Abd el-Krim

For other uses, see Abdul Karim.

Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi (Arabic: محمد بن عبد الكريم الخطابي), better known as Abd el-Krim (Arabic: عبد الكريم; 1882 or 1883 – 6 February 1963), was a Moroccan political and military leader and the president of the Republic of the Rif.^[3][4] He and his brother M'Hammad led a large-scale revolt by a coalition of Riffian tribes against the Spanish and French Protectorates of the Rif and the rest of Morocco. His guerrilla tactics, which included the first-ever use of tunneling as a technique of modern warfare, directly influenced Ho Chi Minh, Mao Zedong and Che Guevara.^[5][6] He also became one of the major figures of Arab nationalism, which he actively supported.^[7]

Abd el-Krim
عبد الكريم
Abd el-Krim in 1922
President of the Republic of the Rif
In office 18 September 1921 – 27 May 1926
Prime Minister	Hajj Hatmi
Preceded by	Position establised
Succeeded by	Position abolished
Personal details
Born	1882 or 1883 Ajdir, Morocco^[1]
Died	6 February 1963 Cairo, Egypt^[2]
Spouse	Lalla Mimouna Boujibar
Alma mater	University of al-Qarawiyyin
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	Republic of the Rif
Years of service	1921–1926
Battles/wars	Rif War Battle of Annual Alhucemas landing

Early life

According to Abdelkrim himself, his family, the Khattabi, is said to be descended from an ancient Arab family that originated in Yanbu in Arabia, belonging to the Arab tribe of Ouled Sidi Mohammed, from which he derives his name. They are believed to have immigrated to the Rif region in the 900s. The patriarch of his family is said to be a certain Zarra, an Arab who came to settle in Morocco and established his family among the Berber tribe of Beni Ouriaghel.^[8][9]

During a later interview in Egypt, Abdelkrim defined himself as Berber and explained that his ancestors were Berbers; he also highlighted the Berber people, and said his people were very "underestimated" ^[10]’^[11]

Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim was born in 1882/1883 in Ajdir, Morocco.^[1] He was the son of Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi, a qadi (Islamic judge and chief local leader) of the Aith Yusuf clan of the Aith Uriaghel (or Waryaghar) tribe.^[12] Abd el-Krim received a customary formative education at a local school in Ajdir and subsequently attended an institute at Tetouan.^[13][14] At the age of 20, he studied for two years in Fez at the Al Attarine and Saffarin madrasas and subsequently enrolled as a student at the University of al-Qarawiyyin, the world's oldest institution of higher education.^[13] Both Muhammad and his brother M'Hammad received a Spanish education,^[2] the latter studying mine engineering in Málaga and Madrid.^[12] Both spoke fluent Spanish and Riffian.

 

Abd el-Krim (far left) shown while he worked for the Native Affairs Office

Following his studies, Abd el-Krim worked in Melilla (a Spanish enclave from 1494 to the present day) as a teacher and translator for the OCTAI, the Spanish 'native affairs' office, and as a journalist for the Spanish newspaper Telegrama del Rif (1906–1915). In 1907, he was hired to edit and write articles in Arabic for El Telegrama del Rif, a daily newspaper in Melilla, where he defended the advantages of European—especially Spanish—civilization and technology and their potential to elevate the economic and cultural level of the Moroccan population. In 1910, Abd el-Krim took a position as secretary-interpreter in the Native Affairs Office in Melilla, which brought him into close contact with the Spanish military bureaucracy and the town's civil society and gained a reputation for intelligence, efficiency and discretion.

World War I

 

Cell at the Kasbah of Chefchaouen, where Abdelkrim was imprisoned in 1916

Abd el-Krim entered the Spanish administration first as a secretary in the Bureau of Native Affairs, and he was later appointed chief qadi for Melilla in 1915.^[2] He taught at a Hispano-Arabic school and was an editor for the Arab section of the newspaper, El Telegrama del Rif.^[2]

Before and after the outbreak of World War I, Abd el-Krim was noted as Germanophile, defending it on the basis of arguments brought from the Egyptian and Turkish press.^[15] Abd-el-Krim offered himself as broker to the Germans to get them mining licenses in the mountains of Beni Uriaguel.^[15] His father was indeed one of the leading elements of the German–Turkish operations in the Rif.^[16]

In the midst of the conflict, he was arrested. The Spanish authorities sought to please the French, who had claimed the German agents roamed free in Melilla, thus they proceeded to hear a number of complaints on Abd el-Krim.^[15] One of the complaints dealt with an alleged involvement in a conspiracy with the German consul Walter Zechlin (1879–1962).^{[citation needed]} He was imprisoned in Chefchaouen^{[clarification needed]} from 1916 to 1918 but then escaped. He regained his job as a judge in Melilla.^[2]

In 1920, Abd el-Krim, together with his brother, began a war of rebellion against the Spanish incursions.^[17][18] His goal was to unite the tribes of the Rif into an independent Republic of the Rif, to dismantle the entire French-Spanish colonial project in Morocco and to introduce modern political reform.^[19]

Guerrilla leadership

Main article: Rif War (1920)

 

Abd el-Krim in an interview with Luis de Oteyza for the "La Libertad" journal.

 

Abd el-Krim featured in the magazine Time in 1925.

In 1921, as a byproduct of their efforts to destroy the power of a local brigand, Ahmed er Raisuni, Spanish troops approached the unoccupied areas of the Rif. Abd-el-Krim sent their commander, General Manuel Fernández Silvestre, a warning that if the troops crossed the Ameqqran River, he would consider it as an act of war. Silvestre is said to have dismissed the warning, and shortly afterwards, crossed the river with 60,000 men and set up a military post in the foothills of Abarran mountains. In June 1921 a sizable Riffian force attacked this post killing 179 of the estimated 250 Spanish troops there. Soon afterwards, Abd el-Krim directed his forces to attack the Spanish army camp at Anwal, which they did with great success. During the attack, General Silvestre, head of the Spanish forces, committed suicide when he saw that defeat was inevitable. In three weeks of fierce battles, 13,000 Spanish and colonial troops were killed. The Rifians' colossal victory established Abd el-Krim as a master and pioneer of guerrilla warfare,^[20] and the president of the Republic of the Rif.^[2] By July, the remainder of the 60,000 Spanish soldiers who were not killed or captured had fled to the coast, and into Melilla,^[2] defeated by an army of 30,000 Rifian fighters.^[21]

The catastrophic defeat of the Spanish forces at Annual and the ensuing massacre of Spaniards at Monte Arruit delivered a coup de grace to the Restoration regime in that country, and what it was known as the African "adventure" became referred to as the Moroccan "mess" or "cancer".^[22] A coup d'état led by Miguel Primo de Rivera installed a dictatorship in Spain in September 1923.

By 1924, the Spanish forces had retreated, because of more defeats at the hands of Abd el-Krim,^[2] to three isolated cities along the Moroccan coast: Tetouan, Ceuta and Melilla (the two latter under Spanish jurisdiction to this day). After Abd el-Krim invaded French-occupied Morocco in April 1925 and made it as far as Fez,^[2] France decided to take strong steps to put down the revolt. The French government, in 1925, after conferencing with the Spanish in Madrid, sent a massive French force under Marshal Henri Philippe Pétain to Morocco, where it joined with a Spanish army, with a combined total of more than 250,000 soldiers, supported by large numbers of aircraft and artillery, and began operations against the Rif Republic. By September 1925 the Spanish Army of África, supported by a combined Spanish-French fleet, landed in Alhucemas bay, barely a dozen miles from Abd-el-Krim's capital and birthplace, Axdir, while several colonials and even metropolitan French regiments were coming from the south toward the heartlands of the Rifian rebellion.

Intense combat lasted ten months, but eventually, the combined French and Spanish armies, which used chemical bombs against the population as well as other weapons, defeated the forces of Abd el-Krim and inflicted extensive damage on the local Berber population. On 26 May 1926,^[2][23] Abd el-Krim surrendered to the French at his then headquarters of Targuist (Targist).^[24][25]

Exile

 

Abd el-Krim boarding a train in Fes on his way to exile

Following his surrender Abd el-Krim was exiled to the island of Réunion (a French territory in the Indian Ocean) from 1926 to 1947, where he was "given a comfortable estate and generous annual subsidiary", before ending up in Cairo.^[20] In exile, he continued his fierce anti-Western rhetoric, and he pushed to keep western trends from encroaching on Moroccan culture.

Abd el-Krim supported Arab nationalist causes. During the French Indochina War from 1946 to 1954, he corresponded with Ho Chi Minh and called on North African soldiers serving for France to desert to the Viet Minh. He encouraged and supported the Algerian National Liberation Front insurgents during the Algerian War from 1954 to 1962.^[26] Abd el-Krim defined the Maghreb as "indissolubly part of Arab countries" and "having owed its existence to Islam," which he saw as an Arab and Muslim region.^[27]

In 1947, Abd el-Krim was given permission to live in the south of France after he had been released on health grounds; however, during his transfer he was freed from his French keepers and escorted to Cairo by Moroccan nationalists. There he received a "hero's welcome" as an important figure of the Arab independence from European colonial rule and was celebrated in international media, thereby drawing attention to the ongoing Moroccan struggle for independence.^[28] He was nominally appointed as head of the Liberation Committee of the Arab Maghreb.^[2] The Liberation Committee was established on 5 July 1948 with Abd el-Krim at its head, with its charter stating "The Arab Maghreb lived and will live with Islam and will proceed with Islam with its future, moreover it is indissolubly part of the Arab world, and its cooperation with the Arab League is natural and a necessity."^[29]

Abd el-Krim's flight to Egypt drew global attention to the Moroccan independence movement, highlighting the broader anti-colonial sentiment and the pivotal role of Cairo as a center of transnational activism. This escape not only represented the determination and resilience of the Moroccan independence movement but also helped rally support from both local and international communities, further integrating diverse individuals and groups into the advocacy network of Moroccan nationalists. The incident emphasizes the significance of charismatic and symbolic figures in mobilizing support for national issues and strategically using international platforms to amplify their message.^[30]

After Morocco gained independence in 1956, Mohammed V of Morocco invited him back to Morocco. He refused as long as French forces were on North African soil.^[2]

Death

He died in 1963, just after he had seen his hopes of a Maghreb independent of colonial powers completed by the independence of Algeria.^[20]

Family

Abd el-Krim had 6 sons and 5 daughters from two different women.^{[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]}

On 20 September 2023, Aicha El Khattabi, the daughter of the late Mohamed Ben Abdelkrim El Khattabi, passed away at the age of 81 in Casablanca.^[41][42] Her funeral took place 2 days later on a Friday, which was attended by Prince Moulay Rachid.^[43] The body of the deceased was buried in the Errahma cemetery, after the Dhuhr and funeral prayers.^[44]

Honors and awards

•   Spain:
  •   Order of Isabella the Catholic (Spain; Knight's Cross; 1910)^[45]
  •   Cross of Military Merit (Spain; Grand Cross - Red Decoration; 1910)^[46]
  •   Cross of Military Merit (Spain; Grand Cross - White Decoration; 1910)^[47]
  •   Medalla de África (Spain; Medal; 1910)^[48]
  •   Medalla de la Paz de Marruecos (Spain; Medal; 1910)^[49]

•   Tunisia:
  •   Order of the Republic of Tunisia (Tunisia; Grand Cross; 1960)^[50]

Sources

• Asprey, R.B. (2002) War in the Shadows: The Guerrilla in History, iUniverse Publishing. ISBN 0595225942.
• Boyd, C. (1979) Praetorian Politics in Liberal Spain, University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill, North Carolina. ISBN 0807813680.
• Carr, R. (1980) Modern Spain: 1875-1980, Oxford University Press: Oxford. ISBN 0192158287.
• Castro, F., Ramonet, I. & Hurley, A. (2008) Fidel Castro: My Life: a Spoken Autobiography, Scribner: New York. ISBN 978-1-4165-5328-1.
• Cowley, R. & Parker, G. (eds.) (1996) The Reader's Companion to Military History, Houghton Mifflin: Boston. ISBN 9780395669693.
• Er, Mevliyar (2015), "Abd-el-Krim al-Khattabi: The Unknown Mentor of Che Guevara", Terrorism and Political Violence, 27 (5): 137–159, doi:10.1080/09546553.2014.997355, S2CID 145622371
• Hart, D.M. (1976) The Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif, History Fund Publications: Tucson, Arizona. ISBN 978-0816504527.
• Keegan, J. & Wheatcroft, A. (2014) Who's Who in Military History: From 1453 to the Present Day, Routledge Publishing: New York. ISBN 1136414169.
• Pennell, C.R. (2004). "Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Karīm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. XII (2nd ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. BRILL. ISBN 9004139745.
• Pierson, P. (1999) The History of Spain, Greenwood Press: Westport, Connecticut. ISBN 978-0-313-30272-5.
• Roger-Mathieu, J., ed. (1927), Abdelkrim, Mémoires d'Abd el Krim (in French), Paris: Librairie des Champs Elysées
• Ruedy, John (1996), Islamism and Secularism in North Africa, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0-312-16087-9
• Tahtah, M (1999), Entre pragmatisme, reformisme et modernisme: Le role politico-religieux des Khattabi dans le Rif (Maroc) jusqu'a 1926 (in French), Leuven: Peeters

References

1. Tahtah 1999, p. 143.
2. "Abd el-Krim". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A-Ak - Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. pp. 18. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
3. Montagne, Robert (1947). "Abd el Krim". Politique étrangère. 12 (3): 301–324. doi:10.3406/polit.1947.5495.
4. Pennell 2004, p. 634.
5. Castro, Fidel; Ramonet, Ignacio. Fidel Castro: My Life - A Spoken Autobiography. Translated by Hurley, Andrew. p. 680.
6. Er 2015, pp. 1–23.
7. Heptulla, Najma (1991). Indo-West Asian Relations: The Nehru Era. Allied Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7023-340-4.
8. "Mémoires d'Abd-el-Krim P.55". ImgBB (in French). Retrieved 27 December 2023.
9. Gabrielli, Léon; Coindreau, Roger (1953). Abd-el-Krim et les événements du Rif (1924-1926) (in French). Editions Atlantides. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
10. Akher Saa : 1935 - 1952.
11. David Bensoussan. Il Était Une Fois Le Maroc. p. 322.
12. Hart, pp. 370-371.
13. Roger-Mathieu 1927, p. 56.
14. Tahtah 1999, p. 144.
15. Sánchez Pérez 1973, p. 137.
16. La Porte 2017, p. 516.
17. Boyd, p. 175.
18. Carr, p. 94.
19. Ruedy 1996, p. 59.
20. Pierson, pp. 126-127.
21. Asprey, pp. 267-274.
22. Gájate Bajo, María (2013). "El desastre de Annual. El pleito de las responsabilidades en la gran prensa (1921 - 1923)". Revista Universitaria de Historia Militar. 2 (3): 119–138. ISSN 2254-6111.
23. The date of surrender is in dispute, as some sources say 27 May.
24. Cowley & Parker, p. 1.
25. Keegan & Wheatcroft, p. 2.
26. Martel, Gordon (17 January 2012). The Encyclopedia of War, 5 Volume Set. John Wiley & Sons. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4051-9037-4.
27. Hannoum, Abdelmajid (10 June 2021). The Invention of the Maghreb: Between Africa and the Middle East. Cambridge University Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-108-95211-8.
28. Stenner, David (2019). Globalizing Morocco : transnational activism and the post-colonial state. Stanford, California. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-5036-0900-6. OCLC 1082294927.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
29. بوسيافة, رشيد ولد; السياسات, المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة (1 January 2021). جامعة الدول العربية وحركات التحرر في المغرب العربي: 1962- 1952 (الجزائر أنموذجًا) (in Arabic). المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات. p. 51. ISBN 978-614-445-408-4.
30. Stenner, David (2019). Globalizing Morocco. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 53–84. ISBN 978-1503608115.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
31. "الاستاذ المحاسب المرحوم حسن وصفي محمد وصفي". Al Ahram. 11 November 2001. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
32. "الاميرة‏/‏ مني محمد عبد الكريم الخطابي". Al Ahram. 8 April 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
33. "صفية الجزائري: جدي هو ع القادر الجزائري والخطابي أمرني بمغادرة المغرب بعد أحداث الريف". Retrieved 15 September 2017.
34. "صفية الجزائري: رشيد زار الريفيين في 58-59 بأمر من والده محمد بن عبد الكريم الخطابي". Retrieved 15 September 2017.
35. "صفية الجزائري: أخ رشيد الخطابي كان يتدرب مع أعبابو قبل المحاولة الانقلابية". Retrieved 15 September 2017.
36. "صفية الجزائري: الحسن الثاني كان يخاف أن تنقلب عليه العائلة الخطابية". 12 July 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
37. "صفية الجزائري: الحسن الثاني خاطب إدريس الخطابي قائلا "الصلاة لا تجوز في القصر". Retrieved 15 September 2017.
38. "صفية الجزائري: ابن شقيق الخطابي عُزل من الجيش بعد انقلاب الصخيرات". Retrieved 15 September 2017.
39. "صفية الجزائري: الحسن الثاني سلم عمر الخطابي مسدسا وقال له: أفرغه في رأسك". Retrieved 15 September 2017.
40. "صفية الجزائري: ابن شقيق الخطابي اقتحم القصر الملكي و"شنق" على مدير التشريفات". Retrieved 15 September 2017.
41. Ntungwabona, Ahmed (23 September 2023). "King Mohammed VI Extends Condolences to Family of Late Aicha El Khattabi". Morocco World News. p. 1. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
42. "Au Maroc, disparition de Aïcha El Khattabi, fille d'Abdelkrim – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). 22 September 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
43. "Late Aïcha El Khattabi Was a Patriot Viscerally Attached to Constants of the Kingdom (Associative Actors) | MapNews". www.mapnews.ma. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
44. "Funeral in Casablanca of Late Aïcha El Khattabi, in Presence of Prince Moulay Rachid – The North Africa Post". Retrieved 25 September 2023.
45. "Cien años de 'El desastre de Annual' (VII): Abd el-Krim, de estudiante en Salamanca a caudillo rifeño". El Cierre Digital. 28 July 2021.
46. "Cien años de 'El desastre de Annual' (VII): Abd el-Krim, de estudiante en Salamanca a caudillo rifeño". El Cierre Digital. 28 July 2021.
47. "Abd el-Krim: el oscuro pasado de amor a España que avergonzó al diablo del Rif". ABC. 21 May 2020.
48. "Abd el-Krim: el oscuro pasado de amor a España que avergonzó al diablo del Rif". ABC. 21 May 2020.
49. "Abd el-Krim: el oscuro pasado de amor a España que avergonzó al diablo del Rif". ABC. 21 May 2020.
50. "Abd el-Krim: el oscuro pasado de amor a España que avergonzó al diablo del Rif". ABC. 21 May 2020.

Bibliography

• La Porte, Pablo (2017). "La espiral irresistible: la Gran Guerra y el Protectorado español en Marruecos". Hispania Nova. 15. Getafe: Universidad Carlos III de Madrid: 500–526. doi:10.20318/hn.2017.3499. ISSN 1138-7319.
• Sánchez Pérez, Andrés (1973). "Adbelkrim" (PDF). Revista de Historia Militar. XVII (34). Madrid: Ministerio de Defensa: 123–158. ISSN 0482-5748.

Further reading

• Abdelkrim, Mémoires d'Abd el Krim / recueillis par J. Roger-Mathieu, (in French), Paris, Librairie des Champs Elysées, 1927
• Abdelkrim, Mémoires II, la Crise franco-marocaine, 1955—1956, (in French), Paris, Plon, 1984
• Bensoussan, David, Il était une fois le Maroc : témoignages du passé judéo-marocain 2012-04-02 at the Wayback Machine, éd. du Lys, www.editionsdulys.ca, Montréal, 2010 (ISBN 2-922505-14-6); Second edition : www.iuniverse.com, Bloomington, IN, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4759-2608-8, 620p. ISBN 978-1-4759-2609-5 (ebook)
• Er, Mevliyar; Rich, Paul B. (July 2015), "Abd el-Krim's guerrilla war against Spain and France in North Africa: An adventure setting for screen melodramas", Small Wars & Insurgencies, 26 (4): 597–615, doi:10.1080/09592318.2015.1050847, S2CID 143418422
• Montagne, R. (1954) Révolution au Maroc (in French), Paris: France Empire.
• Pennell, C.R. (1986) A Country with a Government and a Flag: The Rif War in Morocco, 1921-1926, Menas: UK. ISBN 9780906559239.
• Pennell, C. R. (2000) Morocco since 1830: A History, Hurst: London. ISBN 9781850652731.
• Tamburini, F. (Sep 2005) "I gas nella guerra del Rif", Storia Militare, n.145, a.XIII
• Woolman, David S. 1968. Rebels in the Rif: Abd el Krim and the Rif Rebellion, Stanford University Press, California

External links

  Media related to Abd el-Krim at Wikimedia Commons

• The Notes of the Rif Revolt
• The Republic of the Rif
• Next publication of Abd el-Krim's biography in base of official Spanish documents
• Newspaper clippings about Abd el-Krim in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW