The Roman Warm Period, or Roman Climatic Optimum, was a period of unusually-warm weather in Europe and the North Atlantic that ran from approximately 250 BC to AD 400.[1]Theophrastus (371 – c. 287 BC) wrote that date trees could grow in Greece if they were planted but that they could not set fruit there. That is still the case today, which implies that South Aegean mean summer temperatures in the 4th and the 5th centuries BC were within a degree of modern ones. That and other literary fragments from the time confirm that the Greek climate was basically the same then as around 2000. Tree rings from the Italian Peninsula in the late 3rd century BC indicate a time of mild conditions there around the time of Hannibal's crossing of the Alps with imported elephants in 218 BC.[2]
Roman Warm Period
The Roman Warm Period affected Europe and the North Atlantic Ocean.
Dendrochronological evidence from wood found at the Parthenon shows variability of climate in the 5th century BC, which resembles the modern pattern of variation.[3]
Cooling at the end of the period is noted in Southwest Florida, which may have been caused by a reduction in solar radiation reaching the Earth. That may have triggered a change in atmospheric circulation patterns.[4]
The phrase "Roman Warm Period" first appears in a 1995 doctoral thesis.[5] It was popularized by an article published in Nature in 1999.[6]
A high-resolution pollen analysis of a core from Galicia concluded in 2003 that the Roman Warm Period lasted from 250 BC to AD 450 in northwestern Iberia.[8]
Glaciersedit
A 1986 analysis of Alpine glaciers concluded that the period from AD 100 to 400 was significantly warmer than earlier and later centuries.[9]Artifacts recovered from the retreating Schnidejoch glacier have been taken as evidence for the Bronze Age, Roman, and Medieval Warm Periods.[10]
Deep ocean sedimentedit
A 1999 reconstruction of ocean current patterns, based on the granularity of deep ocean sediment, concluded that there was a Roman Warm Period, which peaked around AD 150.[6]
Mollusk shellsedit
An analysis of oxygen isotopes found in mollusk shells in an Icelandic inlet concluded in 2010 that Iceland experienced a warm period from 230 BC to AD 140.[11]
^Cambell, Ian D; Campbell, Celina; Apps, Michael J; Rutter, Nathaniel W; Bush, Andrew BG (1998). "Late Holocene similar to 1500yr climatic periodicities and their implications". Geology. 26: 471–473. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0471:LHYCPA>2.3.CO;2.
^Wang, Ting; Surge, Donna; Walker, Karen Jo (2013). "Seasonal climate change across the Roman Warm Period/Vandal Minimum transition using isotope sclerochronology in archaeological shells and otoliths, southwest Florida, USA". Quaternary International. 308–309: 230–241. Bibcode:2013QuInt.308..230W. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.11.013.
^Patterson, William Paul (1995). Stable isotopic record of climatic and environmental change in continental settings (PhD thesis). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. hdl:2027.42/104848. OCLC 712737306. The Roman warm period though it has been suggested was responsible in part for advances in civilization, also had a dangerous side.
^ abBianchi GG, McCave IN; McCave (February 1999), "Holocene periodicity in North Atlantic climate and deep-ocean flow south of Iceland", Nature, 397 (6719): 515–7, Bibcode:1999Natur.397..515B, doi:10.1038/17362, S2CID 4304638
^ abWerner, Johannes P.; Wang, Jianghao; Gómez-Navarro, Juan José; Steiger, Nathan; Neukom, Raphael (July 2019). "No evidence for globally coherent warm and cold periods over the preindustrial Common Era" (PDF). Nature. 571 (7766): 550–554. Bibcode:2019Natur.571..550N. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1401-2. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 31341300. S2CID 198494930.
^Desprat, S.; Goñi, M.F.S.; Loutre, M.-F. (2003). "Revealing climatic variability of the last three millennia in northwestern Iberia using pollen influx data". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 213 (1–2): 63–78. Bibcode:2003E&PSL.213...63D. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00292-9.
^Röthlisberger, F. (1986), 10,000 Jahre Gletschergeschichte der Erde, Sauerländer, ISBN978-3794127979
^Imogen Foulkes, Alpine melt reveals ancient life, BBC News, 24 August 2008.
^Patterson WP, Dietrich KA, Holmden C, Andrews JT (March 2010), "Two millennia of North Atlantic seasonality and implications for Norse colonies", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107 (12): 5306–10, Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.5306P, doi:10.1073/pnas.0902522107, PMC2851789, PMID 20212157
Referencesedit
Moberg, Anders; Sonechkin, Dmitry M.; Holmgren, Karin; Datsenko, Nina M.; Karlén, Wibjörn; Lauritzen, S. E. (10 February 2005), "Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data", Nature, 433 (7026): 613–617, Bibcode:2005Natur.433..613M, doi:10.1038/nature03265, PMID 15703742, S2CID 4359264. Corrigendum: Moberg et al. 2006.
Moberg, Anders; Sonechkin, Dimitry M.; Holmgren, Karin; Datsenko, Nina M.; Karlén, Wibjörn; Lauritzen, Stein-Erik (23 February 2006), "Corrigendum: Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data", Nature, 439 (7079): 1014, Bibcode:2006Natur.439.1014M, doi:10.1038/nature04575.
Huang S, Pollack HN, Shen PY (4 July 2008), "A late Quaternary climate reconstruction based on borehole heat flux data, borehole temperature data, and the instrumental record", Geophysical Research Letters, 35 (13), L13703, Bibcode:2008GeoRL..3513703H, doi:10.1029/2008GL034187, hdl:2027.42/95180, S2CID 11399172.
Mann, Michael E.; Zhang, Zhihua; Hughes, Malcolm K.; Bradley, Raymond S.; Miller, Sonya K.; Rutherford, Scott; Ni, Fenbiao (9 September 2008), "Proxy-based reconstructions of hemispheric and global surface temperature variations over the past two millennia", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105 (36): 13252–13257, Bibcode:2008PNAS..10513252M, doi:10.1073/pnas.0805721105, PMC2527990, PMID 18765811.
Black, Richard (1 September 2008), "Climate 'hockey stick' is revived", BBC News, retrieved 18 May 2011
Bello, David (4 September 2009), "Global Warming Reverses Long-Term Arctic Cooling", Scientific American, retrieved 19 May 2011.
Kaufman, Darrel; Schneider, David P.; McKay, Nicholas P.; Ammann, Caspar M.; Bradley, Raymond S.; Briffa, Keith R.; Miller, Gifford H.; Otto-Bliesner, Bette L.; Overpeck, Jonathan T.; Vinther, Bo M.; et al. (Arctic Lakes 2k Project) (4 September 2009), "Recent warming reverses long-term arctic cooling", Science, 325 (5945): 1236–1239, Bibcode:2009Sci...325.1236K, CiteSeerX10.1.1.419.9771, doi:10.1126/science.1173983, PMID 19729653, S2CID 23844037.
Mann, Michael E.; Zhang, Zhihua; Rutherford, Scott; Bradley, Raymond S.; Hughes, Malcolm K.; Shindell, Ddrew; Ammann, Caspar M.; Faluvegi, Greg; Ni, Fenbiao (27 November 2009), "Global Signatures and Dynamical Origins of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Climate Anomaly", Science, 326 (5957): 1256–1260, Bibcode:2009Sci...326.1256M, doi:10.1126/science.1177303, PMID 19965474, S2CID 18655276.
Ljungqvist, F. C. (September 2010), "A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia" (PDF), Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography, 92 (3): 339–351, doi:10.1111/j.1468-0459.2010.00399.x, S2CID 55018654.
Ljungqvist, F. C.; Krusic, P. J.; Brattström, G.; Sundqvist, H. S. (2012), "Northern Hemisphere temperature patterns in the last 12 centuries", Climate of the Past, 8 (1): 227–249, Bibcode:2012CliPa...8..227L, doi:10.5194/cp-8-227-2012.
Sallares, Robert (2007). "Ecology". In Scheidel, Walter; Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P. (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/chol9780521780537.003. ISBN978-0-511-46707-3. OCLC 263074667.
PAGES 2k Consortium (11 July 2017). "A global multiproxy database for temperature reconstructions of the Common Era - Scientific Data". Scientific Data. 4 (1): 170088. Bibcode:2017NatSD...470088E. doi:10.1038/sdata.2017.88. PMC5505119. PMID 28696409.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
January 01, 1970
roman, warm, period, roman, climatic, optimum, period, unusually, warm, weather, europe, north, atlantic, that, from, approximately, theophrastus, wrote, that, date, trees, could, grow, greece, they, were, planted, that, they, could, fruit, there, that, still,. The Roman Warm Period or Roman Climatic Optimum was a period of unusually warm weather in Europe and the North Atlantic that ran from approximately 250 BC to AD 400 1 Theophrastus 371 c 287 BC wrote that date trees could grow in Greece if they were planted but that they could not set fruit there That is still the case today which implies that South Aegean mean summer temperatures in the 4th and the 5th centuries BC were within a degree of modern ones That and other literary fragments from the time confirm that the Greek climate was basically the same then as around 2000 Tree rings from the Italian Peninsula in the late 3rd century BC indicate a time of mild conditions there around the time of Hannibal s crossing of the Alps with imported elephants in 218 BC 2 Roman Warm PeriodThe Roman Warm Period affected Europe and the North Atlantic Ocean Duration250 BC AD 400LocationEurope and the North Atlantic Dendrochronological evidence from wood found at the Parthenon shows variability of climate in the 5th century BC which resembles the modern pattern of variation 3 Cooling at the end of the period is noted in Southwest Florida which may have been caused by a reduction in solar radiation reaching the Earth That may have triggered a change in atmospheric circulation patterns 4 The phrase Roman Warm Period first appears in a 1995 doctoral thesis 5 It was popularized by an article published in Nature in 1999 6 More recent research including a 2019 analysis based on a much larger dataset of climate proxies has found that the putative period along with other warmer or colder pre industrial periods such as the Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period were regional phenomena not globally coherent episodes 7 That analysis uses the temperature record of the last 2 000 years dataset compiled by the PAGES 2k Consortium 2017 7 Proxies editPollen edit A high resolution pollen analysis of a core from Galicia concluded in 2003 that the Roman Warm Period lasted from 250 BC to AD 450 in northwestern Iberia 8 Glaciers edit A 1986 analysis of Alpine glaciers concluded that the period from AD 100 to 400 was significantly warmer than earlier and later centuries 9 Artifacts recovered from the retreating Schnidejoch glacier have been taken as evidence for the Bronze Age Roman and Medieval Warm Periods 10 Deep ocean sediment edit A 1999 reconstruction of ocean current patterns based on the granularity of deep ocean sediment concluded that there was a Roman Warm Period which peaked around AD 150 6 Mollusk shells edit An analysis of oxygen isotopes found in mollusk shells in an Icelandic inlet concluded in 2010 that Iceland experienced a warm period from 230 BC to AD 140 11 See also editClimate of ancient RomeNotes edit Cambell Ian D Campbell Celina Apps Michael J Rutter Nathaniel W Bush Andrew BG 1998 Late Holocene similar to 1500yr climatic periodicities and their implications Geology 26 471 473 doi 10 1130 0091 7613 1998 026 lt 0471 LHYCPA gt 2 3 CO 2 Sallares 2007 p 18 Sallares 2007 p 17 Wang Ting Surge Donna Walker Karen Jo 2013 Seasonal climate change across the Roman Warm Period Vandal Minimum transition using isotope sclerochronology in archaeological shells and otoliths southwest Florida USA Quaternary International 308 309 230 241 Bibcode 2013QuInt 308 230W doi 10 1016 j quaint 2012 11 013 Patterson William Paul 1995 Stable isotopic record of climatic and environmental change in continental settings PhD thesis Ann Arbor University of Michigan hdl 2027 42 104848 OCLC 712737306 The Roman warm period though it has been suggested was responsible in part for advances in civilization also had a dangerous side a b Bianchi GG McCave IN McCave February 1999 Holocene periodicity in North Atlantic climate and deep ocean flow south of Iceland Nature 397 6719 515 7 Bibcode 1999Natur 397 515B doi 10 1038 17362 S2CID 4304638 a b Werner Johannes P Wang Jianghao Gomez Navarro Juan Jose Steiger Nathan Neukom Raphael July 2019 No evidence for globally coherent warm and cold periods over the preindustrial Common Era PDF Nature 571 7766 550 554 Bibcode 2019Natur 571 550N doi 10 1038 s41586 019 1401 2 ISSN 1476 4687 PMID 31341300 S2CID 198494930 Desprat S Goni M F S Loutre M F 2003 Revealing climatic variability of the last three millennia in northwestern Iberia using pollen influx data Earth and Planetary Science Letters 213 1 2 63 78 Bibcode 2003E amp PSL 213 63D doi 10 1016 S0012 821X 03 00292 9 Rothlisberger F 1986 10 000 Jahre Gletschergeschichte der Erde Sauerlander ISBN 978 3794127979 Imogen Foulkes Alpine melt reveals ancient life BBC News 24 August 2008 Patterson WP Dietrich KA Holmden C Andrews JT March 2010 Two millennia of North Atlantic seasonality and implications for Norse colonies Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107 12 5306 10 Bibcode 2010PNAS 107 5306P doi 10 1073 pnas 0902522107 PMC 2851789 PMID 20212157References editMoberg Anders Sonechkin Dmitry M Holmgren Karin Datsenko Nina M Karlen Wibjorn Lauritzen S E 10 February 2005 Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low and high resolution proxy data Nature 433 7026 613 617 Bibcode 2005Natur 433 613M doi 10 1038 nature03265 PMID 15703742 S2CID 4359264 Corrigendum Moberg et al 2006 Moberg Anders Sonechkin Dimitry M Holmgren Karin Datsenko Nina M Karlen Wibjorn Lauritzen Stein Erik 23 February 2006 Corrigendum Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low and high resolution proxy data Nature 439 7079 1014 Bibcode 2006Natur 439 1014M doi 10 1038 nature04575 Jansen E Overpeck J et al 2007 Palaeoclimate in Solomon S Qin D Manning M Chen Z Marquis M Averyt KB Tignor M Miller ML eds Climate Change 2007 The Physical Science Basis Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Cambridge UK and New York NY USA Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 88009 1 archived from the original on 16 January 2010 pb 978 0 521 70596 7 Huang S Pollack HN Shen PY 4 July 2008 A late Quaternary climate reconstruction based on borehole heat flux data borehole temperature data and the instrumental record Geophysical Research Letters 35 13 L13703 Bibcode 2008GeoRL 3513703H doi 10 1029 2008GL034187 hdl 2027 42 95180 S2CID 11399172 Mann Michael E Zhang Zhihua Hughes Malcolm K Bradley Raymond S Miller Sonya K Rutherford Scott Ni Fenbiao 9 September 2008 Proxy based reconstructions of hemispheric and global surface temperature variations over the past two millennia Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 36 13252 13257 Bibcode 2008PNAS 10513252M doi 10 1073 pnas 0805721105 PMC 2527990 PMID 18765811 Black Richard 1 September 2008 Climate hockey stick is revived BBC News retrieved 18 May 2011 Arctic Warming Overtakes 2 000 Years of Natural Cooling University Corporation for Atmospheric Research 3 September 2009 archived from the original on 27 April 2011 retrieved 19 May 2011 Bello David 4 September 2009 Global Warming Reverses Long Term Arctic Cooling Scientific American retrieved 19 May 2011 Kaufman Darrel Schneider David P McKay Nicholas P Ammann Caspar M Bradley Raymond S Briffa Keith R Miller Gifford H Otto Bliesner Bette L Overpeck Jonathan T Vinther Bo M et al Arctic Lakes 2k Project 4 September 2009 Recent warming reverses long term arctic cooling Science 325 5945 1236 1239 Bibcode 2009Sci 325 1236K CiteSeerX 10 1 1 419 9771 doi 10 1126 science 1173983 PMID 19729653 S2CID 23844037 Mann Michael E Zhang Zhihua Rutherford Scott Bradley Raymond S Hughes Malcolm K Shindell Ddrew Ammann Caspar M Faluvegi Greg Ni Fenbiao 27 November 2009 Global Signatures and Dynamical Origins of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Climate Anomaly Science 326 5957 1256 1260 Bibcode 2009Sci 326 1256M doi 10 1126 science 1177303 PMID 19965474 S2CID 18655276 Ljungqvist F C September 2010 A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia PDF Geografiska Annaler Series A Physical Geography 92 3 339 351 doi 10 1111 j 1468 0459 2010 00399 x S2CID 55018654 Ljungqvist F C Krusic P J Brattstrom G Sundqvist H S 2012 Northern Hemisphere temperature patterns in the last 12 centuries Climate of the Past 8 1 227 249 Bibcode 2012CliPa 8 227L doi 10 5194 cp 8 227 2012 Sallares Robert 2007 Ecology In Scheidel Walter Morris Ian Saller Richard P eds The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco Roman World Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press doi 10 1017 chol9780521780537 003 ISBN 978 0 511 46707 3 OCLC 263074667 PAGES 2k Consortium 11 July 2017 A global multiproxy database for temperature reconstructions of the Common Era Scientific Data Scientific Data 4 1 170088 Bibcode 2017NatSD 470088E doi 10 1038 sdata 2017 88 PMC 5505119 PMID 28696409 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Roman Warm Period amp 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