Rhizopogon roseolus
Rhizopogon roseolus, shōro (Japanese: 松露/ショウロ), is an ectomycorrhizal fungus, considered a delicacy in east Asia and Japan[2] and used as a soil inoculant in agriculture and horticulture.
| Rhizopogon roseolus | |
|---|---|
| Rhizopogon roseolus: fruiting bodies | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Boletales |
| Family: | Rhizopogonaceae |
| Genus: | Rhizopogon |
| Species: | R. roseolus |
| Binomial name | |
| Rhizopogon roseolus | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Morphology edit
The fruiting bodies are approximately spherical to elongated, often pear-shaped. Their diameter is up to three centimeters in dry specimens. Their color is initially white, but soon turns pink to reddish-brownish, sometimes also delicately violet-pink. At their base are root-like strands of mycelium.[3] They give off a faint odor. There are numerous fine elastic fibrils or veins, which are not prominent, and are colored the same as the peridium or darker. This is 240 - 400 μm thick and single-layer. The gleba is initially white and becomes yellowish as it dries. The cavities within are labyrinthine, empty or filled with spores where small. They are formed by hyaline (transparent), branched hyphae. The basidia are club-shaped and hyaline, measuring 12-13 by 9-10 μm. The sterigmata are as long as the spores, which are uniquely colored, some ocher-tawny, smooth, and ellipsoidal in shape; they measure 7-16 by 3-5 μm.[4] Since the basidia have lost the function of actively ejecting spores, the spores are dispersed not only by rainwater washing away the matured and viscous fruiting body fragments but also by insects and other feeding animals.
Distribution and ecology edit
Rhizopogon roseolus is considered a cosmopolite species,[4] distributed in Europe, North America and northeastern Asia. It has also been artificially introduced into New Zealand as an edible fungus. The fungus lives by forming ectomycorrhizae with pine trees. It has characteristics similar to those of the pioneer plants, and often appears when the typical pioneer plants settle in areas that have been subjected to strong disturbance. In Europe it grows under Pinus nigra on calcareous soil, and it forms fruiting bodies from August to November.[3] In Japan, it is found under pine trees such as Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii and has been recorded in Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu.
It has a bipolar mating system.[5]
Usage edit
Techniques for the commercial cultivation of this fungus in pine plantations have been developed and applied with successful results in Japan and New Zealand.[2] The fungus is used as a soil inoculant in agriculture and horticulture. It is considered a delicacy in Japan where it is known as shōro.[2] Immature fruiting bodies that are still pure white inside are considered the best, and they are commonly called komeshōro (米松露/コメショウロ). After washing thoroughly with a diluted salt solution to remove debris, it is generally used as a vegetable for soup, grilled with salt, and as an ingredient in chawanmushi.
References edit
- ^ Fries TM. (1909). "Skandinaviens Tryfflar och tryffelliknande svampar (Fungi hypogaei)". Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift (in Swedish). 3: 282.
- ^ a b c Yun W, Hall IR (2004). "Edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms: challenges and achievements". Canadian Journal of Botany. 82 (8): 1063–1073. doi:10.1139/b04-051.
- ^ a b Gerhardt, Ewald (2006). BLV-Handbuch Pilze (4., durchges. Aufl., (Sonderausg.) ed.). München. p. 526. ISBN 978-3-8354-0053-5. OCLC 181517554.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Zeller, Sanford M.; Dodge, Carroll W. (February 1918). "Rhizopogon in North America". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 5 (1): 11–13. doi:10.2307/2990021. JSTOR 2990021.
- ^ Kawai, Masataka; Yamahara, Mina; Ohta, Akira (April 2008). "Bipolar incompatibility system of an ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete, Rhizopogon rubescens". Mycorrhiza. 18 (4): 205–210. doi:10.1007/s00572-008-0167-4. ISSN 0940-6360. PMID 18320240. S2CID 195073249.
External links edit
Media related to Rhizopogon roseolus at Wikimedia Commons