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Rigoberta Menchú

October 14, 2023

"Menchu" redirects here. For other uses, see Menchu (disambiguation).
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Menchú and the second or maternal family name is Tum.

Rigoberta Menchú Tum (Spanish: [riɣoˈβeɾta menˈtʃu]; born 9 January 1959)[1] is a K'iche' Guatemalan human rights activist, feminist,[2] and Nobel Peace Prize laureate. Menchú has dedicated her life to publicizing the rights of Guatemala's Indigenous peoples during and after the Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996), and to promoting Indigenous rights internationally.[3]

Rigoberta Menchú Tum
Menchú in 1998
Born
Rigoberta Menchú Tum

(1959-01-09) 9 January 1959 (age 64)
Laj Chimel, Quiché, Guatemala
NationalityGuatemalan
Occupation(s)Activist, politician
Political partyWinaq (founder)
Spouse
Ángel Canil
​
(m. 1995)​
Children2 (1 deceased)
Parent(s)Juana Tum Kótoja
Vicente Menchú Pérez
AwardsNobel Peace Prize in 1992
Prince of Asturias Awards in 1998
Order of the Aztec Eagle in 2010.
Website[Usurped!]

She received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1992 and the Princess of Asturias Award in 1998, in addition to other prestigious awards. She is the subject of the testimonial biography I, Rigoberta Menchú (1983) and the author of the autobiographical work, Crossing Borders (1998), among other works. Menchú is a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador. She ran for president of Guatemala in 2007 and 2011, having founded the country's first Indigenous political party, Winaq.[4]

Menchú with her husband and son

Personal life Edit

Rigoberta Menchú was born to a poor Indigenous family of K'iche' Maya descent in Laj Chimel, a rural area in the north-central Guatemalan province of El Quiché.[5] Her family was one of many Indigenous families who could not sustain themselves on the small pieces of land they were left with after the Spanish conquest of Guatemala.[6] Menchú's mother began her career as a midwife at age sixteen, and continued to practice using traditional medicinal plants until she was murdered at age 43. Her father was a prominent activist for the rights of Indigenous farmers in Guatemala.[7] Both of her parents regularly attended Catholic church, and her mother remained connected to her Maya spirituality and identity.[7] Menchú considers herself to be the perfect mix of both her parents.[7] She believes in many teachings of the Catholic Church, but her mother's Maya influence also taught Menchú the importance of living in harmony with nature and retaining her Maya culture.[7]

In 1979-80 her brother, Patrocinio, and her mother, Juana Tum Kótoja, were kidnapped, brutally tortured and murdered by the Guatemalan Army.[3] Her father, Vicente Menchú Perez, died in the 1980 Burning of the Spanish Embassy, which occurred after urban guerrillas took hostages and were attacked by government security forces.[8] In January 2015, Pedro García Arredondo, a former police commander of the Guatemalan Army who later served as the chief of the now defunct National Police (Policía Nacional, PN),[9] was convicted of attempted murder and crimes against humanity for his role in the embassy attack;[8][10] Arrendondo was also previously convicted in 2012 of ordering the enforced disappearance of agronomy student Édgar Enrique Sáenz Calito during the country’s long-running internal armed conflict.[9]

In 1984, Menchú's other brother, Victor, was shot to death after he surrendered to the Guatemalan Army, was threatened by soldiers, and tried to escape.[11]

In 1995, Menchú married Ángel Canil, a Guatemalan, in a Mayan ceremony. They had a Catholic wedding in January 1998; at that time they also buried their son Tz'unun ("hummingbird" in Mayan), who had died after being born prematurely in December.[12] They adopted a son, Mash Nahual Ja' ("Spirit of Water").[13][14]

She lives with her family in the municipality of San Pedro Jocopilas, Quiché Department, northwest of Guatemala City, in the heartland of the Kʼicheʼ people.

Guatemalan activism Edit

From a young age, Menchú was active alongside her father, advocating for the rights of Indigenous farmers through the Committee for Peasant Unity.[15][7] Menchú often faced discrimination for wanting to join her male family members in the fight for justice, but she was inspired by her mother to continue making space for herself.[16] She believes that the roots of Indigenous oppression in Guatemala stem from issues of exploitation and colonial land ownership.[15] Her early activism focused on defending her people from colonial exploitation.[15]

After leaving school, Menchú worked as an activist campaigning against human rights violations committed by the Guatemalan Army during the country's civil war, which lasted from 1960 to 1996.[11] Many of the human rights violations that occurred during the war targeted Indigenous peoples.[17] Women were targets of physical and sexual violence at the hands of the military.[18]

In 1981, Menchú was exiled and escaped to Mexico where she found refuge in the home of a Catholic bishop in Chiapas.[19] Menchú continued to organize resistance to oppression in Guatemala and organize the struggle for Indigenous rights by co-founding the United Republic of Guatemalan Opposition.[20] Tens of thousands of people, mostly Mayan Indians, fled to Mexico from 1982 to 1984 at the height of Guatemala's 36-year civil war.[20]

A year later, in 1982, she narrated a book about her life, titled Me llamo Rigoberta Menchú y así me nació la conciencia (My Name is Rigoberta Menchú, and this is how my Awareness was Born), to Venezuelan author and anthropologist Elizabeth Burgos, which was translated into five other languages including English and French.[5] The book made her an international icon at the time of the ongoing conflict in Guatemala and brought attention to the suffering of Indigenous peoples under an oppressive government regime.[5][21]

Menchú served as the Presidential Goodwill Ambassador for the 1996 Peace Accords in Guatemala.[22] That same year she received the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award in Boston.[23]

After the Guatemalan Civil War ended, Menchú campaigned to have Guatemalan political and military establishment members tried in Spanish courts.[24] In 1999, she filed a complaint before a court in Spain because prosecutions of civil-war era crimes in Guatemala was practically impossible.[24] These attempts stalled as the Spanish courts determined that the plaintiffs had not yet exhausted all possibilities of seeking justice through the legal system of Guatemala.[24] On 23 December 2006, Spain called for the extradition from Guatemala of seven former members of Guatemala's government, including Efraín Ríos Montt and Óscar Mejía, on charges of genocide and torture.[25] Spain's highest court ruled that cases of genocide committed abroad could be judged in Spain, even if no Spanish citizens were involved.[25] In addition to the deaths of Spanish citizens, the most serious charges include genocide against the Maya people of Guatemala.[25]

Politics Edit

 
Menchú commemorating the Treaty on Identity and Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 2009

In 2005, Menchú joined the Guatemalan federal government as goodwill ambassador for the National Peace Accords.[26] In April 2005, five Guatemalan politicians would be convicted for hurling racial epithets at her and also at court rulings which upheld the right to wear indigenous dress and practice Mayan spirituality.[26]

On 12 February 2007, Menchú announced that she would form an Indigenous political party called Encuentro por Guatemala and that she would stand in the 2007 presidential election.[27] She was the first Maya, Indigenous woman to ever run in a Guatemalan election.[28][29] In the 2007 election, Menchú was defeated in the first round, receiving three percent of the vote.[30]

In 2009, Menchú became involved in the newly founded party Winaq.[27] Menchú was a candidate for the 2011 presidential election, but lost in the first round, winning three percent of the vote again.[31] Although Menchú was not elected, Winaq succeeded in becoming the first Indigenous political party of Guatemala.[4]

International activism Edit

In 1996, Menchú was appointed as a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador in recognition of her activism for the rights of Indigenous people.[32] In this capacity, she acted as a spokesperson for the first International Decade of the World's Indigenous Peoples (1995–2004), where she worked to improve international collaboration on issues such as environment, education, health care, and human rights for Indigenous peoples.[33][34] In 2015, Menchú met with the general director of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, in order to solidify relations between Guatemala and the organization.[35]

Since 2003, Menchú has become involved in the Indigenous pharmaceutical industry as president of "Salud para Todos" ("Health for All") and the company "Farmacias Similares," with the goal of offering low-cost generic medicines.[22][36] As president of this organization, Menchú has received pushback from large pharmaceutical companies due to her desire to shorten the patent life of certain AIDS and cancer drugs to increase their availability and affordability.[36]

In 2006, Menchú was one of the founders of the Nobel Women's Initiative along with sister Nobel Peace Laureates Jody Williams, Shirin Ebadi, Wangari Maathai, Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan Maguire.[37] These six women, representing North America, South America, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, decided to bring together their experiences in a united effort for peace, justice and equality.[37] It is the goal of the Nobel Women's Initiative to help strengthen women's rights around the world.[37]

Menchú is a member of PeaceJam, an organization whose mission is to use Nobel Peace Laureates as mentors and models for young people and provide a way for these Laureates to share their knowledge, passions, and experience.[38][39] She travels around the world speaking to youth through PeaceJam conferences.[38] She has also been a member of the Foundation Chirac's honor committee since the foundation was launched in 2008 by former French president Jacques Chirac in order to promote world peace.[40]

Menchú has continued her activism by continuing to raise awareness for issues including political and economic inequality and climate change.[41]

Legacy Edit

Awards and honors Edit

 
The Nobel Peace Prize Medal awarded to Menchú is safeguarded in the Museo del Templo Mayor in Mexico City.
  • 1992 Nobel Peace Prize for her advocacy and social justice work for the indigenous peoples of Latin America[42]
  • 1992 UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador position for her advocacy for the indigenous peoples of Guatemala[43]
    • Menchú became the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize at the time, and its first Indigenous recipient.[44]
  • 1996 Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award for her authorship and advocacy for the indigenous peoples of Guatemala[45]
  • 1998 Prince of Asturias Prize for improving the condition of women and the communities they serve. (Jointly with 6 other women.)[46]
  • 1999 asteroid 9481 Menchú was named in her honor (M.P.C. 34354)[47]
  • 2010 Order of the Aztec Eagle for services provided for Mexico[48]
  • 2018 Spendlove Prize for her advocacy for minority groups[49]
  • In 2022, the University of Bordeaux Montaigne, located in Pessac gave the name of its newly built library in her honor

Publications Edit

  • I, Rigoberta Menchú (1983)[50]
    • This book, also titled My Name is Rigoberta Menchú and that's how my Conscience was Born, was dictated by Menchú and transcribed by Elizabeth Burgos[51]
  • Crossing Borders (1998)[52]
  • Daughter of the Maya (1999)[53]
  • The Girl from Chimel (2005) with Dante Liano, illustrated by Domi [54]
  • The Honey Jar (2006) with Dante Liano, illustrated by Domi[55]
  • The Secret Legacy (2008) with Dante Liano, illustrated by Domi [56]
  • K'aslemalil-Vivir. El caminar de Rigoberta Menchú Tum en el Tiempo (2012)[57][58]

Controversies about her testimony Edit

More than a decade after the publication of I, Rigoberta Menchú, anthropologist David Stoll investigated Menchú's story and claimed that Menchú changed some elements about her life, family, and village to meet the publicity needs of the guerrilla movement.[59] The controversy caused by Stoll's book received widespread coverage in the US press of the time; thus the New York Times highlighted a few claims in her book contradicted by other sources:

A younger brother whom Ms. Menchu says she saw die of starvation never existed, while a second, whose suffering she says she and her parents were forced to watch as he was being burned alive by army troops, was killed in entirely different circumstances when the family was not present. Contrary to Ms. Menchu's assertion in the first page of her book that I never went to school and could not speak Spanish or read or write until shortly before she dictated the text of I, Rigoberta Menchu, she in fact received the equivalent of a middle-school education as a scholarship student at two prestigious private boarding schools operated by Roman Catholic nuns.[60][61]

Many authors have defended Menchú, and attributed the controversy to different interpretations of the testimonio genre.[62][63][64][65] Menchú herself states, "I'd like to stress that it's not only my life, it's also the testimony of my people."[15] Some scholars have stated that, despite its factual and historical inaccuracies, Menchú's testimony remains relevant for the ways in which it depicts the life of an Indigenous Guatemalan during the civil war.[64]

The Nobel Committee dismissed calls to revoke Menchú's Nobel Prize, in spite of Stoll's allegations regarding Menchú. Geir Lundestad, the secretary of the committee, stated that Menchú's prize was awarded because of her advocacy and social justice work, not because of her testimony, and that she had committed no observable wrongdoing.

According to Mark Horowitz, William Yaworsky, and Kenneth Kickham, the controversy about Stoll's account of Menchu is one of the three most divisive episodes in recent American anthropological history, along with controversies about the truthfulness of Margaret Mead's Coming of Age in Samoa and Napoleon Chagnon's representation of violence among the Yanomami.[66]

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ "UPI Almanac for Thursday, Jan. 9, 2020". United Press International. 9 January 2020. Archived from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2020. … Guatemalan activist/Nobel Peace Prize laureate Rigoberta Menchu in 1959 (age 61)
  2. ^ Dulfano, Isabel (2015). Indigenous Feminist Narratives. doi:10.1057/9781137531315. ISBN 978-1-349-50686-6.
  3. ^ a b ""Rigoberta Menchú." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, Gale, 1998. Gale in Context: Biography". Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  4. ^ a b "Meet Nobel Peace laureate Rigoberta Menchú Tum, Nobel Women's Initiative". Nobel Women's Initiative. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  5. ^ a b c . Nobelprize.org. 2013. Archived from the original on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  6. ^ "Rigoberta Menchu | Kanopy". ualberta.kanopy.com. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d e "University of Alberta Libraries". ezpa.library.ualberta.ca. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  8. ^ a b Grandin, Greg. "Rigoberta Menchú Vindicated". The Nation. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  9. ^ a b "Guatemala: Former police chief convicted in 1980s disappearance case". Amnesty Intertional. 22 August 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  10. ^ "Pedro García Arredondo". TRIAL International. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  11. ^ a b "#IWD2019 - Rigoberta Menchú Tum". Multimedia Centre. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  12. ^ "A day of joy, grief for Nobel winner". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Associated Press. 18 January 1998. p. A17. Retrieved 27 April 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. ^ Irwin Abrams, The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates: An Illustrated Biographical History, Watson Publishing International, 2001, p. 296.
  14. ^ "Trouble for Rigoberta". Newsweek. 20 June 1999. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  15. ^ a b c d Menchu, Rigoberta (1984). "I, Rigoberta Menchu Excerpts" (PDF).
  16. ^ "Rigoberta Menchú". Teaching Tolerance. 9 August 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  17. ^ ABC Australia (2014). "Mayan Indians". ezpa.library.ualberta.ca. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  18. ^ Destrooper, Tine (2014). "Come Hell or High Water: Feminism and the Legacy of Armed Conflict in Central America". ezpa.library.ualberta.ca. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  19. ^ "Rigoberta Menchú Tum January 9, 1959". Rachel Shoey. 7 June 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  20. ^ a b . UNHCR. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  21. ^ Hartviksen, Julia. "Book Review: Towards a Feminist Subaltern Understanding of I, Rigoberta Menchu". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  22. ^ a b GUATEMALA: RIGOBERTA MENCHU STEPS BEYOND TRADITION TO MOVE INDIGENOUS AGENDA, thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  23. ^ "Recipients of the Courage of Conscience Award". peaceabbey.org. 2 May 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  24. ^ a b c "Activist Asks Spain to Pursue Guatemala Case". Los Angeles Times. Reuters. 3 December 1999. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  25. ^ a b c "Spain seeks Guatemalan ex-rulers". BBC News. 23 December 2006. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  26. ^ a b Walker, Christopher; Tactic, Sanja (2006). "Countries at the Crossroads: A Survey of Democratic Governance". Freedom House. ISBN 9780742558014. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  27. ^ a b Zuckerman, Adam (2007). "The Presidential Candidacy of Rigoberta Menchú: Facing Guatemala's Bitter Past". The Council on Hemispheric Affairs.
  28. ^ Lakhani, Nina (15 June 2019). "Thelma Cabrera: indigenous, female and shaking up Guatemala's election". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  29. ^ "Guatemala's impossible candidate". 8 September 2007. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  30. ^ . Tvnz.co.nz. 10 February 2007. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
  31. ^ "Menchú, Rigoberta | The Columbia Encyclopedia - Credo Reference". search.credoreference.com. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  32. ^ "Rigoberta Menchu Túm | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  33. ^ "Resources ::: Women, Power & Peace". www.feminist.com. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  34. ^ "OHCHR | International Decades of the World´s Indigenous People". www.ohchr.org. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  35. ^ "Directora Unesco llega a Guatemala en visita oficial para reforzar relaciones". EFE News Service. 2015.
  36. ^ a b "Guatemalan Peace Prize Winner Opens Discount Drug Stores". Houston Chronicle. 2003.
  37. ^ a b c . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008.
  38. ^ a b Profile, BusinessWire.com, 20 April 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  39. ^ PeaceJam Mission Statement
  40. ^ "Honor Committee". Fondation Chirac. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  41. ^ "Rigoberta Menchú habla en ONU sobre obstáculos para la cultura de paz". Prensa Latina. 2018.
  42. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1992", Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  43. ^ "Nobel Peace Laureate Rigoberta Menchu to give UNESCO Human Rights Lecture". US Fed News Service. 2012.
  44. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1992". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  45. ^ admin. "Recipients of the Courage of Conscience Award | The Peace Abbey FoundationThe Peace Abbey Foundation". Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  46. ^ "Premio Príncipe de Asturias de Cooperación Internacional 1998", Fundación Princesa de Asturias website]. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  47. ^ "9481 Menchu (2559 P-L)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  48. ^ "What is the Order of the Aztec Eagle?!". México News Network. 6 July 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  49. ^ "Guatemalan Nobelist Announced as this Year's Spendlove Prize Recipient". Targeted News Service. 2018.
  50. ^ Menchú, Rigoberta (2013). "I, Rigoberta Menchú an Indian Woman in Guatemala". The Literature of Propaganda – via Credoreference.
  51. ^ Burgos, Elizabeth (2005). Me llamo Rigoberta Menchú y así me nació la consciencia. Siglo veintiuno editores. ISBN 9682313155. OCLC 775861208.
  52. ^ Menchú, Rigoberta (1998). Crossing borders. Wright, Ann, 1943-. London: Verso. ISBN 1859848931. OCLC 39458909.
  53. ^ Menchú, Rigoberta (1999). Enkelin der Maya : Autobiografie. Lamuv. ISBN 3889775551. OCLC 175122620.
  54. ^ Menchú, Rigoberta (2005). The girl from Chimel. Groundwood Books. ISBN 0888996667. OCLC 57697284.
  55. ^ Menchú, Rigoberta (2006). The honey jar. Liano, Dante., Unger, David., Domi. Toronto: Groundwood Books. ISBN 9780888996701. OCLC 61427375.
  56. ^ Menchú, Rigoberta (2008). The Secret Legacy. Toronto: Groundwood Books. ISBN 9780888998965. OCLC 209585664. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  57. ^ Menchú, Rigoberta (2015). K'aslemalil, vivir : el caminar de Rigoberta Menchú Tum en el tiempo. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. ISBN 9786070271700. OCLC 955326314.
  58. ^ "Guatemalteca Rigoberta Menchú celebra 56 años con libro autobiográfico". Notimex. 2015.
  59. ^ "Rigoberta Menchú and the Story of All Poor Guatemalans". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  60. ^ Rohter, Larry (15 December 1998), , The New York Times, archived from the original on 11 February 2010
  61. ^ New York Times:
  62. ^ Beverley, John (1989). "The Margin at the Center: on "Testimonio" (Testimonial Narrative)". Modern Fiction Studies. 35: 11–28. doi:10.1353/mfs.0.0923. S2CID 162050347.
  63. ^ Sanford, Victoria PhD. "The Silencing of Maya Women From Mama Maquin to Rigoberta Menchu", pp. 135–43; see p. 142 for critique on Stoll's informant, Alfonso Riviera.
  64. ^ a b Feffer, John (2010). "Not-So-Magical Realism". Foreign Policy in Focus.
  65. ^ Johnson, David (2001). "The limits of community: How "we" read me llamo rigoberta menchu". Discourse. 23: 154.
  66. ^ Horowitz, Mark; Yaworsky, William; Kickham, Kenneth (2019). "Anthropology's Science Wars". Current Anthropology. 60 (5): 674–698. doi:10.1086/705409. S2CID 203051445.

Bibliography Edit

  • Ament, Gail. "Recent Maya Incursions into Guatemalan Literary Historiography". Literary Cultures of Latin America: A Comparative History. Eds. Mario J. Valdés & Djelal Kadir. 3 Vols. Vol 1: Configurations of Literary Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004: I: 216–215.
  • Arias, Arturo. "After the Rigoberta Menchú Controversy: Lessons Learned About the Nature of Subalternity and the Specifics of the Indigenous Subject" MLN 117.2 (2002): 481–505.
  • Beverley, John. "The Real Thing (Our Rigoberta)" Modern Language Quarterly 57:2 (June 1996): 129–235.
  • Brittin, Alice A. "Close Encounters of the Third World Kind: Rigoberta Menchu and Elisabeth Burgos's Me llamo Rigoberta Menchu". Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 22, No. 4, Redefining Democracy: Cuba and Chiapas (Autumn, 1995), pp. 100–114.
  • De Valdés, María Elena. "The Discourse of the Other: Testimonio and the Fiction of the Maya." Bulletin of Hispanic Studies (Liverpool), LXXIII (1996): 79–90.
  • Feal, Rosemary Geisdorfer. "Women Writers into the Mainstream: Contemporary Latin American Narrative". Philosophy and Literature in Latin America. Eds. Jorge J.E. Gracia and Mireya Camurati. New York: State University of New York, 1989. An overview of women in contemporary Latin American letters.
  • Golden, Tim. "Guatemalan Indian Wins the Nobel Peace Prize": New York Times (17 October 1992): p. A1, A5.
  • Golden, Tim. "Guatemalan to Fight on With Nobel as Trumpet": New York Times (19 October 1992): p.A5.
  • Gossen, Gary H. "Rigoberta Menchu and Her Epic Narrative". Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 26, No. 6, If Truth Be Told: A Forum on David Stoll's "Rigoberta Menchu and the Story of All Poor Guatemalans" (Nov., 1999), pp. 64–69.
  • Gray Díaz, Nancy. "Indian Women Writers of Spanish America". Spanish American Women Writers: A Bio-Bibliographical Source Book. Ed. Diane E. Marting. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988
  • Millay, Amy Nauss. Voices from the Fuente Viva: The Effect of Orality in Twentieth-Century Spanish American Narrative. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2005.
  • Logan, Kathleen. "Personal Testimony: Latin American Women Telling Their Lives". Latin American Research Review 32.1 (1997): 199–211. Review Essay.
  • Nelan, Bruce W. "Striking Against Racism". Time 140:61 (26 October 1992): p. 61.
  • Stanford, Victoria. "Between Rigoberta Menchu and La Violencia: Deconstructing David Stoll's History of Guatemala" Latin American Perspectives 26.6, If Truth Be Told: A Forum on David Stoll's "Rigoberta Menchu and the Story of All Poor Guatemalans" (Nov., 1999), pp. 38–46.
  • ---. "From I, Rigoberta to the Commissioning of Truth Maya Women and the Reshaping of Guatemalan History". Cultural Critique 47 (2001) 16–53.
  • Sommer, Doris. "Rigoberta's Secrets" Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 18, No. 3, Voices of the Voiceless in Testimonial Literature, Part I. (Summer, 1991), pp. 32–50.
  • Stoll, David "Rigoberta Menchu and the Story of All Poor Guatemalans" (Westview Press, 1999)
  • ---. "Slaps and Embraces: A Rhetoric of Particularism". The Latin American Subaltern Studies Reader. Ed. Iliana Rodríguez. Durham: Duke University Press, 2001.
  • Wise, R. Todd. "Native American Testimonio: The Shared Vision of Black Elk and Rigoberta Menchú". In Christianity and Literature, Volume 45, Issue No.1 (Autumn 1995).
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External links Edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rigoberta Menchú.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Rigoberta Menchú.
  • Rigoberta Menchú Tum on Nobelprize.org  
  • Salon.com:
  • "Peace Prize Winner Admits Discrepancies", AP story in New York Times, 12 February 1999 (Subscription only.)
  • "Spain may judge Guatemala abuses", BBC News, 5 October 2005
  • "Anthropologist Challenges Veracity of Multicultural Icon" – The Chronicle of Higher Education. (Subscription only.)
  • Rigoberta Menchu at UMass Boston. on YouTube
  • Appearances on C-SPAN

October 14, 2023
rigoberta, menchú, menchu, redirects, here, other, uses, menchu, disambiguation, this, spanish, name, first, paternal, surname, menchú, second, maternal, family, name, spanish, riɣoˈβeɾta, menˈtʃu, born, january, 1959, iche, guatemalan, human, rights, activist. Menchu redirects here For other uses see Menchu disambiguation In this Spanish name the first or paternal surname is Menchu and the second or maternal family name is Tum Rigoberta Menchu Tum Spanish riɣoˈbeɾta menˈtʃu born 9 January 1959 1 is a K iche Guatemalan human rights activist feminist 2 and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Menchu has dedicated her life to publicizing the rights of Guatemala s Indigenous peoples during and after the Guatemalan Civil War 1960 1996 and to promoting Indigenous rights internationally 3 Rigoberta Menchu TumMenchu in 1998BornRigoberta Menchu Tum 1959 01 09 9 January 1959 age 64 Laj Chimel Quiche GuatemalaNationalityGuatemalanOccupation s Activist politicianPolitical partyWinaq founder SpouseAngel Canil m 1995 wbr Children2 1 deceased Parent s Juana Tum KotojaVicente Menchu PerezAwardsNobel Peace Prize in 1992Prince of Asturias Awards in 1998Order of the Aztec Eagle in 2010 WebsiteRigoberta Menchu Tum profile Usurped She received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1992 and the Princess of Asturias Award in 1998 in addition to other prestigious awards She is the subject of the testimonial biography I Rigoberta Menchu 1983 and the author of the autobiographical work Crossing Borders 1998 among other works Menchu is a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador She ran for president of Guatemala in 2007 and 2011 having founded the country s first Indigenous political party Winaq 4 Menchu with her husband and sonContents 1 Personal life 2 Guatemalan activism 2 1 Politics 3 International activism 4 Legacy 4 1 Awards and honors 4 2 Publications 4 2 1 Controversies about her testimony 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External linksPersonal life EditRigoberta Menchu was born to a poor Indigenous family of K iche Maya descent in Laj Chimel a rural area in the north central Guatemalan province of El Quiche 5 Her family was one of many Indigenous families who could not sustain themselves on the small pieces of land they were left with after the Spanish conquest of Guatemala 6 Menchu s mother began her career as a midwife at age sixteen and continued to practice using traditional medicinal plants until she was murdered at age 43 Her father was a prominent activist for the rights of Indigenous farmers in Guatemala 7 Both of her parents regularly attended Catholic church and her mother remained connected to her Maya spirituality and identity 7 Menchu considers herself to be the perfect mix of both her parents 7 She believes in many teachings of the Catholic Church but her mother s Maya influence also taught Menchu the importance of living in harmony with nature and retaining her Maya culture 7 In 1979 80 her brother Patrocinio and her mother Juana Tum Kotoja were kidnapped brutally tortured and murdered by the Guatemalan Army 3 Her father Vicente Menchu Perez died in the 1980 Burning of the Spanish Embassy which occurred after urban guerrillas took hostages and were attacked by government security forces 8 In January 2015 Pedro Garcia Arredondo a former police commander of the Guatemalan Army who later served as the chief of the now defunct National Police Policia Nacional PN 9 was convicted of attempted murder and crimes against humanity for his role in the embassy attack 8 10 Arrendondo was also previously convicted in 2012 of ordering the enforced disappearance of agronomy student Edgar Enrique Saenz Calito during the country s long running internal armed conflict 9 In 1984 Menchu s other brother Victor was shot to death after he surrendered to the Guatemalan Army was threatened by soldiers and tried to escape 11 In 1995 Menchu married Angel Canil a Guatemalan in a Mayan ceremony They had a Catholic wedding in January 1998 at that time they also buried their son Tz unun hummingbird in Mayan who had died after being born prematurely in December 12 They adopted a son Mash Nahual Ja Spirit of Water 13 14 She lives with her family in the municipality of San Pedro Jocopilas Quiche Department northwest of Guatemala City in the heartland of the Kʼicheʼ people Guatemalan activism EditFrom a young age Menchu was active alongside her father advocating for the rights of Indigenous farmers through the Committee for Peasant Unity 15 7 Menchu often faced discrimination for wanting to join her male family members in the fight for justice but she was inspired by her mother to continue making space for herself 16 She believes that the roots of Indigenous oppression in Guatemala stem from issues of exploitation and colonial land ownership 15 Her early activism focused on defending her people from colonial exploitation 15 After leaving school Menchu worked as an activist campaigning against human rights violations committed by the Guatemalan Army during the country s civil war which lasted from 1960 to 1996 11 Many of the human rights violations that occurred during the war targeted Indigenous peoples 17 Women were targets of physical and sexual violence at the hands of the military 18 In 1981 Menchu was exiled and escaped to Mexico where she found refuge in the home of a Catholic bishop in Chiapas 19 Menchu continued to organize resistance to oppression in Guatemala and organize the struggle for Indigenous rights by co founding the United Republic of Guatemalan Opposition 20 Tens of thousands of people mostly Mayan Indians fled to Mexico from 1982 to 1984 at the height of Guatemala s 36 year civil war 20 A year later in 1982 she narrated a book about her life titled Me llamo Rigoberta Menchu y asi me nacio la conciencia My Name is Rigoberta Menchu and this is how my Awareness was Born to Venezuelan author and anthropologist Elizabeth Burgos which was translated into five other languages including English and French 5 The book made her an international icon at the time of the ongoing conflict in Guatemala and brought attention to the suffering of Indigenous peoples under an oppressive government regime 5 21 Menchu served as the Presidential Goodwill Ambassador for the 1996 Peace Accords in Guatemala 22 That same year she received the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award in Boston 23 After the Guatemalan Civil War ended Menchu campaigned to have Guatemalan political and military establishment members tried in Spanish courts 24 In 1999 she filed a complaint before a court in Spain because prosecutions of civil war era crimes in Guatemala was practically impossible 24 These attempts stalled as the Spanish courts determined that the plaintiffs had not yet exhausted all possibilities of seeking justice through the legal system of Guatemala 24 On 23 December 2006 Spain called for the extradition from Guatemala of seven former members of Guatemala s government including Efrain Rios Montt and oscar Mejia on charges of genocide and torture 25 Spain s highest court ruled that cases of genocide committed abroad could be judged in Spain even if no Spanish citizens were involved 25 In addition to the deaths of Spanish citizens the most serious charges include genocide against the Maya people of Guatemala 25 Politics Edit nbsp Menchu commemorating the Treaty on Identity and Rights of Indigenous Peoples 2009In 2005 Menchu joined the Guatemalan federal government as goodwill ambassador for the National Peace Accords 26 In April 2005 five Guatemalan politicians would be convicted for hurling racial epithets at her and also at court rulings which upheld the right to wear indigenous dress and practice Mayan spirituality 26 On 12 February 2007 Menchu announced that she would form an Indigenous political party called Encuentro por Guatemala and that she would stand in the 2007 presidential election 27 She was the first Maya Indigenous woman to ever run in a Guatemalan election 28 29 In the 2007 election Menchu was defeated in the first round receiving three percent of the vote 30 In 2009 Menchu became involved in the newly founded party Winaq 27 Menchu was a candidate for the 2011 presidential election but lost in the first round winning three percent of the vote again 31 Although Menchu was not elected Winaq succeeded in becoming the first Indigenous political party of Guatemala 4 International activism EditIn 1996 Menchu was appointed as a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador in recognition of her activism for the rights of Indigenous people 32 In this capacity she acted as a spokesperson for the first International Decade of the World s Indigenous Peoples 1995 2004 where she worked to improve international collaboration on issues such as environment education health care and human rights for Indigenous peoples 33 34 In 2015 Menchu met with the general director of UNESCO Irina Bokova in order to solidify relations between Guatemala and the organization 35 Since 2003 Menchu has become involved in the Indigenous pharmaceutical industry as president of Salud para Todos Health for All and the company Farmacias Similares with the goal of offering low cost generic medicines 22 36 As president of this organization Menchu has received pushback from large pharmaceutical companies due to her desire to shorten the patent life of certain AIDS and cancer drugs to increase their availability and affordability 36 In 2006 Menchu was one of the founders of the Nobel Women s Initiative along with sister Nobel Peace Laureates Jody Williams Shirin Ebadi Wangari Maathai Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan Maguire 37 These six women representing North America South America Europe the Middle East and Africa decided to bring together their experiences in a united effort for peace justice and equality 37 It is the goal of the Nobel Women s Initiative to help strengthen women s rights around the world 37 Menchu is a member of PeaceJam an organization whose mission is to use Nobel Peace Laureates as mentors and models for young people and provide a way for these Laureates to share their knowledge passions and experience 38 39 She travels around the world speaking to youth through PeaceJam conferences 38 She has also been a member of the Foundation Chirac s honor committee since the foundation was launched in 2008 by former French president Jacques Chirac in order to promote world peace 40 Menchu has continued her activism by continuing to raise awareness for issues including political and economic inequality and climate change 41 Legacy EditAwards and honors Edit nbsp The Nobel Peace Prize Medal awarded to Menchu is safeguarded in the Museo del Templo Mayor in Mexico City 1992 Nobel Peace Prize for her advocacy and social justice work for the indigenous peoples of Latin America 42 1992 UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador position for her advocacy for the indigenous peoples of Guatemala 43 Menchu became the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize at the time and its first Indigenous recipient 44 1996 Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award for her authorship and advocacy for the indigenous peoples of Guatemala 45 1998 Prince of Asturias Prize for improving the condition of women and the communities they serve Jointly with 6 other women 46 1999 asteroid 9481 Menchu was named in her honor M P C 34354 47 2010 Order of the Aztec Eagle for services provided for Mexico 48 2018 Spendlove Prize for her advocacy for minority groups 49 In 2022 the University of Bordeaux Montaigne located in Pessac gave the name of its newly built library in her honorPublications Edit I Rigoberta Menchu 1983 50 This book also titled My Name is Rigoberta Menchu and that s how my Conscience was Born was dictated by Menchu and transcribed by Elizabeth Burgos 51 Crossing Borders 1998 52 Daughter of the Maya 1999 53 The Girl from Chimel 2005 with Dante Liano illustrated by Domi 54 The Honey Jar 2006 with Dante Liano illustrated by Domi 55 The Secret Legacy 2008 with Dante Liano illustrated by Domi 56 K aslemalil Vivir El caminar de Rigoberta Menchu Tum en el Tiempo 2012 57 58 Controversies about her testimony Edit More than a decade after the publication of I Rigoberta Menchu anthropologist David Stoll investigated Menchu s story and claimed that Menchu changed some elements about her life family and village to meet the publicity needs of the guerrilla movement 59 The controversy caused by Stoll s book received widespread coverage in the US press of the time thus the New York Times highlighted a few claims in her book contradicted by other sources A younger brother whom Ms Menchu says she saw die of starvation never existed while a second whose suffering she says she and her parents were forced to watch as he was being burned alive by army troops was killed in entirely different circumstances when the family was not present Contrary to Ms Menchu s assertion in the first page of her book that I never went to school and could not speak Spanish or read or write until shortly before she dictated the text of I Rigoberta Menchu she in fact received the equivalent of a middle school education as a scholarship student at two prestigious private boarding schools operated by Roman Catholic nuns 60 61 Many authors have defended Menchu and attributed the controversy to different interpretations of the testimonio genre 62 63 64 65 Menchu herself states I d like to stress that it s not only my life it s also the testimony of my people 15 Some scholars have stated that despite its factual and historical inaccuracies Menchu s testimony remains relevant for the ways in which it depicts the life of an Indigenous Guatemalan during the civil war 64 The Nobel Committee dismissed calls to revoke Menchu s Nobel Prize in spite of Stoll s allegations regarding Menchu Geir Lundestad the secretary of the committee stated that Menchu s prize was awarded because of her advocacy and social justice work not because of her testimony and that she had committed no observable wrongdoing According to Mark Horowitz William Yaworsky and Kenneth Kickham the controversy about Stoll s account of Menchu is one of the three most divisive episodes in recent American anthropological history along with controversies about the truthfulness of Margaret Mead s Coming of Age in Samoa and Napoleon Chagnon s representation of violence among the Yanomami 66 See also Edit nbsp Guatemala portal nbsp Biography portalList of civil rights leaders List of peace activists List of female Nobel laureates List of feministsReferences Edit UPI Almanac for Thursday Jan 9 2020 United Press International 9 January 2020 Archived from the original on 15 January 2020 Retrieved 15 January 2020 Guatemalan activist Nobel Peace Prize laureate Rigoberta Menchu in 1959 age 61 Dulfano Isabel 2015 Indigenous Feminist Narratives doi 10 1057 9781137531315 ISBN 978 1 349 50686 6 a b Rigoberta Menchu Encyclopedia of World Biography Online Gale 1998 Gale in Context Biography Retrieved 27 September 2019 a b Meet Nobel Peace laureate Rigoberta Menchu Tum Nobel Women s Initiative Nobel Women s Initiative Retrieved 21 November 2019 a b c Rigoberta Menchu Tum Biographical Nobelprize org 2013 Archived from the original on 29 August 2008 Retrieved 16 September 2013 Rigoberta Menchu Kanopy ualberta kanopy com Retrieved 21 November 2019 a b c d e University of Alberta Libraries ezpa library ualberta ca Retrieved 7 December 2019 a b Grandin Greg Rigoberta Menchu Vindicated The Nation Retrieved 27 November 2017 a b Guatemala Former police chief convicted in 1980s disappearance case Amnesty Intertional 22 August 2012 Retrieved 18 January 2022 Pedro Garcia Arredondo TRIAL International Retrieved 21 November 2019 a b IWD2019 Rigoberta Menchu Tum Multimedia Centre Retrieved 9 October 2019 A day of joy grief for Nobel winner Fort Worth Star Telegram Associated Press 18 January 1998 p A17 Retrieved 27 April 2020 via Newspapers com Irwin Abrams The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates An Illustrated Biographical History Watson Publishing International 2001 p 296 Trouble for Rigoberta Newsweek 20 June 1999 Retrieved 27 April 2020 a b c d Menchu Rigoberta 1984 I Rigoberta Menchu Excerpts PDF Rigoberta Menchu Teaching Tolerance 9 August 2017 Retrieved 8 December 2019 ABC Australia 2014 Mayan Indians ezpa library ualberta ca Retrieved 7 December 2019 Destrooper Tine 2014 Come Hell or High Water Feminism and the Legacy of Armed Conflict in Central America ezpa library ualberta ca Retrieved 7 December 2019 Rigoberta Menchu Tum January 9 1959 Rachel Shoey 7 June 2017 Retrieved 9 October 2019 a b Menchu Tum Rigoberta UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Archived from the original on 4 June 2016 Retrieved 14 May 2016 Hartviksen Julia Book Review Towards a Feminist Subaltern Understanding of I Rigoberta Menchu a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b GUATEMALA RIGOBERTA MENCHU STEPS BEYOND TRADITION TO MOVE INDIGENOUS AGENDA thefreelibrary com Retrieved 27 November 2017 Recipients of the Courage of Conscience Award peaceabbey org 2 May 2015 Retrieved 27 November 2017 a b c Activist Asks Spain to Pursue Guatemala Case Los Angeles Times Reuters 3 December 1999 ISSN 0458 3035 Retrieved 4 October 2018 a b c Spain seeks Guatemalan ex rulers BBC News 23 December 2006 Retrieved 27 November 2017 a b Walker Christopher Tactic Sanja 2006 Countries at the Crossroads A Survey of Democratic Governance Freedom House ISBN 9780742558014 Retrieved 17 March 2022 a b Zuckerman Adam 2007 The Presidential Candidacy of Rigoberta Menchu Facing Guatemala s Bitter Past The Council on Hemispheric Affairs Lakhani Nina 15 June 2019 Thelma Cabrera indigenous female and shaking up Guatemala s election The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 21 November 2019 Guatemala s impossible candidate 8 September 2007 Retrieved 9 October 2019 Nobel winner seeks presidency Tvnz co nz 10 February 2007 Archived from the original on 8 February 2009 Retrieved 22 April 2009 Menchu Rigoberta The Columbia Encyclopedia Credo Reference search credoreference com Retrieved 2 October 2018 Rigoberta Menchu Tum United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization www unesco org Retrieved 7 December 2019 Resources Women Power amp Peace www feminist com Retrieved 7 December 2019 OHCHR International Decades of the World s Indigenous People www ohchr org Retrieved 7 December 2019 Directora Unesco llega a Guatemala en visita oficial para reforzar relaciones EFE News Service 2015 a b Guatemalan Peace Prize Winner Opens Discount Drug Stores Houston Chronicle 2003 a b c Nobel Women s Initiative Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 a b Profile BusinessWire com 20 April 2015 Retrieved 27 November 2017 PeaceJam Mission Statement Honor Committee Fondation Chirac Retrieved 27 November 2017 Rigoberta Menchu habla en ONU sobre obstaculos para la cultura de paz Prensa Latina 2018 The Nobel Peace Prize 1992 Nobelprize org Retrieved 27 November 2017 Nobel Peace Laureate Rigoberta Menchu to give UNESCO Human Rights Lecture US Fed News Service 2012 The Nobel Peace Prize 1992 NobelPrize org Retrieved 7 December 2019 admin Recipients of the Courage of Conscience Award The Peace Abbey FoundationThe Peace Abbey Foundation Retrieved 8 April 2019 Premio Principe de Asturias de Cooperacion Internacional 1998 Fundacion Princesa de Asturias website Retrieved 27 November 2017 9481 Menchu 2559 P L Minor Planet Center Retrieved 16 January 2019 What is the Order of the Aztec Eagle Mexico News Network 6 July 2015 Retrieved 30 April 2019 Guatemalan Nobelist Announced as this Year s Spendlove Prize Recipient Targeted News Service 2018 Menchu Rigoberta 2013 I Rigoberta Menchu an Indian Woman in Guatemala The Literature of Propaganda via Credoreference Burgos Elizabeth 2005 Me llamo Rigoberta Menchu y asi me nacio la consciencia Siglo veintiuno editores ISBN 9682313155 OCLC 775861208 Menchu Rigoberta 1998 Crossing borders Wright Ann 1943 London Verso ISBN 1859848931 OCLC 39458909 Menchu Rigoberta 1999 Enkelin der Maya Autobiografie Lamuv ISBN 3889775551 OCLC 175122620 Menchu Rigoberta 2005 The girl from Chimel Groundwood Books ISBN 0888996667 OCLC 57697284 Menchu Rigoberta 2006 The honey jar Liano Dante Unger David Domi Toronto Groundwood Books ISBN 9780888996701 OCLC 61427375 Menchu Rigoberta 2008 The Secret Legacy Toronto Groundwood Books ISBN 9780888998965 OCLC 209585664 Retrieved 13 December 2019 Menchu Rigoberta 2015 K aslemalil vivir el caminar de Rigoberta Menchu Tum en el tiempo Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico ISBN 9786070271700 OCLC 955326314 Guatemalteca Rigoberta Menchu celebra 56 anos con libro autobiografico Notimex 2015 Rigoberta Menchu and the Story of All Poor Guatemalans archive nytimes com Retrieved 9 October 2019 Rohter Larry 15 December 1998 Tarnished Laureate A special report Nobel Winner Finds Her Story Challenged The New York Times archived from the original on 11 February 2010 New York Times Guatemala Laureate Defends My Truth 21 January 1999 Beverley John 1989 The Margin at the Center on Testimonio Testimonial Narrative Modern Fiction Studies 35 11 28 doi 10 1353 mfs 0 0923 S2CID 162050347 Sanford Victoria PhD The Silencing of Maya Women From Mama Maquin to Rigoberta Menchu pp 135 43 see p 142 for critique on Stoll s informant Alfonso Riviera a b Feffer John 2010 Not So Magical Realism Foreign Policy in Focus Johnson David 2001 The limits of community How we read me llamo rigoberta menchu Discourse 23 154 Horowitz Mark Yaworsky William Kickham Kenneth 2019 Anthropology s Science Wars Current Anthropology 60 5 674 698 doi 10 1086 705409 S2CID 203051445 Bibliography EditAment Gail Recent Maya Incursions into Guatemalan Literary Historiography Literary Cultures of Latin America A Comparative History Eds Mario J Valdes amp Djelal Kadir 3 Vols Vol 1 Configurations of Literary Culture Oxford Oxford University Press 2004 I 216 215 Arias Arturo After the Rigoberta Menchu Controversy Lessons Learned About the Nature of Subalternity and the Specifics of the Indigenous Subject MLN 117 2 2002 481 505 Beverley John The Real Thing Our Rigoberta Modern Language Quarterly 57 2 June 1996 129 235 Brittin Alice A Close Encounters of the Third World Kind Rigoberta Menchu and Elisabeth Burgos s Me llamo Rigoberta Menchu Latin American Perspectives Vol 22 No 4 Redefining Democracy Cuba and Chiapas Autumn 1995 pp 100 114 De Valdes Maria Elena The Discourse of the Other Testimonio and the Fiction of the Maya Bulletin of Hispanic Studies Liverpool LXXIII 1996 79 90 Feal Rosemary Geisdorfer Women Writers into the Mainstream Contemporary Latin American Narrative Philosophy and Literature in Latin America Eds Jorge J E Gracia and Mireya Camurati New York State University of New York 1989 An overview of women in contemporary Latin American letters Golden Tim Guatemalan Indian Wins the Nobel Peace Prize New York Times 17 October 1992 p A1 A5 Golden Tim Guatemalan to Fight on With Nobel as Trumpet New York Times 19 October 1992 p A5 Gossen Gary H Rigoberta Menchu and Her Epic Narrative Latin American Perspectives Vol 26 No 6 If Truth Be Told A Forum on David Stoll s Rigoberta Menchu and the Story of All Poor Guatemalans Nov 1999 pp 64 69 Gray Diaz Nancy Indian Women Writers of Spanish America Spanish American Women Writers A Bio Bibliographical Source Book Ed Diane E Marting New York Greenwood Press 1988 Millay Amy Nauss Voices from the Fuente Viva The Effect of Orality in Twentieth Century Spanish American Narrative Lewisburg Bucknell University Press 2005 Logan Kathleen Personal Testimony Latin American Women Telling Their Lives Latin American Research Review 32 1 1997 199 211 Review Essay Nelan Bruce W Striking Against Racism Time 140 61 26 October 1992 p 61 Stanford Victoria Between Rigoberta Menchu and La Violencia Deconstructing David Stoll s History of Guatemala Latin American Perspectives 26 6 If Truth Be Told A Forum on David Stoll s Rigoberta Menchu and the Story of All Poor Guatemalans Nov 1999 pp 38 46 From I Rigoberta to the Commissioning of Truth Maya Women and the Reshaping of Guatemalan History Cultural Critique 47 2001 16 53 Sommer Doris Rigoberta s Secrets Latin American Perspectives Vol 18 No 3 Voices of the Voiceless in Testimonial Literature Part I Summer 1991 pp 32 50 Stoll David Rigoberta Menchu and the Story of All Poor Guatemalans Westview Press 1999 Slaps and Embraces A Rhetoric of Particularism The Latin American Subaltern Studies Reader Ed Iliana Rodriguez Durham Duke University Press 2001 Wise R Todd Native American Testimonio The Shared Vision of Black Elk and Rigoberta Menchu In Christianity and Literature Volume 45 Issue No 1 Autumn 1995 Zimmerman Marc Rigoberta Menchu After the Nobel From Militant Narrative to Postmodern Politics The Latin American Subaltern Studies Reader Durham Duke University Press 2001 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rigoberta Menchu nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Rigoberta Menchu Rigoberta Menchu Tum on Nobelprize org nbsp Salon com Rigoberta Menchu meets the press Peace Prize Winner Admits Discrepancies AP story in New York Times 12 February 1999 Subscription only Spain may judge Guatemala abuses BBC News 5 October 2005 Anthropologist Challenges Veracity of Multicultural Icon The Chronicle of Higher Education Subscription only Rigoberta Menchu at UMass Boston on YouTube Sound recording of Elizabeth Burgos Debray interviewing Rigoberta Menchu Appearances on C SPAN Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rigoberta Menchu amp oldid 1175462747, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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