In physiology, respiration is the movement of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within tissues, and the removal of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction that's to the environment.[1]
The physiological definition of respiration differs from the biochemical definition, which refers to a metabolic process by which an organism obtains energy (in the form of ATP and NADPH)[2] by oxidizing nutrients and releasing waste products. Although physiologic respiration is necessary to sustain cellular respiration and thus life in animals, the processes are distinct: cellular respiration takes place in individual cells of the organism, while physiologic respiration concerns the diffusion and transport of metabolites between the organism and the external environment.
Gas exchanges in the lung occurs by ventilation and perfusion.[1] Ventilation refers to the in and out movement of air of the lungs and perfusion is the circulation of blood in the pulmonary capillaries.[1] In mammals, physiological respiration involves respiratory cycles of inhaled and exhaledbreaths. Inhalation (breathing in) is usually an active movement that brings air into the lungs where the process of gas exchange takes place between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonarycapillaries. Contraction of the diaphragm muscle cause a pressure variation, which is equal to the pressures caused by elastic, resistive and inertial components of the respiratory system. In contrast, exhalation (breathing out) is usually a passive process. The process of breathing does not fill the alveoli with atmospheric air during each inhalation (about 350 ml per breath), but the inhaled air is carefully diluted and thoroughly mixed with a large volume of gas (about 2.5 liters in adult humans) known as the functional residual capacity which remains in the lungs after each exhalation, and whose gaseous composition differs markedly from that of the ambient air. Physiological respiration involves the mechanisms that ensure that the composition of the functional residual capacity is kept constant, and equilibrates with the gases dissolved in the pulmonary capillary blood, and thus throughout the body. Thus, in precise usage, the words breathing and ventilation are hyponyms, not synonyms, of respiration; but this prescription is not consistently followed, even by most health care providers, because the term respiratory rate (RR) is a well-established term in health care, even though it would need to be consistently replaced with ventilation rate if the precise usage were to be followed. During respiration the C-H bonds are broken by oxidation-reduction reaction and so carbon dioxide and water are also produced. The cellular energy-yielding process is called cellular respiration.
There are several ways to classify the physiology of respiration:
This section is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this section, if appropriate. Editing help is available.(February 2014)
Nilsson, Goran E. (2010). Respiratory Physiology of Vertebrates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-70302-4.
Randall, David (2002). Eckert Animal Physiology. New York: W.H. Freeman and CO. ISBN0-7167-3863-5., human biology 146149
C.Michael Hogan. 2011. Respiration. Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Mark McGinley and C.J.Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
January 31, 2023
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See also Respiration disambiguation In physiology respiration is the movement of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within tissues and the removal of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction that s to the environment 1 The physiological definition of respiration differs from the biochemical definition which refers to a metabolic process by which an organism obtains energy in the form of ATP and NADPH 2 by oxidizing nutrients and releasing waste products Although physiologic respiration is necessary to sustain cellular respiration and thus life in animals the processes are distinct cellular respiration takes place in individual cells of the organism while physiologic respiration concerns the diffusion and transport of metabolites between the organism and the external environment Gas exchanges in the lung occurs by ventilation and perfusion 1 Ventilation refers to the in and out movement of air of the lungs and perfusion is the circulation of blood in the pulmonary capillaries 1 In mammals physiological respiration involves respiratory cycles of inhaled and exhaled breaths Inhalation breathing in is usually an active movement that brings air into the lungs where the process of gas exchange takes place between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries Contraction of the diaphragm muscle cause a pressure variation which is equal to the pressures caused by elastic resistive and inertial components of the respiratory system In contrast exhalation breathing out is usually a passive process The process of breathing does not fill the alveoli with atmospheric air during each inhalation about 350 ml per breath but the inhaled air is carefully diluted and thoroughly mixed with a large volume of gas about 2 5 liters in adult humans known as the functional residual capacity which remains in the lungs after each exhalation and whose gaseous composition differs markedly from that of the ambient air Physiological respiration involves the mechanisms that ensure that the composition of the functional residual capacity is kept constant and equilibrates with the gases dissolved in the pulmonary capillary blood and thus throughout the body Thus in precise usage the words breathing and ventilation are hyponyms not synonyms of respiration but this prescription is not consistently followed even by most health care providers because the term respiratory rate RR is a well established term in health care even though it would need to be consistently replaced with ventilation rate if the precise usage were to be followed During respiration the C H bonds are broken by oxidation reduction reaction and so carbon dioxide and water are also produced The cellular energy yielding process is called cellular respiration Contents 1 Classifications of respiration 1 1 By species 1 2 By mechanism 1 3 By experiments 1 4 By intensive care and emergency medicine 1 5 By other medical topics 2 Additional images 3 See also 4 References 5 External links 6 Further readingClassifications of respiration EditThere are several ways to classify the physiology of respiration This section is in list format but may read better as prose You can help by converting this section if appropriate Editing help is available February 2014 By species Edit Aquatic respiration Buccal pumping Cutaneous respiration Intestinal respiration Respiratory systemBy mechanism Edit Breathing Gas exchange Arterial blood gas Control of respiration ApneaBy experiments Edit Huff and puff Spirometry Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometryBy intensive care and emergency medicine Edit CPR Mechanical ventilation Intubation Iron lung Intensive care medicine Liquid breathing ECMO Oxygen toxicity Medical ventilator Paramedic Life support General anaesthesia LaryngoscopeBy other medical topics Edit Respiratory therapy Breathing gases Hyperbaric oxygen therapy Hypoxia Gas embolism Decompression sickness Barotrauma Oxygen equivalent Oxygen toxicity Nitrogen narcosis Carbon dioxide poisoning Carbon monoxide poisoning HPNSAdditional images Edit See also EditDiffusing capacity Measure of the transfer of gas from the lung to red blood cells Outline of biology Outline of subdisciplines within biology Respiratory sounds Respiratory monitoringReferences Edit a b c Hinic Frlog Sanja 2019 Introductory Animal Physiology University of Toronto Mississauga Pressbooks CC BY 4 0 pp 40 59 Alberts B Johnson A Lewis J Raff M Roberts K Walter P eds 2002 NADH and NADPH Are Important Electron Carriers Molecular Biology of the Cell 4th ed New York Garland Science ISBN 0 8153 3218 1 via NCBI Bookshelf Nelsons VCE Units 1 2 Physical Education 2010 Cengage Copyright External links EditOverview at Johns Hopkins UniversityFurther reading EditNilsson Goran E 2010 Respiratory Physiology of Vertebrates Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 70302 4 Randall David 2002 Eckert Animal Physiology New York W H Freeman and CO ISBN 0 7167 3863 5 human biology 146149 C Michael Hogan 2011 Respiration Encyclopedia of Earth Eds Mark McGinley and C J Cleveland National Council for Science and the Environment Washington DC Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Respiration physiology amp oldid 1123301796, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
