Sadiman volcano
Saidman volcano, also known as Sadiman or Satiman (Mlima Sadiman, in Swahili), is 2,879-meter-high stratovolcano located in Ngorongoro District of Arusha Region in Tanzania. The volcano is located in the geographic area known as the Crater Highlands and is a volcano that last erupted in the Pleistocene.[1] The age of Sadiman volcano is unknown, with one source claiming a Pleistocene age and another claiming a K-Ar age of 4.5 million. Sadiman lava clasts have been discovered in layers dating back 1.7 to 2.0 million years. This volcano is part of the Serengeti-Ngorongoro UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in partnership with the Ngorongoro Conservation Area.[2]
| Sadiman | |
|---|---|
| Mlima Sadiman (Swahili) | |
4 is Sadiman | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,879 m (9,446 ft) |
| Coordinates | 3°11′37.68″S 35°24′46.8″E / 3.1938000°S 35.413000°E |
| Geography | |
| Country | Tanzania |
| Region | Arusha Region |
| District | Ngorongoro District |
| Geology | |
| Mountain type | Stratovolcano |
| Volcanic region | Crater Highlands |
| Last eruption | Pleistocene |
| Climbing | |
| Access | Ngorongoro Conservation Area |
Overview edit
Sadiman is a densely forested, poorly exposed volcano with only a few known outcrops. Satiman is part of Neogene-Quaternary volcanic complex in northern Tanzania that is part of the Crater Highlands area. Sadiman is a heavily eroded high stratovolcano with a peak elevation of 2870 meters above sea level and a rise of 400–500 meters over the Malanja depression. It is situated between the towns of Lemagarut, Oldeani, and Ngorongoro. The volcano is well known for producing the Laetoli Footprint Tuff, whose 3.66 Ma Australopithecus afarensis footprints were found in 1976. However, it has recently been suggested that the Sadiman volcano's known geological, mineralogical, and geochemical data do not currently support this concept. Sadiman is also thought to be a source of the Wembere-Manonga sediments (Manonga Valley), which are located around 170 kilometers southwest of Laetoli.[3][4]
Geology edit
Sadiman volcano is located in northern Tanzania's Crater Highlands, near to the western escarpment of the Gregory rift, which is part of the East African Rift system's eastern branch. It is made up of interlayered phonolitic tuffs, tuff breccias (containing nephelinite blocks), and nephelinitic lava flows. Rare xenoliths of phonolite lava and ijolite were discovered in nephelinite lavas, with ijolite blocks found in phonolitic tuffs.[5]
The nephelinites are classified into three types based on petrography, mineralogy, and geochemistry: strongly porphyritic nephelinite, wollastonite nephelinite, and phonolitic nephelinite, the latter of which is the major variation at Sadiman.Oldoinyo Lengai and other sites have similar rock types and relatively oxidizing environments, all of which are intimately connected with carbonatites. [6]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "Smithsonian, Sadiman overview". Retrieved 2023-03-26.
- ^ Dawson J B, 1992. Neogene tectonics and volcanicity in the North Tanzania sector of the Gregory Rift Valley: contrasts with the Kenya sector. Tectonophysics, 204: 81-92.
- ^ Zaitsev, A., Marks, M., Wenzel, T., Spratt, J., Sharygin, V., Strekopytov, S., & Markl, G. (2012). Mineralogy, geochemistry and petrology of the phonolitic to nephelinitic Sadiman volcano, Crater Highlands, Tanzania. Lithos, 152, 66-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2012.03.001
- ^ Hay, Richard L., and Mary D. Leakey. “The Fossil Footprints of Laetoli.” Scientific American, vol. 246, no. 2, 1982, pp. 50–57. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24966522. Accessed 26 Mar. 2023.
- ^ Zaitsev, A., Marks, M., Wenzel, T., Spratt, J., Sharygin, V., Strekopytov, S., & Markl, G. (2012). Mineralogy, geochemistry and petrology of the phonolitic to nephelinitic Sadiman volcano, Crater Highlands, Tanzania. Lithos, 152, 66-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2012.03.001
- ^ Zaitsev, A., Marks, M., Wenzel, T., Spratt, J., Sharygin, V., Strekopytov, S., & Markl, G. (2012). Mineralogy, geochemistry and petrology of the phonolitic to nephelinitic Sadiman volcano, Crater Highlands, Tanzania. Lithos, 152, 66-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2012.03.001