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SS Devonian (1900)

January 01, 1970

For other ships with the same name, see SS Cretic.

SS Devonian was a British cargo liner that was launched in Ireland in 1900. She was designed to carry a large number of cattle or other livestock, and a smaller number of passengers. When she was built she had a small amount of refrigerated space in her holds. This was increased twice in her career. She spent her whole career with Frederick Leyland & Co, mostly on a scheduled route between Liverpool and Boston.

Devonian in the Mersey Estuary
History
United Kingdom
NameDevonian
OwnerF Leyland & Co
Port of registryLiverpool
RouteLiverpool – Boston
BuilderHarland & Wolff, Belfast
Laid down331
Launched28 April 1900
Completed6 September 1900
Maiden voyage15 September 1900
Identification
Fatesunk by torpedo, 1917
General characteristics
Typecargo liner
Tonnage10,418 GRT, 6,823 NRT
Length552.5 ft (168.4 m)
Beam59.3 ft (18.1 m)
Depth36.8 ft (11.2 m)
Decks3
Installed power847 NHP or 5,500 ihp
Propulsion
Sail planfour-masted schooner
Speed14 knots (26 km/h)
Capacity
  • as built:
  • 125 passengers
  • 900 head of cattle
  • refrigerated cargo:
  • 1901: 8,640 cubic feet (245 m3)
  • 1903: 34,400 cubic feet (974 m3)
  • 1914: 53,330 cubic feet (1,510 m3)
Crew
  • 1906: 82
  • 1917: 60
Armament1916: 1 × 4-inch (100 mm) gun
Notessister ship: Winifredian

Devonian survived two fires in Boston. In 1907 her cattle feed caught fire, some of her cargo was destroyed, but she avoided serious damage. In 1908 part of East Boston caught fire, including warehouses where she was docked, but she avoided damage by being warped away from the quayside.

Devonian took part in three North Atlantic rescues. In 1910 she rescued 16 survivors from the British cargo ship West Point, which had burned and sunk. In 1913 she rescued 59 survivors from the emigrant ship Volturno, which caught fire in a storm. Also in 1913, she towed to safety the French cargo ship Mexico, which had lost its propeller.

In the First World War Devonian brought thousands of horses from Boston to Liverpool for the British Army. A U-boat sank her in 1917 off the north coast of Ireland.

Building edit

In 1899 and 1900 Harland & Wolff (H&W) in Belfast launched a pair of cargo liners for Frederick Leyland & Co. Yard number 324 was launched on 11 March 1899 as Winifredian, and completed on 8 July.[1] Yard number 331 was launched on 28 April 1900 as Devonian,[2][3] and completed on 6 September.[4] They were similar to Armenian, Victorian and Cestrian, which H&W had launched for Leyland in 1895, but 40 ft (12 m) longer, and with a more powerful engine.[5]

Devonian's registered length was 552.5 ft (168.4 m), her beam was 59.3 ft (18.1 m), and her depth was 35.0 ft (10.7 m).[6] She had eight cargo hatches,[7] and could carry 900 head of cattle[8] and 125 passengers.[9] She was a one-class ship, offering second-class accommodation only. As built, 8,640 cubic feet (245 m3) of her cargo space was refrigerated.[10] Her tonnages were 10,405 GRT and 6,816 NRT.[6]

She had a single screw, driven by a three-cylinder triple-expansion engine that was rated at 847 NHP[6] or 5,500 ihp, and gave her a speed of 14 knots (26 km/h).[7] She had two double-ended and two single-ended boilers, with a total of 18 corrugated furnaces. The furnaces' total grate area was 329 square feet (31 m2) and her boilers' total heating surface area was 13,368 square feet (1,242 m2). Her boilers' working pressure was 200 psi.[6] She also had four masts, and could be rigged as a schooner.

Leyland registered Devonian at Liverpool. Her United Kingdom official number was 113399 and her code letters were RTVD.[11] On 15 September 1900 Devonian left Liverpool on her maiden voyage, which was to Boston.[7]

More refrigerated capacity edit

By July 1903 her refrigerated cargo capacity had been increased to 34,400 cubic feet (974 m3).[12] By that November the cargo holds of Devonian and several other Leyland ships had been fitted with an electric fan ventilation system to keep them cool enough to carry cargoes such as apples.[13] As well as serving Boston, in 1903 Devonian made two calls at Portland, Maine.[14] On the first, she left Portland for Liverpool on 26 September.[15] On the second, she was due to reach Portland on 25 October and leave for Liverpool on 31 October.[16] Leyland's main aim was to attract seasonal freight, but the company also advertised passenger fares at $65 for the September sailing,[17] and $50 for the October sailing.[18]

Aground at Scitaute edit

On 5 February 1906 Devonian left Liverpool with a cargo of about 2,000 tons of machinery and Egyptian cotton. She carried crew of 82, and four passengers. In a heavy snowstorm on the night of 14–15 February her crew were unable to see Minot's Ledge Light. She overshot the mouth of Boston Harbor by about 4 or 5 nautical miles (7 or 9 km), ran into a bank of fog, and at 01:00 or 01:30 hrs grounded on a rock ledge about 500 feet (150 m) from the shore between Second and Third Cliff at Scituate, Massachusetts. Her Master, Captain Ridley, had the watertight doors closed in her bulkheads; her lifeboats swung out on their davits ready for launching; and a Coston flare fired.[19][20]

 
USRC Gresham

The Massachusetts Humane Society life-saving station on Third Cliff acknowledged her flare and sent its lifeboat out to the ship. But Devonian showed no sign of breaking up, and the passengers and crew chose to remain aboard. Devonian had grounded at almost high tide, so no attempt to refloat her could be made for several hours. The tugs Confidence, Juno, and Pallas were sent from Boston, but were unable to get close enough to assist. The cutter USRC Gresham arrived shortly after 12:00 hrs, but was not able to get close enough either.[19]

The tug Patience, registered in Philadelphia, and owned by the Tice Towing Co of New York, succeeded in getting a line aboard Devonian. At 15:32 hrs the ship, aided by Patience, refloated herself, and at about 18:00 hrs reached Boston's quarantine station under her own power. She was expected to dock in Boston at 08:00 hrs the next morning.[20] On 17 February Patience's owner, Walter J Tice of Hackensack, New Jersey, filed a libel at the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts in Boston against Devonian for her salvage.[21] Tice did not mention a sum, but Patience's Captain suggested it should be about $20,000.[22]

Two fires in Boston edit

On 11 March 1907 Devonian was at the White Star Line docks in Charlestown, Boston, when fire broke out on the steerage deck in her number 4 hold. It started in six car-loads of baled hay that she had loaded to use as cattle fodder for her voyage to Liverpool. The fire destroyed the hay, and ruined 20,000 bushels of corn. A fire hose burst on deck, and the water damaged machinery and Egyptian cotton from Liverpool that Devonian was unloading. One firefighter was injured when the hose burst, and a Fire Department lieutenant was overcome by smoke. The total damage to cargo was estimated at $50,000. However, the ship was expected to leave Boston on schedule in 14 March.[23][24][25]

On 8 July 1908 Devonian was in port in East Boston, and part-way through loading her cargo at the Leyland Line pier, when fire broke out on one of the Boston and Albany Railroad's piers nearby. It started in a warehouse whose contents included wool, Egyptian cotton, grease, and oil. Fanned by a northerly wind, within half an hour it destroyed four 800-foot (240 m) piers, three warehouses, a grain elevator, and many loaded railroad freight cars. The damage was estimated at $1.5 million. The elevator and two of the piers belonged to the B&A Railroad. The Leyland Line pier was also destroyed. The fire came close to the slipways of the Boston, Revere Beach and Lynn Railroad, which suspended its ferry services for two and a half hours.[26][27]

 
Fireboat 44, a Boston fireboat like those that fought the 1908 fire

A 70-year-old watchman at the Cunard Line pier was killed, and at least one firefighter was hospitalised with serious burns. The Boston and Chelsea Fire Departments fought the fire, as did fireboats, tugs, and the cutter USRC Gresham. The fire badly damaged the Canadian steel-hulled barque Belmont and two US wooden-hulled schooners: the five-master Paul Palmer, and four-master O. H. Brown. Not all of Devonian's crew were present, but Leyland's Boston superintendent rushed aboard her, a fire drill was called, and a number of longshoremen helped to warp her away from the wharf in time to prevent her being damaged.[26][27]

Insurers paid to replace the destroyed piers, warehouses, and grain elavator, and repair the damaged ships. The B&A Railroad replaced the grain elevator with a new one that was twice the size of the one that was destroyed. It was completed in October 1910, cost $1 million, and its capacity was one million bushels. When new, it was the largest in New England. It could unload 300,000 bushels from one ship in 20 hours, and load 20,000 bushels an hour into a ship. Devonian was the first ship to be loaded from the new elevator. In the second week or October 1910 she loaded 110,000 bushels of grain to take to Liverpool.[28]

West Point rescue edit

By 1910 Devonian was equipped with wireless telegraphy, supplied and operated by the Marconi Company.[29] On 18 August 1910 the British cargo steamship West Point left Glasgow for Charleston, South Carolina. On 27 August fire broke out in her engine room. The fire soon disabled the donkey engine that powered her pumps, which impeded her crew from fighting the fire. On 28 August they abandoned ship in two lifeboats: her Master and half of the crew in one, and her Chief Officer and the other half of the crew in the other. They stood by the burning ship, but on 29 August she sank, 600 nautical miles (1,100 km) off Cape Race, at position 42°20′N 44°10′W / 42.333°N 44.167°W / 42.333; -44.167 or 45°43′N 40°41′W / 45.717°N 40.683°W / 45.717; -40.683 (accounts differ). The two boats managed to keep together until the night of 31 August, but then lost each other. The two boats last saw each other at position 47°08′N 42°24′W / 47.133°N 42.400°W / 47.133; -42.400.[30][31][32][33]

On the morning of 1 or 2 September (accounts differ), Devonian sighted the Chief Officer's lifeboat, rescued its occupants, and brought the lifeboat aboard by Devonian's davits. Devonian searched for the Master's lifeboat, but visibility was poor, there was intermittent mist, and she failed to find it. She broadcast wireless messages asking other ships to look for the missing boat.[30][31][32] Devonian's wireless had a transmitting range of only about 250 nautical miles (460 km),[34] but the ocean liners RMS Mauretania and Rotterdam received her signal, and relayed it to the Marconi station ashore at Cape Race.[30][31][32]

 
RMS Mauretania

At midnight on the night of 2–3 September Mauretania found the Master's lifeboat and rescued its occupants. Devonian was westbound, and landed her survivors at Boston. Mauretania was eastbound, and landed her survivors in Britain.[30][31][32] The news that Mauretania had found the Master's lifeboat was relayed via Cape Race and the liner Deutschland to Devonian.[33] On 7 September Devonian reached Boston, having delayed herself by two days for the rescue and search, and landed 145 passengers as well as the 16 survivors from West Point. The British Consul in Boston was to arrange their repatriation to Britain.[35]

Cabin class edit

On 14 September 1910 Devonian made one sailing from New York instead of Boston. Leyland advertised her passenger accommodation as "first class", and offered berths at $67.50 each.[36] However, in December 1912 Leyland Line advertised Devonian's passenger accommodation as "one class cabin service", and the fare from Boston to Liverpool was $50.[37] "Cabin class" was a concept of good-quality one-class accommodation that Canadian Pacific pioneered in the years just before the First World War, and whose popularity led other companies to copy it.[38]

Mexico rescue edit

On 28 January 1913 Devonian left Boston[39] for Liverpool with a cargo of grain and 14 passengers. Early on 30 January the Compagnie Générale Transatlantique cargo liner Mexico, in passage from New York to Dunkirk, lost her propeller. She broadcast a wireless distress signal, and Devonian was the first ship to reach her. In darkness and a heavy sea, Devonian's crew succeeded in passing two steel hawsers to Mexico, and took her in tow. They set course for the nearest port, Halifax, Nova Scotia, which was 400 nautical miles (740 km) away.[40] At first they had good weather, but from 2 February the two ships faced a high sea.[41] The hawsers held, and on 4 February the pair reached Halifax.[42] The combined value of Mexico and her cargo was more than $1 million, making her one of the most valuable rescues to a North American port for many years. Devonian's crew was expected to be due at least $50,000 salvage money to share between them.[43]

Volturno rescue edit

 
Volturno on fire, seen from RMS Carmania

On the morning of 9 October 1913 the emigrant ship Volturno caught fire en route from Rotterdam to New York via Halifax. The fire spread rapidly in the forward part of the ship, and she broadcast a wireless distress signal from position 48°25′N 34°23′W / 48.417°N 34.383°W / 48.417; -34.383. Volturno launched six of her lifeboats, but four of them were smashed against her side, and the other two were missing, believed sunk. Devonian was one of ten or more ships, led by the Cunard Liner RMS Carmania, that came to her aid. Carmania was larger and less manoeuvreable than the other rescue ships, so she stood off and directed rescue operations.[44]

The next morning the sea subsided somewhat, and the oil tanker Narragansett arrived and poured oil on the sea surface, which further moderated the waves.[45] The rescue ships then sent lifeboats to Volturno, whose crew lowered women and children to them in coal baskets.[46] Devonian's lifeboats rescued 59 of the survivors: 21 children, 20 women, and 18 men.[47] She landed them at Liverpool on 14 October, whence they were to resume their voyage to New York on Carmania's next westbound crossing.[48]

 
"The Rescue": the design for the obverse of the Liverpool Shipwreck and Humane Society's marine medals

A few weeks later the Liverpool Shipwreck and Humane Society made awards to the officers and boat crews of Carmania and Devonian. Carmania's Captain James Clayton Barr and Devonian's Captain Trant it awarded its Gold Marine Medal. To their officers the Society awarded its Silver Marine Medal. To the crews of their lifeboats it awarded its Bronze Marine Medal and a sum of money.[49]

Mutiny edit

On 22 January 1914 Devonian left Liverpool for Boston with a mixed crew: some were union members, and others were non-unionised. Soon after she left port, unionised stokers refused to obey officers' orders until the non-union men were put ashore.[50] Devonian put into Holyhead, where police arrested 19 union members.[51][52]

By 1914 Devonian's wireless call sign was MDL.[34] By that June her refrigrated cargo capacity had been increased to 60,790 cubic feet (1,721 m3).[53]

First World War edit

After the First World War began in August 1914, Devonian remained on her regular route. On 21 August 1914 she left Liverpool[54] carrying 150 passengers, most of them US citizens fleeing the war in Europe. She reached Boston on 1 September.[55] On a westbound crossing on 9 October 1914 a passenger, Annie Robinson, jumped overboard and was drowned. She had been a stewardess on RMS Titanic, and became distressed as Devonian navigated through thick fog, sounding her foghorn.[56]

On 9 February 1915 Devonian left Boston carrying cargo including 1,100 horses for the Entente armies. She reached Liverpool on 21 February.[57] On 20 March she left Boston carrying 1,000 horses for the British Army, plus food, cotton, and chilled meat in her refrigerated holds.[58] In April she left Boston with another 1,017 horses for British cavalry regiments.[59] In August 1915 Devonian loaded another 1,100 horses in Boston, but then unloaded them, and left for Liverpool on 13 August with a cargo of 40,000 bushels of barley, 32,000 bushels of wheat, and 17,000 bushels of corn. Another British steamship, Cambrian, which had loaded 900 horses in Boston, also unloaded them and sailed without them.[60][61] On 24 or February 1916 Devonian left Boston for Liverpool.[62][63] In mid-April she left Boston carrying 1,150 horses for the British Army. That was Leyland's last shipment of horses for the time being.[64]

In Boston on 28 September 1916 a 4-inch (100 mm) gun was mounted on Devonian's poop as defensive armament. Two Royal Navy gunners were transferred from the dreadnought HMS Queen Elizabeth to Devonian to form the nucleus of her gun crew.[65][66]

In Boston on 1 November Devonian's holds were fumigated to prepare them for a cargo of grain. Her hatch covers were removed to let the fumes disperse, and the port health authorities then told the local manager of the International Mercantile Marine Company, Leyland's parent company, that it was safe for longshoremen to start unloading the ship. The longshoremen worked overnight, and then in the morning a gang of carpenters entered Number 2 hold. Fumes quickly overcame two of the carpenters. The foreman of the gang, who was also the father of one of the two men, and Devonian's Chief Officer, John Selby, entered the hold and started to drag the two men to safety, but both Selby and the foreman were overcome. Captain Trant organised a rescue using improvised gas masks.[67][68]

 
Silver life-saving medal of the Massachusetts Humane Society

Three of the carpenters died, including the foreman and his son. Three other men were hospitalised, and their condition was described as serious.[67][68] Chief Officer Selby survived, and in March 1917 the Massachusetts Humane Society awarded him its silver medal for life-saving.[69]

On 29 January 1917 Devonian left Boston carrying munitions and 1,000 horses. She reached Liverpool on 10 February.[70] On Saturday 10 March she reached Boston carrying a $2 million cargo of cotton for New England mills, and 207 US passengers who in January had sailed as hostlers tending horses aboard the Leyland ship Parisian from Newport News, Virginia to Liverpool.[71]

Loss edit

 
Roscommon

On 28 July Devonian, commanded by Captain Trant, left Boston for Liverpool carrying munitions, plus 65 US citizens as hostlers.[72][73] Early on 21 August she left Liverpool for Boston. She sailed in a convoy of 15 merchant ships, escorted by 11 Royal Navy submarines. Four U-boats approached the convoy on the surface about 38 nautical miles (70 km) off the north coast of Ireland. Six of the British submarines used their deck guns to engage the U-boats, while the remainder tried to screen the convoy. U-53 torpedoed the British refrigerated cargo ship Roscommon amidships, sinking her in a matter of minutes at position 55°29′24″N 8°01′02″W / 55.490070°N 8.017240°W / 55.490070; -8.017240.[74][75][76]

At 11:55 hrs a torpedo from U-53 hit Devonian's port quarter in her number 6 and 7 holds. The explosion killed the ship's carpenter and his assistant, and destroyed one of Devonian's lifeboats. Her crew successfully launched her remaining eight boats, but some people jumped overboard and floated clinging to floating wreckage. British aircraft arrived and bombed the U-boats. Then Royal Navy submarine chasers arrived and joined the battle. A tug and a trawler arrived, rescued those survivors who were in the water, and then rescued Captian Trant and a dozen men who were still aboard the ship. Devonian sank at 12:45 hrs. Survivors were landed at Buncrana, Ireland.[4][74][77][78][79] Devonian was estimated to be worth more than $1 million when she was lost.[72]

Devonian's wreck is at position 55°30′10″N 8°01′52″W / 55.502640°N 8.031060°W / 55.502640; -8.031060, north of Horn Head, County Donegal, at a depth of more than 230 feet (70 m).[80]

References edit

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  73. ^ "Leyland liner Devonian sunk". The Daily Kennebec Journal. Augusta, ME. 24 August 1917. p. 4. Retrieved 1 April 2024 – via Library of Congress.
  74. ^ a b "Tells of submarine battle in North Sea (sic.)". The New York Times. 20 September 1917. p. 4. Retrieved 1 April 2024 – via Times Machine.
  75. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Roscommon". uboat.net. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  76. ^ "Devonian". Wreck Viewer. National Monuments Service. Retrieved 2 December 2020. – Enter either "Roscommon" or "W07575" in the search box, and zoom in on the red dot labelled "Roscommon".
  77. ^ "10,000-ton vessel is sunk". The New York Times. 24 August 1917. Retrieved 1 April 2024 – via Times Machine.
  78. ^ "Saw fleet of U-boats sink five steamers". The New York Times. 14 September 1917. p. 3. Retrieved 1 April 2024 – via Times Machine.
  79. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Devonian". uboat.net. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  80. ^ "Devonian". Wreck Viewer. National Monuments Service. Retrieved 2 December 2020. – Enter either "Devonian" or "W07252" in the search box, and zoom in on the red dot labelled "Devonian".

Bibliography edit

  • Haws, Duncan (1979). The Ships of the Cunard, American, Red Star, Inman, Leyland, Dominion, Atlantic Transport and White Star lines. Merchant Fleets in Profile. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 0-85059-324-7.
  • Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping. Vol. I.–Steamers. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1901 – via Internet Archive.
  • Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping. Vol. I.–Steamers. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1903 – via Internet Archive.
  • Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping. Vol. I.–Steamers. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1910 – via Internet Archive.
  • Lloyd's Register of Shipping. Vol. I.–Steamers. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1914.
  • The Marconi Press Agency Ltd (1914). The Year Book of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony. London: The Marconi Press Agency Ltd.
  • Mercantile Navy List. London. 1900 – via Crew List Index Project.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Wilson, RM (1956). The Big Ships. London: Cassell & Co.

January 01, 1970
devonian, 1900, other, ships, with, same, name, cretic, devonian, british, cargo, liner, that, launched, ireland, 1900, designed, carry, large, number, cattle, other, livestock, smaller, number, passengers, when, built, small, amount, refrigerated, space, hold. For other ships with the same name see SS Cretic SS Devonian was a British cargo liner that was launched in Ireland in 1900 She was designed to carry a large number of cattle or other livestock and a smaller number of passengers When she was built she had a small amount of refrigerated space in her holds This was increased twice in her career She spent her whole career with Frederick Leyland amp Co mostly on a scheduled route between Liverpool and Boston Devonian in the Mersey EstuaryHistory United Kingdom NameDevonian OwnerF Leyland amp Co Port of registryLiverpool RouteLiverpool Boston BuilderHarland amp Wolff Belfast Laid down331 Launched28 April 1900 Completed6 September 1900 Maiden voyage15 September 1900 IdentificationUK official number 113399 code letters RTVD call sign MDL Fatesunk by torpedo 1917 General characteristics Typecargo liner Tonnage10 418 GRT 6 823 NRT Length552 5 ft 168 4 m Beam59 3 ft 18 1 m Depth36 8 ft 11 2 m Decks3 Installed power847 NHP or 5 500 ihp Propulsion1 triple expansion engine 1 screw Sail planfour masted schooner Speed14 knots 26 km h Capacityas built 125 passengers 900 head of cattle refrigerated cargo 1901 8 640 cubic feet 245 m3 1903 34 400 cubic feet 974 m3 1914 53 330 cubic feet 1 510 m3 Crew1906 82 1917 60 Armament1916 1 4 inch 100 mm gun Notessister ship Winifredian Devonian survived two fires in Boston In 1907 her cattle feed caught fire some of her cargo was destroyed but she avoided serious damage In 1908 part of East Boston caught fire including warehouses where she was docked but she avoided damage by being warped away from the quayside Devonian took part in three North Atlantic rescues In 1910 she rescued 16 survivors from the British cargo ship West Point which had burned and sunk In 1913 she rescued 59 survivors from the emigrant ship Volturno which caught fire in a storm Also in 1913 she towed to safety the French cargo ship Mexico which had lost its propeller In the First World War Devonian brought thousands of horses from Boston to Liverpool for the British Army A U boat sank her in 1917 off the north coast of Ireland Contents 1 Building 2 More refrigerated capacity 3 Aground at Scitaute 4 Two fires in Boston 5 West Point rescue 6 Cabin class 7 Mexico rescue 8 Volturno rescue 9 Mutiny 10 First World War 11 Loss 12 References 13 BibliographyBuilding editIn 1899 and 1900 Harland amp Wolff H amp W in Belfast launched a pair of cargo liners for Frederick Leyland amp Co Yard number 324 was launched on 11 March 1899 as Winifredian and completed on 8 July 1 Yard number 331 was launched on 28 April 1900 as Devonian 2 3 and completed on 6 September 4 They were similar to Armenian Victorian and Cestrian which H amp W had launched for Leyland in 1895 but 40 ft 12 m longer and with a more powerful engine 5 Devonian s registered length was 552 5 ft 168 4 m her beam was 59 3 ft 18 1 m and her depth was 35 0 ft 10 7 m 6 She had eight cargo hatches 7 and could carry 900 head of cattle 8 and 125 passengers 9 She was a one class ship offering second class accommodation only As built 8 640 cubic feet 245 m3 of her cargo space was refrigerated 10 Her tonnages were 10 405 GRT and 6 816 NRT 6 She had a single screw driven by a three cylinder triple expansion engine that was rated at 847 NHP 6 or 5 500 ihp and gave her a speed of 14 knots 26 km h 7 She had two double ended and two single ended boilers with a total of 18 corrugated furnaces The furnaces total grate area was 329 square feet 31 m2 and her boilers total heating surface area was 13 368 square feet 1 242 m2 Her boilers working pressure was 200 psi 6 She also had four masts and could be rigged as a schooner Leyland registered Devonian at Liverpool Her United Kingdom official number was 113399 and her code letters were RTVD 11 On 15 September 1900 Devonian left Liverpool on her maiden voyage which was to Boston 7 More refrigerated capacity editBy July 1903 her refrigerated cargo capacity had been increased to 34 400 cubic feet 974 m3 12 By that November the cargo holds of Devonian and several other Leyland ships had been fitted with an electric fan ventilation system to keep them cool enough to carry cargoes such as apples 13 As well as serving Boston in 1903 Devonian made two calls at Portland Maine 14 On the first she left Portland for Liverpool on 26 September 15 On the second she was due to reach Portland on 25 October and leave for Liverpool on 31 October 16 Leyland s main aim was to attract seasonal freight but the company also advertised passenger fares at 65 for the September sailing 17 and 50 for the October sailing 18 Aground at Scitaute editOn 5 February 1906 Devonian left Liverpool with a cargo of about 2 000 tons of machinery and Egyptian cotton She carried crew of 82 and four passengers In a heavy snowstorm on the night of 14 15 February her crew were unable to see Minot s Ledge Light She overshot the mouth of Boston Harbor by about 4 or 5 nautical miles 7 or 9 km ran into a bank of fog and at 01 00 or 01 30 hrs grounded on a rock ledge about 500 feet 150 m from the shore between Second and Third Cliff at Scituate Massachusetts Her Master Captain Ridley had the watertight doors closed in her bulkheads her lifeboats swung out on their davits ready for launching and a Coston flare fired 19 20 nbsp USRC Gresham The Massachusetts Humane Society life saving station on Third Cliff acknowledged her flare and sent its lifeboat out to the ship But Devonian showed no sign of breaking up and the passengers and crew chose to remain aboard Devonian had grounded at almost high tide so no attempt to refloat her could be made for several hours The tugs Confidence Juno and Pallas were sent from Boston but were unable to get close enough to assist The cutter USRC Gresham arrived shortly after 12 00 hrs but was not able to get close enough either 19 The tug Patience registered in Philadelphia and owned by the Tice Towing Co of New York succeeded in getting a line aboard Devonian At 15 32 hrs the ship aided by Patience refloated herself and at about 18 00 hrs reached Boston s quarantine station under her own power She was expected to dock in Boston at 08 00 hrs the next morning 20 On 17 February Patience s owner Walter J Tice of Hackensack New Jersey filed a libel at the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts in Boston against Devonian for her salvage 21 Tice did not mention a sum but Patience s Captain suggested it should be about 20 000 22 Two fires in Boston editOn 11 March 1907 Devonian was at the White Star Line docks in Charlestown Boston when fire broke out on the steerage deck in her number 4 hold It started in six car loads of baled hay that she had loaded to use as cattle fodder for her voyage to Liverpool The fire destroyed the hay and ruined 20 000 bushels of corn A fire hose burst on deck and the water damaged machinery and Egyptian cotton from Liverpool that Devonian was unloading One firefighter was injured when the hose burst and a Fire Department lieutenant was overcome by smoke The total damage to cargo was estimated at 50 000 However the ship was expected to leave Boston on schedule in 14 March 23 24 25 On 8 July 1908 Devonian was in port in East Boston and part way through loading her cargo at the Leyland Line pier when fire broke out on one of the Boston and Albany Railroad s piers nearby It started in a warehouse whose contents included wool Egyptian cotton grease and oil Fanned by a northerly wind within half an hour it destroyed four 800 foot 240 m piers three warehouses a grain elevator and many loaded railroad freight cars The damage was estimated at 1 5 million The elevator and two of the piers belonged to the B amp A Railroad The Leyland Line pier was also destroyed The fire came close to the slipways of the Boston Revere Beach and Lynn Railroad which suspended its ferry services for two and a half hours 26 27 nbsp Fireboat 44 a Boston fireboat like those that fought the 1908 fire A 70 year old watchman at the Cunard Line pier was killed and at least one firefighter was hospitalised with serious burns The Boston and Chelsea Fire Departments fought the fire as did fireboats tugs and the cutter USRC Gresham The fire badly damaged the Canadian steel hulled barque Belmont and two US wooden hulled schooners the five master Paul Palmer and four master O H Brown Not all of Devonian s crew were present but Leyland s Boston superintendent rushed aboard her a fire drill was called and a number of longshoremen helped to warp her away from the wharf in time to prevent her being damaged 26 27 Insurers paid to replace the destroyed piers warehouses and grain elavator and repair the damaged ships The B amp A Railroad replaced the grain elevator with a new one that was twice the size of the one that was destroyed It was completed in October 1910 cost 1 million and its capacity was one million bushels When new it was the largest in New England It could unload 300 000 bushels from one ship in 20 hours and load 20 000 bushels an hour into a ship Devonian was the first ship to be loaded from the new elevator In the second week or October 1910 she loaded 110 000 bushels of grain to take to Liverpool 28 West Point rescue editBy 1910 Devonian was equipped with wireless telegraphy supplied and operated by the Marconi Company 29 On 18 August 1910 the British cargo steamship West Point left Glasgow for Charleston South Carolina On 27 August fire broke out in her engine room The fire soon disabled the donkey engine that powered her pumps which impeded her crew from fighting the fire On 28 August they abandoned ship in two lifeboats her Master and half of the crew in one and her Chief Officer and the other half of the crew in the other They stood by the burning ship but on 29 August she sank 600 nautical miles 1 100 km off Cape Race at position 42 20 N 44 10 W 42 333 N 44 167 W 42 333 44 167 or 45 43 N 40 41 W 45 717 N 40 683 W 45 717 40 683 accounts differ The two boats managed to keep together until the night of 31 August but then lost each other The two boats last saw each other at position 47 08 N 42 24 W 47 133 N 42 400 W 47 133 42 400 30 31 32 33 On the morning of 1 or 2 September accounts differ Devonian sighted the Chief Officer s lifeboat rescued its occupants and brought the lifeboat aboard by Devonian s davits Devonian searched for the Master s lifeboat but visibility was poor there was intermittent mist and she failed to find it She broadcast wireless messages asking other ships to look for the missing boat 30 31 32 Devonian s wireless had a transmitting range of only about 250 nautical miles 460 km 34 but the ocean liners RMS Mauretania and Rotterdam received her signal and relayed it to the Marconi station ashore at Cape Race 30 31 32 nbsp RMS Mauretania At midnight on the night of 2 3 September Mauretania found the Master s lifeboat and rescued its occupants Devonian was westbound and landed her survivors at Boston Mauretania was eastbound and landed her survivors in Britain 30 31 32 The news that Mauretania had found the Master s lifeboat was relayed via Cape Race and the liner Deutschland to Devonian 33 On 7 September Devonian reached Boston having delayed herself by two days for the rescue and search and landed 145 passengers as well as the 16 survivors from West Point The British Consul in Boston was to arrange their repatriation to Britain 35 Cabin class editOn 14 September 1910 Devonian made one sailing from New York instead of Boston Leyland advertised her passenger accommodation as first class and offered berths at 67 50 each 36 However in December 1912 Leyland Line advertised Devonian s passenger accommodation as one class cabin service and the fare from Boston to Liverpool was 50 37 Cabin class was a concept of good quality one class accommodation that Canadian Pacific pioneered in the years just before the First World War and whose popularity led other companies to copy it 38 Mexico rescue editOn 28 January 1913 Devonian left Boston 39 for Liverpool with a cargo of grain and 14 passengers Early on 30 January the Compagnie Generale Transatlantique cargo liner Mexico in passage from New York to Dunkirk lost her propeller She broadcast a wireless distress signal and Devonian was the first ship to reach her In darkness and a heavy sea Devonian s crew succeeded in passing two steel hawsers to Mexico and took her in tow They set course for the nearest port Halifax Nova Scotia which was 400 nautical miles 740 km away 40 At first they had good weather but from 2 February the two ships faced a high sea 41 The hawsers held and on 4 February the pair reached Halifax 42 The combined value of Mexico and her cargo was more than 1 million making her one of the most valuable rescues to a North American port for many years Devonian s crew was expected to be due at least 50 000 salvage money to share between them 43 Volturno rescue edit nbsp Volturno on fire seen from RMS Carmania On the morning of 9 October 1913 the emigrant ship Volturno caught fire en route from Rotterdam to New York via Halifax The fire spread rapidly in the forward part of the ship and she broadcast a wireless distress signal from position 48 25 N 34 23 W 48 417 N 34 383 W 48 417 34 383 Volturno launched six of her lifeboats but four of them were smashed against her side and the other two were missing believed sunk Devonian was one of ten or more ships led by the Cunard Liner RMS Carmania that came to her aid Carmania was larger and less manoeuvreable than the other rescue ships so she stood off and directed rescue operations 44 The next morning the sea subsided somewhat and the oil tanker Narragansett arrived and poured oil on the sea surface which further moderated the waves 45 The rescue ships then sent lifeboats to Volturno whose crew lowered women and children to them in coal baskets 46 Devonian s lifeboats rescued 59 of the survivors 21 children 20 women and 18 men 47 She landed them at Liverpool on 14 October whence they were to resume their voyage to New York on Carmania s next westbound crossing 48 nbsp The Rescue the design for the obverse of the Liverpool Shipwreck and Humane Society s marine medals A few weeks later the Liverpool Shipwreck and Humane Society made awards to the officers and boat crews of Carmania and Devonian Carmania s Captain James Clayton Barr and Devonian s Captain Trant it awarded its Gold Marine Medal To their officers the Society awarded its Silver Marine Medal To the crews of their lifeboats it awarded its Bronze Marine Medal and a sum of money 49 Mutiny editOn 22 January 1914 Devonian left Liverpool for Boston with a mixed crew some were union members and others were non unionised Soon after she left port unionised stokers refused to obey officers orders until the non union men were put ashore 50 Devonian put into Holyhead where police arrested 19 union members 51 52 By 1914 Devonian s wireless call sign was MDL 34 By that June her refrigrated cargo capacity had been increased to 60 790 cubic feet 1 721 m3 53 First World War editAfter the First World War began in August 1914 Devonian remained on her regular route On 21 August 1914 she left Liverpool 54 carrying 150 passengers most of them US citizens fleeing the war in Europe She reached Boston on 1 September 55 On a westbound crossing on 9 October 1914 a passenger Annie Robinson jumped overboard and was drowned She had been a stewardess on RMS Titanic and became distressed as Devonian navigated through thick fog sounding her foghorn 56 On 9 February 1915 Devonian left Boston carrying cargo including 1 100 horses for the Entente armies She reached Liverpool on 21 February 57 On 20 March she left Boston carrying 1 000 horses for the British Army plus food cotton and chilled meat in her refrigerated holds 58 In April she left Boston with another 1 017 horses for British cavalry regiments 59 In August 1915 Devonian loaded another 1 100 horses in Boston but then unloaded them and left for Liverpool on 13 August with a cargo of 40 000 bushels of barley 32 000 bushels of wheat and 17 000 bushels of corn Another British steamship Cambrian which had loaded 900 horses in Boston also unloaded them and sailed without them 60 61 On 24 or February 1916 Devonian left Boston for Liverpool 62 63 In mid April she left Boston carrying 1 150 horses for the British Army That was Leyland s last shipment of horses for the time being 64 In Boston on 28 September 1916 a 4 inch 100 mm gun was mounted on Devonian s poop as defensive armament Two Royal Navy gunners were transferred from the dreadnought HMS Queen Elizabeth to Devonian to form the nucleus of her gun crew 65 66 In Boston on 1 November Devonian s holds were fumigated to prepare them for a cargo of grain Her hatch covers were removed to let the fumes disperse and the port health authorities then told the local manager of the International Mercantile Marine Company Leyland s parent company that it was safe for longshoremen to start unloading the ship The longshoremen worked overnight and then in the morning a gang of carpenters entered Number 2 hold Fumes quickly overcame two of the carpenters The foreman of the gang who was also the father of one of the two men and Devonian s Chief Officer John Selby entered the hold and started to drag the two men to safety but both Selby and the foreman were overcome Captain Trant organised a rescue using improvised gas masks 67 68 nbsp Silver life saving medal of the Massachusetts Humane Society Three of the carpenters died including the foreman and his son Three other men were hospitalised and their condition was described as serious 67 68 Chief Officer Selby survived and in March 1917 the Massachusetts Humane Society awarded him its silver medal for life saving 69 On 29 January 1917 Devonian left Boston carrying munitions and 1 000 horses She reached Liverpool on 10 February 70 On Saturday 10 March she reached Boston carrying a 2 million cargo of cotton for New England mills and 207 US passengers who in January had sailed as hostlers tending horses aboard the Leyland ship Parisian from Newport News Virginia to Liverpool 71 Loss edit nbsp Roscommon On 28 July Devonian commanded by Captain Trant left Boston for Liverpool carrying munitions plus 65 US citizens as hostlers 72 73 Early on 21 August she left Liverpool for Boston She sailed in a convoy of 15 merchant ships escorted by 11 Royal Navy submarines Four U boats approached the convoy on the surface about 38 nautical miles 70 km off the north coast of Ireland Six of the British submarines used their deck guns to engage the U boats while the remainder tried to screen the convoy U 53 torpedoed the British refrigerated cargo ship Roscommon amidships sinking her in a matter of minutes at position 55 29 24 N 8 01 02 W 55 490070 N 8 017240 W 55 490070 8 017240 74 75 76 At 11 55 hrs a torpedo from U 53 hit Devonian s port quarter in her number 6 and 7 holds The explosion killed the ship s carpenter and his assistant and destroyed one of Devonian s lifeboats Her crew successfully launched her remaining eight boats but some people jumped overboard and floated clinging to floating wreckage British aircraft arrived and bombed the U boats Then Royal Navy submarine chasers arrived and joined the battle A tug and a trawler arrived rescued those survivors who were in the water and then rescued Captian Trant and a dozen men who were still aboard the ship Devonian sank at 12 45 hrs Survivors were landed at Buncrana Ireland 4 74 77 78 79 Devonian was estimated to be worth more than 1 million when she was lost 72 Devonian s wreck is at position 55 30 10 N 8 01 52 W 55 502640 N 8 031060 W 55 502640 8 031060 north of Horn Head County Donegal at a depth of more than 230 feet 70 m 80 References edit Winifredian Harland amp Wolff The Yard Retrieved 1 April 2024 Shipping Notes The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu 21 July 1900 p 8 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress New Leyland Liner Launched The Sun New York 29 July 1900 p 3 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress a b Devonian Harland amp Wolff The Yard Retrieved 1 April 2024 Haws 1979 pp 120 121 a b c d Lloyd s Register 1901 DEV DIA a b c Haws 1979 p 123 Roast Beef of Old England The Evening Star Washington DC 18 November 1907 p 11 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress New steamers The Portland Daily Press Portland ME 25 September 1900 p 6 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Lloyd s Register 1901 List of vessels fitted with refrigerating appliances Mercantile Navy List 1900 p 98 Lloyd s Register 1903 List of vessels fitted with refrigerating appliances Feeding the World The Wichita Daily Eagle Wichita KS 21 November 1903 p 9 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Dominion Line The Portland Daily Press Portland ME 10 October 1903 p 15 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Bache sails The Portland Daily Press Portland ME 26 September 1903 p 2 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Passenger boats The Portland Daily Press Portland ME 3 October 1903 p 5 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Leyland Line The Portland Daily Press Portland ME 12 September 1903 p 11 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress The Leyland line steamers Canadian and Devonian The Portland Daily Press Portland ME 5 October 1903 p 12 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress a b Steamer Devonian fast on rocks 86 souls aboard The Providence News Providence RI 15 February 1906 pp 1 2 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress a b Fast on rocks The Daily Kennebec Journal Augusta ME 16 February 1906 p 2 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Filed libel against steamer The Evening Star Washington DC 18 February 1906 p 3 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Wants big salvage The Daily Kennebec Journal Augusta ME 17 February 1906 p 2 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Fire on vessel Waterbury Evening Democrat Waterbory CN 11 March 1907 p 1 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress 450 000 fire on hold of liner Devonian The Barre Daily Times Barre VT 12 March 1907 p 2 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Fire on the Devonian The New York Times 12 March 1907 p 1 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Times Machine a b One thought to have perished in flames The Daily Kennebec Journal Augusta ME 9 July 1908 pp 1 2 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress a b 1 500 000 Boston fire cost life of one man The Providence News Democrat Providence RI 9 July 1908 p 8 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress East Boston s big elevator The Springfield Weekly Republican Springfield MA 20 October 1910 p 10 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Lloyd s Register 1910 List of vessels fitted with installation of wireless telegraphy a b c d British ship burns 16 saved 20 lost The New York Times 4 September 1910 p 1 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Times Machine a b c d Mauretania saves men of burned ship The New York Times 5 September 1910 p 1 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Times Machine a b c d Wrecked suffered much The New York Times 6 September 1910 p 4 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Times Machine a b Shipwrecked sailors picked up at sea The Daily Kennebec Journal Augusta ME 5 September 1910 p 1 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress a b The Marconi Press Agency Ltd 1914 p 389 Devonian arrives The Daily Kennebec Journal Augusta ME 8 September 1910 p 12 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Leyland Line New York Tribune 9 September 1910 p 9 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress White Star Line The Barre Daily Times Barre VT 31 December 1912 p 7 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Wilson 1956 p 36 Shipping News The Daily Kennebec Journal Augusta ME 29 January 1913 p 12 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress 50 000 salvage The Daily Kennebec Journal Augusta ME 1 February 1913 p 10 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress The steamer Mexico The Daily Kennebec Journal Augusta ME 4 February 1913 p 12 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Condensed despatches The Daily Kennebec Journal Augusta ME 5 February 1913 p 12 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress 1 000 000 ship salvaged The New York Times 1 February 1913 p 1 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Times Machine Liner Volturno burns S O S saves 521 lives 136 others perish at sea The Evening World New York 11 October 1913 pp 1 2 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Oil ship Narrangansett makes rescue possible New York Tribune 14 October 1913 p 1 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Times Machine Devonian also saved baby thrown into sea and tiny unknown girl The Evening World New York 14 October 1913 p 2 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Disaster at sea The Springfield Weekly Republican Springfield MA 16 October 1913 p 9 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Rescued a baby girl The New York Times 15 October 1913 p 4 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Times Machine Hero Medals Awarded The Washington Times Washington DC 7 November 1913 p 7 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Mutiny on liner The Washington Herald Washington DC 24 January 1914 p 7 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Mutiny on the Devonian The New York Times 24 January 1914 p 3 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Times Machine Mutiny aboard Leyland steamer The Pensacola Journal Pensacola FL 24 January 1914 p 6 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Lloyd s Register 1914 List of vessels fitted with refrigerating appliances Part II Word from Dr Moxom The Springfield Weekly Republican Springfield MA 20 August 1914 p 14 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress 18 school teachers The Barre Daily Times Barre VT 1 September 1914 p 1 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Titanic survivor drowns The Evening Star Washington DC 11 October 1914 p 1 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress St r Leyland goes through war zone The Daily Kennebec Journal Augusta ME 22 February 1915 p 9 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Special to the New York Times The New York Times 20 March 1915 p 2 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Times Machine Horse market The Daily Kennebec Journal Augusta ME 28 April 1915 p 14 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Chicago puzzled The New York Times 14 August 1915 p 3 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Times Machine Cancel horse shipments The New York Times 14 August 1915 p 3 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Times Machine Cretic may be under German proclamation The Daily Kennebec Journal Augusta ME 1 March 1916 p 5 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Horse market The Daily Kennebec Journal Augusta ME 1 March 1916 p 9 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress During the week the Devonian sailed The Daily Kennebec Journal Augusta ME 19 April 1916 p 11 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Devonian mounts a gun The New York Times 29 September 1916 p 1 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Times Machine Devonian sails with four inch gun mounted Norwich Bulletin Norwich CT 29 September 1916 p 1 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress a b Fumes to rout rate on liner kill 3 persons The Bridgeport Evening Farmer Bridgeport CT 2 November 1916 p 8 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress a b Three killed in fumigation of Leyland liner The Daily Kennebec Journal Augusta ME 3 November 1916 p 5 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress John J Selby chief officer The Bridgeport Evening Farmer Bridgeport CT 16 March 1917 p 15 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Devonian reaches Liverpool New Britain Herald New Britain CT 10 February 1917 p 1 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Devonian Brings 2 000 000 Cotton Cargo The Springfield Weekly Republican Springfield MA 15 March 1917 p 7 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress a b Boston liner Devonian sunk The Barre Daily Times Barre VT 24 August 1917 p 2 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress Leyland liner Devonian sunk The Daily Kennebec Journal Augusta ME 24 August 1917 p 4 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Library of Congress a b Tells of submarine battle in North Sea sic The New York Times 20 September 1917 p 4 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Times Machine Helgason Gudmundur Roscommon uboat net Retrieved 1 April 2024 Devonian Wreck Viewer National Monuments Service Retrieved 2 December 2020 Enter either Roscommon or W07575 in the search box and zoom in on the red dot labelled Roscommon 10 000 ton vessel is sunk The New York Times 24 August 1917 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Times Machine Saw fleet of U boats sink five steamers The New York Times 14 September 1917 p 3 Retrieved 1 April 2024 via Times Machine Helgason Gudmundur Devonian uboat net Retrieved 1 April 2024 Devonian Wreck Viewer National Monuments Service Retrieved 2 December 2020 Enter either Devonian or W07252 in the search box and zoom in on the red dot labelled Devonian Bibliography editHaws Duncan 1979 The Ships of the Cunard American Red Star Inman Leyland Dominion Atlantic Transport and White Star lines Merchant Fleets in Profile Vol 2 Cambridge Patrick Stephens Ltd ISBN 0 85059 324 7 Lloyd s Register of British and Foreign Shipping Vol I Steamers London Lloyd s Register of Shipping 1901 via Internet Archive Lloyd s Register of British and Foreign Shipping Vol I Steamers London Lloyd s Register of Shipping 1903 via Internet Archive Lloyd s Register of British and Foreign Shipping Vol I Steamers London Lloyd s Register of Shipping 1910 via Internet Archive Lloyd s Register of Shipping Vol I Steamers London Lloyd s Register of Shipping 1914 The Marconi Press Agency Ltd 1914 The Year Book of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony London The Marconi Press Agency Ltd Mercantile Navy List London 1900 via Crew List Index Project a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Wilson RM 1956 The Big Ships London Cassell amp Co Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title SS Devonian 1900 amp oldid 1225960828, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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