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Silvan, Diyarbakır

May 08, 2024

Silvan (Kurdish: Farqîn;[2] Ottoman Turkish: ميا فارقين, romanized: Meyafarikîn,[3] Armenian: Սիլվան, romanized: Silvan[4]) is a municipality and district of Diyarbakır Province, Turkey.[5] Its area is 1,252 km2,[6] and its population is 86,161 (2022).[1] It is populated by Kurds.[2]

Silvan
District and municipality
Map showing Silvan District in Diyarbakır Province
Silvan
Location in Turkey
Coordinates: 38°08′32″N 41°00′05″E / 38.14222°N 41.00139°E / 38.14222; 41.00139
CountryTurkey
ProvinceDiyarbakır
Area
1,252 km2 (483 sq mi)
Elevation
810 m (2,660 ft)
Population
 (2022)[1]
86,161
 • Density69/km2 (180/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)
Postal code
21640
Area code0412
Websitewww.silvan.bel.tr

History edit

Silvan has been identified by several scholars as one of two possible locations (the other being Arzan) of Tigranakert (Tigranocerta), the ancient capital of the Kingdom of Armenia, which was built by King Tigran the Great (ruling 95–55 BC) and named in his honor.[7][8]

Roman era edit

In 69 BC, the army of Republican Rome defeated Tigran's troops in the battle of Tigranocerta. The city lost its importance as a thriving center for trade and Hellenistic culture in the following decades. In 387 AD, with the Peace of Acilisene, Tigranakert was made part of the Byzantine Empire.

Around 400 AD, the city's bishop, Marutha (later, saint Maruthas), brought a large number of relics of Christian martyrs persecuted under Sassanid rule back from Sassanid Persia. For this reason Tigranakert was renamed Martyropolis (Μαρτυρούπολις), "city of the martyrs." Following the reforms of Justinian I (rule 527–565), the city was made the capital of the province of Fourth Armenia.[9] The city was inconclusively besieged by the Persians in the last phase of the Iberian War.

The city suffered heavily in the Battle of Martyropolis in 588 AD, but soon prospered again.[10]

Islamic era edit

It was known by the name of Meiafarakin after the Arabs took over this region in the 7th century. It came under the control of the Hamdanids in 935, then the Buyids in 978, then it came under the Kurdish Marwanids and became the capital of their dynasty until the end of the 11th century.[11] The city and the entire province of Diyarbakir were taken in 1085 by the Seljuk Malik-Shah I.

During the following years, the city changed hands several times due to rivalries between Seljuk clans and local rulers. In 1118, the Artukids took the city. They resisted the attacks of Zengi for many years. The Artukid Husam al-Din Timurtash built the Malabadi Bridge near Meiafarakin, one of the wonders of the time by its dimensions. The dynasty remained in place but preferred to reside in Mardin, leaving a governor to preside over Meiafarakin.

In early 1260, the city, defended by its last Ayyubid ruler Al-Kamil Muhammad, suffered the Siege of Mayyāfāriqīn, and its population then massacred by the Mongol army led by Hulagu Khan, with the help of his Georgian and Armenian allies.[12][13] The Artukids eventually disappeared in 1408 under the attacks of the Qara Qoyunlu.

Ottoman Empire edit

In 1896, reports by the British Vice Consul Hallward indicate that many villages were destroyed during the Armenian massacres in 1895. Hallward was engaged in the rebuilding of about 35 villages.[14]

21st century edit

An ambush killing 13 Turkish soldiers occurred in the forests of Silvan by Kurdistan Workers' Party separatists, who also lost seven killed in action.

Silvan was also the site of serious clashes between Turkish government forces and Kurdish Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) separatists in August 2015 during the wider Operation Martyr Yalçın.[15]

Naşide Toprak from the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) was elected Mayor of Silvan in the local elections in March 2019.[16] She was dismissed in March 2020, and Mehmet Uslu has been appointed as a trustee instead of her.[17]

Archaeology edit

Archaeologists headed by professor Ahmet Tanyıldız, the vice-rector of Dicle University, announced in 2021 that they had discovered the grave of the Seljuk Sultan of Rum Kilij Arslan I, who fought against the Crusader forces. They also discovered his daughter Saide Hatun's burial site during nine days of work. Researchers dug two meters deep across a 35-square-meter area and focused their works on two gravesites in Orta Çeşme Park.[18][19]

Demographics edit

The Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople reported 13,824 Armenians living in the kaza of Silvan on the eve of World War I, all Kurdish-speaking. They had 28 churches, two monasteries, and 35 schools.[4] The town itself had 2,500 Armenian Apostolic Christians and 1,500 other Christians: Chaldeans (500 according to Priest Joseph Tfinkdji), Syriac Catholics, Syriac Orthodox, and Melchites. Assyrians call the city ܣܝܠܘܐܢ.[4]

Today, the municipality and district are Kurdish.[2][4]

Ecclesiastical history edit

Main article: Diocese of Martyropolis

Composition edit

There are 94 neighbourhoods in Silvan District:[20]

Notable people edit

Notable sites edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  2. ^ a b c Barnas, Rojen (2015). Sîlvan - Silîvan - Farqîn (in Kurdish). Nûbihar. p. 231.
  3. ^ Tahir Sezen, Osmanlı Yer Adları (Alfabetik Sırayla), T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Yayın Nu 21, Ankara, p. 365.
  4. ^ a b c d "Kaza Silvan / Silîvan / ܣܝܠܘܐܢ - SIlwān / Նփրկերտ – Np'rkert / ܡܝܦܪܩܝܛ - Mayperqit / Mîyafariqîn / Miyafarkin / Miyafarquin / Me-frektho / Farqîn / Mifarqaṭ". Virtual Genocide Memorial. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  5. ^ Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  6. ^ "İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  7. ^ Avdoyan, Levon. "Tiganocerta: The City 'Built by Tigranes'" in Armenian Tigranakert/Diarbekir and Edessa/Urfa. Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.) UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series: Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, 6. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2006, pp. 94-95.
  8. ^ (in Armenian) Hakobyan, Tadevos Kh. «Տիգրանակերտ» (Tigranakert). Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. vol. xi. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1986, pp. 699-700.
  9. ^ Adontz, Nicholas (1970). Armenia in the Period of Justinian: The Political Conditions Based on the Naxarar System. Trans. Nina G. Garsoïan. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. p. 134.
  10. ^ Edwards, Robert W., "Martyropolis" (2016). The Eerdmans Encyclopedia of Early Christian Art and Archaeology, ed., Paul Corby Finney. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-8028-9017-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ van Bruinessen, Martin (2000). "Kurdistan in the 16th and 17th centuries, as reflected in Evliya Çelebi's Seyahatname". The Journal of Kurdish Studies. 3: 25.
  12. ^ Runciman 1987, p. 305.
  13. ^ Bai︠a︡rsaĭkhan, D. (2011). The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335). Leiden ; Boston: Brill. p. 133-134. ISBN 978-90-04-18635-4. The Ayyubid ruler of Mayyāfāriqīn and Amida, Al-Kamil Muhammad, had broken his vow to Hűlegű to supply troops for the siege of Baghdad . (...) Hűlegű sent support, in the form of Mongol-Christian troops commanded by a certain Chaghatai and the Armenian Prince Pŕosh Khaghbakian. The Governor of Mosul, Badr al-Dīn Lu'lu', who was in conflict with al-Kāmil Muhammad, sent a supporting force to the Mongols commanded by his son, along with siege engineers to Mayyāfāriqīn.
  14. ^ Verheij, Jelle (2012). Jorngerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle (eds.). Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915. Brill. pp. 107–108. ISBN 9789004225183.
  15. ^ "Turkey and the Kurds: The hatred never went away". The Economist. 12 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  16. ^ "Diyarbakır Silvan Seçim Sonuçları - 31 Mart Diyarbakır Silvan Yerel Seçim Sonuçları". secim.haberler.com (in Turkish). Retrieved 2019-11-10.
  17. ^ sabah, daily (2020-03-23). "5 HDP mayors in southeast Turkey detained in terror probe". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2020-03-26.
  18. ^ Gershon, Livia. "Turkish Archaeologists Discover Grave of Sultan Who Defeated Crusaders". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
  19. ^ AA, DAILY SABAH WITH (2021-01-13). "Anatolian Seljuk Sultan Kılıç Arslan I's grave found in SE Turkey". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
  20. ^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  21. ^ "Ana Sayfa". Yekta Uzunoglu (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-08-10.

Further reading edit

  • Amedroz, H. F. "The Marwanid Dynasty at Mayyafariqin in the Tenth and Eleventh centuries AD," JRAS, 1903, pp. 123–154.
  • Minorsky, Vladimir. "Caucasica in the History of Mayyafariqin." BSOAS, Vol. 13, No. 1 (1949), pp. 27–35.
  • Runciman, Steven (1987). A History of the Crusades: Volume 3, The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521347723.

May 08, 2024
silvan, diyarbakır, silvan, kurdish, farqîn, ottoman, turkish, ميا, فارقين, romanized, meyafarikîn, armenian, Սիլվան, romanized, silvan, municipality, district, diyarbakır, province, turkey, area, population, 2022, populated, kurds, silvandistrict, municipalit. Silvan Kurdish Farqin 2 Ottoman Turkish ميا فارقين romanized Meyafarikin 3 Armenian Սիլվան romanized Silvan 4 is a municipality and district of Diyarbakir Province Turkey 5 Its area is 1 252 km2 6 and its population is 86 161 2022 1 It is populated by Kurds 2 SilvanDistrict and municipalityMap showing Silvan District in Diyarbakir ProvinceSilvanLocation in TurkeyCoordinates 38 08 32 N 41 00 05 E 38 14222 N 41 00139 E 38 14222 41 00139CountryTurkeyProvinceDiyarbakirArea1 252 km2 483 sq mi Elevation810 m 2 660 ft Population 2022 1 86 161 Density69 km2 180 sq mi Time zoneUTC 3 TRT Postal code21640Area code0412Websitewww wbr silvan wbr bel wbr tr Contents 1 History 1 1 Roman era 1 2 Islamic era 1 3 Ottoman Empire 1 4 21st century 1 4 1 Archaeology 2 Demographics 3 Ecclesiastical history 4 Composition 5 Notable people 6 Notable sites 7 See also 8 References 9 Further readingHistory editSilvan has been identified by several scholars as one of two possible locations the other being Arzan of Tigranakert Tigranocerta the ancient capital of the Kingdom of Armenia which was built by King Tigran the Great ruling 95 55 BC and named in his honor 7 8 Roman era edit In 69 BC the army of Republican Rome defeated Tigran s troops in the battle of Tigranocerta The city lost its importance as a thriving center for trade and Hellenistic culture in the following decades In 387 AD with the Peace of Acilisene Tigranakert was made part of the Byzantine Empire Around 400 AD the city s bishop Marutha later saint Maruthas brought a large number of relics of Christian martyrs persecuted under Sassanid rule back from Sassanid Persia For this reason Tigranakert was renamed Martyropolis Martyroypolis city of the martyrs Following the reforms of Justinian I rule 527 565 the city was made the capital of the province of Fourth Armenia 9 The city was inconclusively besieged by the Persians in the last phase of the Iberian War The city suffered heavily in the Battle of Martyropolis in 588 AD but soon prospered again 10 Islamic era edit It was known by the name of Meiafarakin after the Arabs took over this region in the 7th century It came under the control of the Hamdanids in 935 then the Buyids in 978 then it came under the Kurdish Marwanids and became the capital of their dynasty until the end of the 11th century 11 The city and the entire province of Diyarbakir were taken in 1085 by the Seljuk Malik Shah I During the following years the city changed hands several times due to rivalries between Seljuk clans and local rulers In 1118 the Artukids took the city They resisted the attacks of Zengi for many years The Artukid Husam al Din Timurtash built the Malabadi Bridge near Meiafarakin one of the wonders of the time by its dimensions The dynasty remained in place but preferred to reside in Mardin leaving a governor to preside over Meiafarakin In early 1260 the city defended by its last Ayyubid ruler Al Kamil Muhammad suffered the Siege of Mayyafariqin and its population then massacred by the Mongol army led by Hulagu Khan with the help of his Georgian and Armenian allies 12 13 The Artukids eventually disappeared in 1408 under the attacks of the Qara Qoyunlu Ottoman Empire edit In 1896 reports by the British Vice Consul Hallward indicate that many villages were destroyed during the Armenian massacres in 1895 Hallward was engaged in the rebuilding of about 35 villages 14 21st century edit An ambush killing 13 Turkish soldiers occurred in the forests of Silvan by Kurdistan Workers Party separatists who also lost seven killed in action Silvan was also the site of serious clashes between Turkish government forces and Kurdish Kurdistan Workers Party PKK separatists in August 2015 during the wider Operation Martyr Yalcin 15 Naside Toprak from the Peoples Democratic Party HDP was elected Mayor of Silvan in the local elections in March 2019 16 She was dismissed in March 2020 and Mehmet Uslu has been appointed as a trustee instead of her 17 Archaeology edit Archaeologists headed by professor Ahmet Tanyildiz the vice rector of Dicle University announced in 2021 that they had discovered the grave of the Seljuk Sultan of Rum Kilij Arslan I who fought against the Crusader forces They also discovered his daughter Saide Hatun s burial site during nine days of work Researchers dug two meters deep across a 35 square meter area and focused their works on two gravesites in Orta Cesme Park 18 19 Demographics editThe Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople reported 13 824 Armenians living in the kaza of Silvan on the eve of World War I all Kurdish speaking They had 28 churches two monasteries and 35 schools 4 The town itself had 2 500 Armenian Apostolic Christians and 1 500 other Christians Chaldeans 500 according to Priest Joseph Tfinkdji Syriac Catholics Syriac Orthodox and Melchites Assyrians call the city ܣܝܠܘܐܢ 4 Today the municipality and district are Kurdish 2 4 Ecclesiastical history editMain article Diocese of MartyropolisComposition editThere are 94 neighbourhoods in Silvan District 20 Akcayir Akceltik Akdere Akyol Alibey Altinkum Arikoy Asagikaya Asagiveysi Babakaya Bagdere Baglar Bahce Bahcelievler Basdegirmen Basibuyuk Bayrambasi Bellibahce Bereketli Beypinar Boyunlu Cakiltasi Caldere Cami Cardak Cevriksu Ciftlicevre Cigdemli Cigil Cobantepe Dagcilar Darkopru Demirkuyu Dolapdere Dolucanak Duru Duzalan Erikyazi Eskikoy Eskiocak Esme Feridun Gokcetevek Gorentepe Gormez Guclu Gunduz Gurpinar Guzderesi Heybelikonak Incesu Kale Karacalar Karahaci Karamus Kasimli Kayadere Kazandagi Keklikdere Kiractepe Kizlal Konak Kumgolu Kumluk Kutlualan Malabadi Mescit Nohuttepe Onbasilar Ormandisi Otluk Saglik Sanli Saribugday Selahattin Sulak Sulubag Susuz Taspinar Tekel Tokluca Ucbasamak Umurkoy Yenidogan Yenikoy Yenisehir Yeserdi Yesilbahce Yesilkoy Yolac Yolarasi Yukariveysi Yuksek YuvaNotable people editIbn Nubata d 984 preacher Ibn al Azraq al Fariqi 1116 1176 chronicler Mehdi Zana b 1940 Former Kurdish politician Yekta Uzunoglu 21 b 1953 doctor writer human rights fighter translator and entrepreneur Beytocan b 1955 2023 Kurdish singer and musician Mahsum Korkmaz 1956 1986 first commander of the Kurdistan Workers Party PKK s military forces Leyla Zana b 1961 Kurdish politician Hakki Akdeniz b 1980 Kurdish philanthropist and restaurateur from New York City Notable sites editMalabadi BridgeSee also editArrajan Silvan ambushReferences edit a b Address based population registration system ADNKS results dated 31 December 2022 Favorite Reports XLS TUIK Retrieved 12 July 2023 a b c Barnas Rojen 2015 Silvan Silivan Farqin in Kurdish Nubihar p 231 Tahir Sezen Osmanli Yer Adlari Alfabetik Sirayla T C Basbakanlik Devlet Arsivleri Genel Mudurlugu Yayin Nu 21 Ankara p 365 a b c d Kaza Silvan Silivan ܣܝܠܘܐܢ SIlwan Նփրկերտ Np rkert ܡܝܦܪܩܝܛ Mayperqit Miyafariqin Miyafarkin Miyafarquin Me frektho Farqin Mifarqaṭ Virtual Genocide Memorial Retrieved 2023 09 18 Buyuksehir Ilce Belediyesi Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory Retrieved 12 July 2023 Il ve Ilce Yuz olcumleri General Directorate of Mapping Retrieved 12 July 2023 Avdoyan Levon Tiganocerta The City Built by Tigranes in Armenian Tigranakert Diarbekir and Edessa Urfa Richard G Hovannisian ed UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces 6 Costa Mesa CA Mazda Publishers 2006 pp 94 95 in Armenian Hakobyan Tadevos Kh Տիգրանակերտ Tigranakert Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia vol xi Yerevan Armenian Academy of Sciences 1986 pp 699 700 Adontz Nicholas 1970 Armenia in the Period of Justinian The Political Conditions Based on the Naxarar System Trans Nina G Garsoian Lisbon Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation p 134 Edwards Robert W Martyropolis 2016 The Eerdmans Encyclopedia of Early Christian Art and Archaeology ed Paul Corby Finney Grand Rapids Michigan William B Eerdmans Publishing p 115 ISBN 978 0 8028 9017 7 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link van Bruinessen Martin 2000 Kurdistan in the 16th and 17th centuries as reflected in Evliya Celebi s Seyahatname The Journal of Kurdish Studies 3 25 Runciman 1987 p 305 Bai a rsaĭkhan D 2011 The Mongols and the Armenians 1220 1335 Leiden Boston Brill p 133 134 ISBN 978 90 04 18635 4 The Ayyubid ruler of Mayyafariqin and Amida Al Kamil Muhammad had broken his vow to Hulegu to supply troops for the siege of Baghdad Hulegu sent support in the form of Mongol Christian troops commanded by a certain Chaghatai and the Armenian Prince Pŕosh Khaghbakian The Governor of Mosul Badr al Din Lu lu who was in conflict with al Kamil Muhammad sent a supporting force to the Mongols commanded by his son along with siege engineers to Mayyafariqin Verheij Jelle 2012 Jorngerden Joost Verheij Jelle eds Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir 1870 1915 Brill pp 107 108 ISBN 9789004225183 Turkey and the Kurds The hatred never went away The Economist 12 September 2015 Retrieved 12 September 2015 Diyarbakir Silvan Secim Sonuclari 31 Mart Diyarbakir Silvan Yerel Secim Sonuclari secim haberler com in Turkish Retrieved 2019 11 10 sabah daily 2020 03 23 5 HDP mayors in southeast Turkey detained in terror probe Daily Sabah Retrieved 2020 03 26 Gershon Livia Turkish Archaeologists Discover Grave of Sultan Who Defeated Crusaders Smithsonian Magazine Retrieved 2021 01 20 AA DAILY SABAH WITH 2021 01 13 Anatolian Seljuk Sultan Kilic Arslan I s grave found in SE Turkey Daily Sabah Retrieved 2021 01 20 Mahalle Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory Retrieved 12 July 2023 Ana Sayfa Yekta Uzunoglu in Turkish Retrieved 2018 08 10 Further reading editAmedroz H F The Marwanid Dynasty at Mayyafariqin in the Tenth and Eleventh centuries AD JRAS 1903 pp 123 154 Minorsky Vladimir Caucasica in the History of Mayyafariqin BSOAS Vol 13 No 1 1949 pp 27 35 Runciman Steven 1987 A History of the Crusades Volume 3 The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521347723 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Silvan Diyarbakir amp oldid 1222081324, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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