUsina Hidreletrica SamuelCountryBrazilLocationRondoniaCoordinates8 45 06 S 63 27 17 W 8 751663 S 63 454669 W 8 751663 63 454669PurposeHydroelectric power generationStatusActiveConstruction beganApril 1982Opening date24 July 1989Owner s Eletrobras EletronorteReservoirActive capacity3 200 000 000 cubic metres 1 1 1011 cu ft Surface area560 square kilometres 220 sq mi Maximum length40 kilometres 25 mi Maximum width20 kilometres 12 mi Normal elevation97 metres 318 ft Power StationOperator s Eletrobras EletronorteInstalled capacity216 MWCapacity factor85 MW assured output Contents 1 Reservoir 2 Construction 3 Operations 4 Environmental impact 5 Notes 6 SourcesReservoir editThe Samuel dam impounds the Jamari River a right tributary of the Madeira River It is about 50 kilometres 31 mi from Porto Velho 1 The Jamari River originates in the Pacaas Novos Mountains to the south at an altitude of about 500 metres 1 600 ft 2 The catchment area is just 15 280 square kilometres 5 900 sq mi or 24 times the area of the reservoir The river delivers an annual flow of 366 cubic metres 12 900 cu ft per second 3 The dam contains a volume of 3 200 000 000 cubic metres 1 1 1011 cu ft and covers 560 square kilometres 220 sq mi at normal maximum level of 97 metres 318 ft above sea level The main reservoir is 25 kilometres 16 mi long by 15 to 20 kilometres 9 3 to 12 4 mi wide and extends further to the south for another 15 kilometres 9 3 mi with a width of 3 to 1 kilometre 1 86 to 0 62 mi Since the terrain is relatively flat 57 kilometres 35 mi of dikes were built along the right and left banks to hold the water 4 Construction editConstruction began towards the end of a period of military dictatorship during the abertura transition to democracy The governor of the federal territory of Rondonia was the army colonel Jorge Teixeira 5 Teixerira was a strong promoter of development in Rondonia The hydroelectric project was linked to the 1982 POLONOROESTE project funded by the World Bank that rebuilt and paved the BR 364 highway and opened Rondonia to a flood of migrants from the state of Parana The road project caused a surge of deforestation and had a large impact on the indigenous people In 1987 the World Bank President Barber Conable called the road project a sobering example of an environmentally sound effort which went wrong 6 Construction started in April 1982 1 238 farming families were relocated 3 A 1981 World Bank report noted that a large amount of fine timber would have to be removed This could easily be done using the nearby paved road from Ariquemes to Porto Velho then via Manaus and Santarem to the overseas markets The report recommended that the IBDF take an inventory and develop a marketing strategy as soon as possible 7 The first of five turbines was installed on 24 July 1989 and the last on 2 August 1996 8 The installed capacity is 216 MW Cost excluding transmission was US 965 million 5 With an area capacity ratio of 2 59 km2 MW the dam compares poorly to most other hydroelectric power plants in the Amazon Region other than Curua Una at 2 60 and Balbina at 9 44 9 Operations editBy 1990 a year after starting operation the power station provided 36 of Rondonia s electricity This had risen to 58 by 1996 The number of households in the state with electricity rose from 40 419 in 1983 to 132 157 in 1990 10 The Samuel power plant was initially designed to supply the cities of Guajara Mirim Ariquemes Ji Parana Pimenta Bueno Vilhena Abuna and the capital Porto Velho 11 On 20 November 2002 Rio Branco the capital of Acre was connected to the plant 12 In 2009 the Samuel plant delivered 910 889 MWh to the Acre Rondonia grid a monthly average of 103 98 MW The assured output of the plant is about 85 MW but the higher amount was made possible by unusually high rainfall and availability of all five generating units 12 As of 2016 electricity was being delivered from the plant to 90 of the municipalities of Rondonia Eletrobras Eletronorte also operates the 90 MW Rio Madeira thermal power plant When independent producers are included Eletrobras Eletronorte has a total installed capacity of 403 MW 11 In September 2015 the 11th Annual Fishing Tournament was held on the reservoir attended by fishermen from Rondonia Acre and Mato Grosso states More than R 30 000 in prizes were awarded 13 On 18 March 2016 a large group of protesters blocked the BR 364 highway in Candeias do Jamari They were demanding a meeting with the state government and city council to address compensation that had not yet been paid to families affected by the Samuel hydroelectric plant 14 Environmental impact editEfforts were made to save land animals when the reservoir started filling 4 The value of the well publicized US30 million rescue operation was questionable since relatively small numbers of the total animal population were rescued These were released at the lake edge where they caused critical overpopulation 15 To compensate for the loss of forest by flooding the 56 000 hectares 140 000 acres reservoir Eletronorte created the 21 000 hectares 52 000 acres Samuel Ecological Station to the east of the reservoir s embankment about 26 kilometres 16 mi from the dam 16 17 On 29 December 1997 the station s limits were extended to an area of 71 061 hectares 175 600 acres 18 The Ecological Station covers a large part of the reservoir and extends to the east 19 Almost all of the reservoir area was covered in tropical forest before the dam was built 3 Although not required by law Eletronorte conducted a series of environmental studies but these were later criticized for lack of depth and objectivity 20 It has been noted that the region was undergoing rapid deforestation when the dam was built so the area now covered by the dam would probably otherwise be covered by degraded cattle pasture as is the case in neighbouring areas 8 However an exception to the Brazilian law prohibiting export of logs was created for Samuel and this caused a boom in illegal logging throughout the western Amazon basin 3 Satellite images from 1984 and 2011 show a dramatic expansion of deforestation in the areas to the north west and south of the dam 21 The dam emits more greenhouse gas than an oil fuelled power plant with the same capacity would emit In 1990 the reservoir emitted 11 6 times more greenhouse gases than an oil burning plant would have given off making the same amount of energy This has since declined to a stable level of 2 6 times higher than the fossil fuel alternative 22 The reservoir methylated mercury present in the soil contaminating fish 3 Fish populations were studied before and after the dam was built They showed a drop in diversity but an increase in the populations of species that included Cichla sp tucunare Schizodon fasciatus aracu comum Hypophthalmus marginatus mapara and Serrasalmus rhombeus piranha preta The reservoir is now used intensively for fishing which in the past had been confined to the mouth of the river causing concerns about sustainability 1 Notes edit a b c Santos 1995 Lemos de Sa 1995 p 9 11 a b c d e Fearnside 2005 p 1 a b Lemos de Sa 1995 p 11 a b Fearnside 2005 p 4 Fearnside 2005 p 6 Projects Department 1981 p 107 a b Fearnside 2005 p 8 Laubenbacher Sampaio 2013 p 11 Browder amp Godfrey 1997 p 327 a b Rondonia Eletrobras Eletronorte a b Usina Hidreletrica Samuel registrou maior recorde 2010 Torneio de Pesca Amadora Atingidos por usina hidreletrica de Samuel Lemos de Sa 1995 p 15 Silvius Bodmer amp Fragoso 2012 p 241 Eletrobras Eletronorte Samuel Estacao Ecologica ISA Robson Damasceno 2015 Fearnside 2005 p 5 Vinter 2012 sfn error no target CITEREFVinter2012 help Fearnside 2004 p 1 Sources edit Atingidos por usina hidreletrica de Samuel fecham BR 364 em Rondonia Giro Central in Portuguese 18 March 2016 retrieved 2016 05 15 Browder John O Godfrey Brian J 1997 Rainforest Cities Urbanization Development and Globalization of the Brazilian Amazon Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 10655 9 retrieved 2016 05 15 Eletrobras Eletronorte Estacao Ecologica de Samuel Unidade de Conservacao in Portuguese archived from the original on 2016 06 13 retrieved 2016 05 15 Fearnside Philip M January 2005 Brazil s Samuel Dam lessons for hydroelectric development policy and the environment in Amazonia Environ Manage 35 1 National Institute for Research in the Amazon 1 19 doi 10 1007 s00267 004 0100 3 PMID 15984060 S2CID 25498848 retrieved 2016 05 15 Fearnside Philip M 22 March 2004 A HIDRELETRICA DE SAMUEL LICOES PARA AS POLITICAS DE DESENVOLVIMENTO ENERGETICO E AMBIENTAL NA AMAZONIA Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia INPA retrieved 2016 05 15 Laubenbacher Sampaio Lilian 24 25 April 2013 The gathered best practices lato sensu regarding the installation of large hydropower enterprises in the Amazon rainforest region PDF Tolyatti retrieved 2016 05 15 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Lemos de Sa Rosa Maria 1995 Effects of the Samuel Hydroelectric Dam on mammal and bird communities in a heterogeneous Amazonian lowland forest Gainesville FL University of Florida George A Smathers Libraries retrieved 2016 05 15 Projects Department 30 October 1981 Report No 3512b BR World Bank retrieved 2016 05 15 Robson Damasceno 29 July 2015 ESTACAO ECOLoGICA SAMUEL REUNIAO DEBATE CRIACAO DO CONSELHO Rondonia Secretaria de Estado do Desenvolvimento Ambiental archived from the original on 17 June 2016 retrieved 2016 05 15 Rondonia in Portuguese Eletrobras Eletronorte retrieved 2016 05 15 Samuel Estacao Ecologica in Portuguese ISA Instituto Socioambiental retrieved 2016 05 14 Santos Geraldo Mendes dos 1995 Impacts of the Samuel Hydroelectric Dam on the Fish Communities of the Jamari River in Rondonia Brazil Acta Amazonica 25 3 4 Manaus ISSN 1809 4392 retrieved 2016 05 15 Silvius Kirsten M Bodmer Richard E Fragoso Jos M V 2012 05 29 People in Nature Wildlife Conservation in South and Central America Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 50208 5 retrieved 2016 05 15 Torneio de Pesca Amadora no Lago da Usina Hidreletrica Samuel chega a sua 11ª Edicao O Melhor de Rondonia in Portuguese 26 September 2015 retrieved 2016 05 15 Usina Hidreletrica Samuel registrou maior recorde de geracao de energia em 2009 Rondoniaovivo com 26 January 2010 retrieved 2016 05 15 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Samuel Hydroelectric Dam amp oldid 1181509901, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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