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Routing protocol

April 29, 2023

A routing protocol specifies how routers communicate with each other to distribute information that enables them to select routes between nodes on a computer network. Routers perform the traffic directing functions on the Internet; data packets are forwarded through the networks of the internet from router to router until they reach their destination computer. Routing algorithms determine the specific choice of route. Each router has a prior knowledge only of networks attached to it directly. A routing protocol shares this information first among immediate neighbors, and then throughout the network. This way, routers gain knowledge of the topology of the network. The ability of routing protocols to dynamically adjust to changing conditions such as disabled connections and components and route data around obstructions is what gives the Internet its fault tolerance and high availability.

Routing protocol classification computer networks.

The specific characteristics of routing protocols include the manner in which they avoid routing loops, the manner in which they select preferred routes, using information about hop costs, the time they require to reach routing convergence, their scalability, and other factors such as relay multiplexing and cloud access framework parameters. Certain additional characteristics such as multilayer interfacing may also be employed as a means of distributing uncompromised networking gateways to authorized ports.[1] This has the added benefit of preventing issues with routing protocol loops.[2]

Many routing protocols are defined in technical standards documents called RFCs.[3][4][5][6]

Types

Although there are many types of routing protocols, three major classes are in widespread use on IP networks:

OSI layer designation

Routing protocols, according to the OSI routing framework, are layer management protocols for the network layer, regardless of their transport mechanism:

Interior gateway protocols

Interior gateway protocols (IGPs) exchange routing information within a single routing domain. Examples of IGPs include:

Exterior gateway protocols

Exterior gateway protocols exchange routing information between autonomous systems. Examples include:

Routing software

Many software implementations exist for most of the common routing protocols. Examples of open-source applications are Bird Internet routing daemon, Quagga, GNU Zebra, OpenBGPD, OpenOSPFD, and XORP.

Routed protocols

Some network certification courses distinguish between routing protocols and routed protocols. A routed protocol is used to deliver application traffic. It provides appropriate addressing information in its internet layer or network layer to allow a packet to be forwarded from one network to another. Examples of routed protocols are the Internet Protocol (IP) and Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX).

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Cisco no longer supports the proprietary IGRP protocol. The EIGRP implementation accepts IGRP configuration commands, but the internals of IGRP and EIGRP are different.

References

  1. ^ Ahmad, F (2016). "Machine-to-machine sensor data multiplexing using LTE-advanced relay node for logistics". Dynamics in Logistics. Lecture Notes in Logistics: 247–257. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23512-7_24. ISBN 978-3-319-23511-0.
  2. ^ Garnepudi, P (2013). "Proactive, reactive and hybrid multicast routing protocols for Wireless Mesh Networks". IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research.
  3. ^ INTERNET PROTOCOL, RFC 791, J Postel, September 1981.
  4. ^ BROADCASTING INTERNET DATAGRAMS IN THE PRESENCE OF SUBNETS, RFC 922, Jeffrey Mogul, October 1984
  5. ^ Towards Requirements for IP Routers, RFC 1716, P. Almquist, November 1994
  6. ^ Requirements for IP Version 4 Routers, RFC 1812, F. Baker,June 1995

Further reading

  • Chapter "Routing Basics" in the Cisco "Internetworking Technology Handbook"

April 29, 2023
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A routing protocol specifies how routers communicate with each other to distribute information that enables them to select routes between nodes on a computer network Routers perform the traffic directing functions on the Internet data packets are forwarded through the networks of the internet from router to router until they reach their destination computer Routing algorithms determine the specific choice of route Each router has a prior knowledge only of networks attached to it directly A routing protocol shares this information first among immediate neighbors and then throughout the network This way routers gain knowledge of the topology of the network The ability of routing protocols to dynamically adjust to changing conditions such as disabled connections and components and route data around obstructions is what gives the Internet its fault tolerance and high availability Routing protocol classification computer networks The specific characteristics of routing protocols include the manner in which they avoid routing loops the manner in which they select preferred routes using information about hop costs the time they require to reach routing convergence their scalability and other factors such as relay multiplexing and cloud access framework parameters Certain additional characteristics such as multilayer interfacing may also be employed as a means of distributing uncompromised networking gateways to authorized ports 1 This has the added benefit of preventing issues with routing protocol loops 2 Many routing protocols are defined in technical standards documents called RFCs 3 4 5 6 Contents 1 Types 2 OSI layer designation 3 Interior gateway protocols 4 Exterior gateway protocols 5 Routing software 6 Routed protocols 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further readingTypes EditAlthough there are many types of routing protocols three major classes are in widespread use on IP networks Interior gateway protocols type 1 link state routing protocols such as OSPF and IS IS Interior gateway protocols type 2 distance vector routing protocols such as Routing Information Protocol RIPv2 IGRP Exterior gateway protocols are routing protocols used on the Internet for exchanging routing information between Autonomous Systems such as Border Gateway Protocol BGP a path vector routing protocol Exterior gateway protocols should not be confused with Exterior Gateway Protocol EGP an obsolete routing protocol OSI layer designation EditRouting protocols according to the OSI routing framework are layer management protocols for the network layer regardless of their transport mechanism IS IS runs on the data link layer Layer 2 Open Shortest Path First OSPF is encapsulated in IP but runs only on the IPv4 subnet while the IPv6 version runs on the link using only link local addressing IGRP and EIGRP are directly encapsulated in IP EIGRP uses its own reliable transmission mechanism while IGRP assumed an unreliable transport Routing Information Protocol RIP runs over the User Datagram Protocol UDP Version 1 operates in broadcast mode while version 2 uses multicast addressing BGP runs over the Transmission Control Protocol TCP Interior gateway protocols EditInterior gateway protocols IGPs exchange routing information within a single routing domain Examples of IGPs include Open Shortest Path First OSPF Routing Information Protocol RIP Intermediate System to Intermediate System IS IS Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol EIGRP a Exterior gateway protocols EditExterior gateway protocols exchange routing information between autonomous systems Examples include Exterior Gateway Protocol EGP Border Gateway Protocol BGP Routing software EditMany software implementations exist for most of the common routing protocols Examples of open source applications are Bird Internet routing daemon Quagga GNU Zebra OpenBGPD OpenOSPFD and XORP Routed protocols EditSome network certification courses distinguish between routing protocols and routed protocols A routed protocol is used to deliver application traffic It provides appropriate addressing information in its internet layer or network layer to allow a packet to be forwarded from one network to another Examples of routed protocols are the Internet Protocol IP and Internetwork Packet Exchange IPX See also EditStatic routing Dynamic routing Hierarchical state routing Optimized Link State Routing Protocol B A T M A N ZHLS GFNotes Edit Cisco no longer supports the proprietary IGRP protocol The EIGRP implementation accepts IGRP configuration commands but the internals of IGRP and EIGRP are different References Edit Ahmad F 2016 Machine to machine sensor data multiplexing using LTE advanced relay node for logistics Dynamics in Logistics Lecture Notes in Logistics 247 257 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 23512 7 24 ISBN 978 3 319 23511 0 Garnepudi P 2013 Proactive reactive and hybrid multicast routing protocols for Wireless Mesh Networks IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research INTERNET PROTOCOL RFC 791 J Postel September 1981 BROADCASTING INTERNET DATAGRAMS IN THE PRESENCE OF SUBNETS RFC 922 Jeffrey Mogul October 1984 Towards Requirements for IP Routers RFC 1716 P Almquist November 1994 Requirements for IP Version 4 Routers RFC 1812 F Baker June 1995Further reading EditChapter Routing Basics in the Cisco Internetworking Technology Handbook Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Routing protocol amp oldid 1152111685, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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