fbpx
Wikipedia

Raynald of Châtillon

February 27, 2024

Raynald of Châtillon (French: Renaud; c. 1125 – 4 July 1187), also known as Reynald, Reginald, or Renaud, was a knight of French origin who became Prince of Antioch from 1153 to 1160 or 1161 and Lord of Oultrejordain from 1175 until his death. The second son of a French noble family, he joined the Second Crusade in 1147, and settled in the Kingdom of Jerusalem as a mercenary. Six years later, he married Constance, Princess of Antioch, in spite of her subjects' opposition.

Raynald of Châtillon
Lord of Hebron and Montréal
Raynald of Châtillon tortures Aimery of Limoges, Latin Patriarch of Antioch (from a late-13th-century manuscript of William of Tyre's Historia and its Continuation).
Prince of Antioch
together with Constance
Reign1153 to 1160 or 1161
PredecessorConstance
SuccessorConstance
Lord of Oultrejordain
together with Stephanie of Milly
Reign1176 to 1187
PredecessorMiles of Plancy
SuccessorHumphrey IV of Toron
Bornc. 1125
Died4 July 1187 (aged 61–62)
Hattin
SpouseConstance of Antioch
Stephanie of Milly
IssueAgnes of Antioch
Alice
FatherHervé II of Donzy
ReligionCatholicism

Always in need of funds, Raynald tortured Aimery of Limoges, Latin Patriarch of Antioch who had refused to pay a subsidy to him. Raynald launched a plundering raid in Cyprus in 1156, causing great destruction in Byzantine territory. Four years later, the Byzantine Emperor, Manuel I Komnenos forced him to beg for his mercy. Raynald was raiding the valley of the river Euphrates in 1160 or 1161 when the governor of Aleppo captured him at Marash. He was released for a large ransom in 1176 but he did not return to Antioch, because his wife had meanwhile died. He married Stephanie of Milly, the wealthy heiress of Oultrejordain. Since Baldwin IV of Jerusalem also granted Hebron to him, Raynald was one of the wealthiest barons in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. After Baldwin, who suffered from leprosy, made him regent in 1177, Raynald led the crusader army that defeated Saladin, the Muslim ruler of Egypt and Syria, at the Battle of Montgisard. In control of the caravan routes between Egypt and Syria, he was the only Christian leader to pursue an offensive policy against Saladin, making plundering raids against the caravans travelling near his domains. After Raynald's newly built fleet plundered the coast of the Red Sea, threatening the route of the Muslim pilgrims towards Mecca in early 1183, Saladin pledged that he would never forgive him.

Raynald was a firm supporter of Baldwin IV's sister, Sybilla, and her husband, Guy of Lusignan, during conflicts regarding the succession of the king. Sibylla and Guy were able to seize the throne in 1186 due to Raynald's co-operation with her uncle, Joscelin III of Courtenay. Raynald attacked a caravan travelling from Egypt to Syria in late 1186 or early 1187, claiming that the truce between Saladin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem did not bind him. After he refused to pay a compensation, Saladin invaded the kingdom and annihilated the crusader army in the Battle of Hattin. Raynald was captured on the battlefield. Saladin personally beheaded him for his brigandage and other crimes after he refused to convert to Islam. Most historians have regarded Raynald as an irresponsible adventurer whose lust for booty caused the fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. On the other hand, the historian Bernard Hamilton says that he was the only crusader leader who tried to prevent Saladin from unifying the nearby Muslim states.

Background edit

The Principality of Antioch was a crusader state established by western European aristocrats in northern Syria and the fertile plains of Cilicia during the First Crusade. The First Crusade was declared at the Council of Clermont in 1095 by Pope Urban II against the Muslim Seljuk Turks for the rescue of the Christian Byzantine Empire and the liberation of Jerusalem. At a meeting at Constantinople, the crusader leaders promised to the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos that they would return to the Byzantine Empire all lands seized from the Seljuks that the Seljuks had conquered from the Byzantines. Although Antioch (now Antakya in Turkey) was one of the cities that the Byzantines had lost to the Seljuks, after capturing the city on 3 June 1098, the crusaders granted it to the Italo-Norman aristocrat Bohemond of Taranto, claiming that the Byzantines had failed to support them during the siege. As a consequence of the First Crusade, further three crusader states—the County of Edessa, the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and the County of Tripoli—were founded in the Near East between 1098 and 1105.[1] The Armenian warlords of the mountainous regions of Cilicia took advantage of the westerners' arrival to strengthen their position against the Byzantines and their Turkic neighbours. The Armenian Rubenids closely cooperated with the crusaders (or Franks) and often accepted the suzerainty of the princes of Antioch.[2]

Bohemond and his successors in Antioch, Tancred, Roger, Baldwin II of Jerusalem, and Bohemond II fought the Byzantines and the Muslim rulers of the cities of Aleppo and Shaizar (now both in Syria) to consolidate their rule.[3][4] The Byzantines did not abandon their claim to Antioch. Emperor Alexios forced Bohemond I to acknowledge Byzantine suzerainty over the principality in the Treaty of Devol in 1108 but the treaty was never implemented. In 1137, Alexios's son and successor John II Komnenos extracted an oath of fealty from Raymond of Poitiers who ruled Antioch as the husband and co-ruler of Bohemond II's only daughter Constance. The Byzantines also conquered Cilicia, and Raymond had to acknowledge the loss of the territory.[5][6]

Occupying a narrow strip of land, the crusader states' survival depended on external support, and their leaders often appealed for help to the rulers of Catholic Europe.[7] The balance of power drastically changed with the emergence of a talented Turkic military leader Imad al-Din Zengi who assumed power in Mosul (in present-day Iraq) in 1127, and in Aleppo in 1128.[8][9] Zengi captured the city of Edessa (now in Turkey) in late 1144. When Zengi died in 1146 his younger son Nur ad-Din succeeded him in Syria. Edessa's fall led to the Second Crusade which ended with an unsuccessful siege of the large city of Damascus in the summer of 1148. The remaining strongholds of the County of Edessa were sold to the Byzantine Empire in 1150.[10]

Early years edit

Raynald was the younger son of Hervé II, Lord of Donzy in France.[11][12] In older historiography, Raynald was described as the son of Geoffrey, Count of Gien,[13] but in 1989 Jean Richard demonstrated Raynald's kinship with the lords of Donzy. They were influential noblemen in the Duchy of Burgundy (in present-day western France), claiming the Palladii (a Roman aristocratic family) as their ancestors.[11]

Raynald was born around 1123 or 1125. He received the lordship of Châtillon-sur-Loire,[11][14] but a part of his patrimony was "violently and unjustly confiscated", according to one of his letters.[15] He came to the Kingdom of Jerusalem before 1153 when he was mentioned as a mercenary fighting in the army of Baldwin III of Jerusalem.[16] According to modern historians, he had joined the army of Louis VII of France during the Second Crusade.[11] Louis departed from France in June 1147.[17] The 12th-century historian William of Tyre, who was Raynald's opponent, claimed that Raynald was "almost a common soldier".[11] Louis VII left the Holy Land for France in the summer of 1149, but Raynald stayed behind in Palestine.[11][18]

Raymond of Poitiers, Prince of Antioch, and thousands of his soldiers fell in the Battle of Inab on 28 June 1148, leaving the principality almost undefended.[19] Baldwin III of Jerusalem (who was the cousin of Raymond's widow, Constance, the ruling Princess of Antioch) came to Antioch at the head of his army at least three times during the following years. To secure the defence of the principality, Baldwin tried to persuade her to remarry, but she did not accept his candidates. She also refused John Roger, whom the Byzantine emperor, Manuel I Komnenos, proposed for her husband.[20][21]

Raynald accompanied Baldwin to Antioch in 1151 and settled in the principality, according to the historian Steven Runciman.[13] It is certain that Raynald fought in Baldwin's army during the siege of Ascalon in early 1153.[12] He may have already been engaged to Constance of Antioch (as Runciman suggests),[13] or their betrothal took place during Raynald's visit to the principality before the end of the siege (as the historian Malcolm Barber proposes).[15] They kept their betrothal a secret until Baldwin gave his permission to their marriage.[13][15] The historian Andrew D. Buck proposes that they needed the king's permission because Raynald had been in Baldwin's service.[22] The early-13th-century chronicle known as Estoire d'Eracles states that Baldwin happily consented to the marriage because it freed him from his obligation to "defend a land" (namely Antioch) "which was so far away" from his kingdom.[23]

Prince of Antioch edit

 
The crusader states around 1165 (the Principality of Antioch is marked by blue)

After Baldwin granted his consent, Constance married Raynald.[13][15][24] He was installed prince in or shortly before May 1153.[25] In that month, he confirmed the privileges of the Venetian merchants.[26] William of Tyre records that his subjects were astonished that their "famous, powerful and well-born" princess condescended to "marry a kind of mercenary knight".[16] Buck argues that William's report is obviously biased since the leading Antiochene barons such as Rainald II Masoir and Garenton of Saone witnessed Raynald's princely charter for the Venetians, indicating that they were present when Raynald was installed as prince. Whereas Raymond of Poitiers had issued around 50% of his charters without a reference to Constance, Raynald always mentioned that he made the decision along with his wife, indicating that his status was lower in comparison with his wife's first husband. No coins struck for Raynald have survived which may also confirm that his position was relatively weak, according to Buck.[27] Raynald's control of appointments to the highest offices was strong: he made Geoffrey Jordanis the constable, and Geoffrey Falsard the duke of Antioch.[28]

The Norman chronicler Robert of Torigni writes that Raynald seized three fortresses from the Aleppans soon after his accession, but does not name them.[29] The wealthy Latin patriarch of Antioch, Aimery of Limoges did not hide his dismay at Constance's second marriage. He even refused to pay a subsidy to Raynald. In retaliation, he captured and tortured Aimery in the summer of 1154,[30] forcing him to sit naked and covered with honey in the sun, before imprisoning him. Aimery was only released on Baldwin III's demand, but he soon left his see for Jerusalem.[24][31] Buck proposes that Aimery's previous debates with the papacy over the Archbishopric of Tyre explain that surprisingly Raynald was not excommunicated for his abuse of Aimery. Instead, Aimery excommunicated Raynald as a consequence between Antioch and Genoa on the demand of the papacy.[32]

Emperor Manuel sent his envoys to Antioch, proposing to recognize Raynald as the new prince if he launched a campaign against the Armenians of Cilicia, who had risen up against Byzantine rule. Manuel also promised that he would compensate Raynald for the expenses of the campaign.[24] After Raynald defeated the Armenians at Alexandretta in 1155, the Knights Templar seized the region of the Syrian Gates that the Armenians had recently captured.[33] Although the sources are unclear, Runciman and Barber agree that it was Raynald who granted the territory to them.[33][31]

Always in need of funds, Raynald urged Manuel to send the promised subsidy to him, but Manuel failed to pay the money.[31] Raynald made an alliance with the Armenian lord Thoros II of Cilicia. They attacked Cyprus, plundering the prosperous Byzantine island for three weeks in early 1156.[34][35] They only left Cyprus on the rumour of an imperial fleet approaching the island, but only after they had forced all Cypriots to ransom themselves, with the exception of the wealthiest individuals (including Emperor Manuel's nephew, John Doukas Komnenos), whom they carried off to Antioch.[34][36]

Taking advantage of the presence of Thierry, Count of Flanders, and his army in the Holy Land and an earthquake that destroyed most towns of Northern Syria, Baldwin III of Jerusalem invaded the Muslim territories in the valley of the Orontes River in the autumn of 1157.[37] Raynald joined the royal army, and they laid siege to Shaizar.[36][37] Shaizar was held by the Shi'ite Assassins, but it had been ruled by the Sunnite Munqidhites who paid an annual tribute to Raynald.[37] Before the capitulation of the garrison, Baldwin decided to grant the fortress to Thierry of Flanders, but Raynald demanded that the count should pay homage to him for the town. After Thierry sharply refused to swear fealty to an upstart, the crusaders abandoned the siege.[38] They marched on Harenc (present-day Harem, Syria), which had been an Antiochene fortress before Nur ad-Din captured it in 1150.[39] After the crusaders captured Harenc in February 1158, Raynald granted it to the Flemish Raynald of Saint-Valery.[38][40]

Emperor Manuel unexpectedly invaded Cilicia, forcing Thoros II to seek refuge in the mountains in December 1158.[41][42] Raynald hurried to Mamistra to voluntarily make his submission to the emperor.[41][40] On Manuel's demand, Raynald and his retainers walked barefoot and bareheaded through the streets of the town to the imperial tent where he prostrated himself, begging for mercy.[43] William of Tyre stated that "the glory of the Latin world was put to shame" on this occasion, because envoys from the nearby Muslim and Christian rulers were also present at Raynald's humiliation.[44] Manuel demanded that a Greek Patriarch be installed at Antioch. Although his demand was not accepted, documentary evidence indicates that Gerard, the Catholic bishop of Latakia was forced to move to Jerusalem.[45] Raynald had to promise that he would allow a Byzantine garrison to stay in the citadel whenever it was required and would send a troop to fight in the Byzantine army.[43] Before long, Baldwin III of Jerusalem persuaded Manuel to consent to the return of the Latin patriarch, Aimery, to Antioch, instead of installing a Greek patriarch. When the emperor entered Antioch with much pomp and ceremony on 12 April 1159, Raynald held the bridle of Manuel's horse.[42][46] Manuel left the town eight days later.[47]

Raynald made a plundering raid in the valley of the river Euphrates at Marash to seize cattle, horses and camels from the local peasants in November 1160 or 1161.[48][49][50] Majd al-Din, governor of Aleppo, gathered his troops (10,000 people, according to the contemporaneous historian Matthew of Edessa), and attacked Raynald and his retinue on the way back to Antioch.[48][51] Raynald tried to fight, but the Muslim warriors unhorsed and captured him. He was sent to Aleppo where he was put in jail.[49]

Captivity and release edit

 
Raynald imprisoned at Aleppo (from a mid-14th-century manuscript of William of Tyre's Historia and its Continuation)

Almost nothing is known about Raynald's life while he was kept in jail for fifteen years.[44] He shared his prison with Joscelin III of Courtenay, the titular Count of Edessa, who had been captured a couple of months before.[52] In Raynald's absence, Constance wanted to rule alone, but Baldwin III of Jerusalem made Patriarch Aimery regent for her fifteen-year-old son (Raynald's stepson), Bohemond III of Antioch.[52][48] Constance died around 1163, shortly after her son reached the age of majority.[53] Her death deprived Raynald of his claim to Antioch.[44] However, he had become an important personality, with prominent family connections, as his stepdaughter, Maria of Antioch, married Manuel I Komnenos in 1161, and his own daughter, Agnes, became the wife of Béla III of Hungary.[44]

When Gümüshtekin, governor of Aleppo, one of the last independent Muslim rulers in Syria before the ambitious Kurdish warlord Saladin, had conquered almost all neighboring states, he released Raynald, along with Joscelin of Courtenay and all other Christians prisoners in 1176.[54] Raynald's ransom, fixed at 120,000 gold dinars, reflected his prestige.[44] It was most probably paid by Manuel I Komnenos, according to Barber and Hamilton.[55][56]

Raynald came to Jerusalem with Joscelin before 1 September 1176 [57] where he became a close ally of Joscelin's sister, Agnes of Courtenay.[58] She was the mother of the young Baldwin IV of Jerusalem, who suffered from leprosy.[58][59] Hugo Etherianis, who lived in Constantinople after around 1165, mentioned in the preface of his About the Procession of the Holy Spirit that he had asked "Prince Raynald" to deliver a copy of the work to Aimery of Limoges.[60] Hamilton proposes, these words suggest that Raynald led the embassy that Baldwin IV sent to Constantinople to confirm an alliance between Jerusalem and the Byzantine Empire against Egypt.[60]

Lord of Oultrejordain edit

First years edit

 
Raynald's seal

Raynald married Stephanie of Milly, the lady of Oultrejordain, and Baldwin IV also granted him Hebron.[61] The first extant charter styling Raynald as "Lord of Hebron and Montréal" was issued in November 1177.[62] He owed service of 60 knights to the Crown, showing that he had become one of the wealthiest barons of the realm.[61][63] From his castles at Kerak and Montréal, he controlled the routes between the two main parts of Saladin's empire, Syria and Egypt.[64] Raynald and Baldwin IV's brother-in-law, William of Montferrat, jointly granted large estates to Rodrigo Álvarez, the founder of the Order of Mountjoy, to strengthen the defence of the southern and eastern frontier of the kingdom.[61] After William of Montferrat died in June 1177, the king made Raynald regent.[65]

Baldwin IV's cousin, Philip I, Count of Flanders, came to the Holy Land at the head of a crusader army in early August 1177.[64] The king offered him the regency, but Philip refused the offer, saying that he did not want to stay in the kingdom.[66] Philip declared that he was "willing to take orders" from anybody, but he protested when Baldwin confirmed Raynald's position as "regent of the kingdom and of the armies" as he thought that a military commander without special powers should lead the army.[67] Philip left the kingdom a month after his arrival.[68]

Saladin invaded the region of Ascalon, but the royal army launched an attack on him in the Battle of Montgisard on 25 November, leading to his defeat.[69] William of Tyre and Ernoul attributed the victory to the king, but Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad and other Muslim authors recorded that Raynald was the supreme commander.[70] Saladin himself referred to the battle as a "major defeat which God mended with the famous battle of Hattin",[71] according to Baha ad-Din.[72]

Raynald was the first among the witnesses to sign most royal charters between 1177 and 1180, showing that he was the king's most influential official during this period.[73] Raynald became one of the principal supporters of Guy of Lusignan, who married the king's elder sister, Sybilla, in early 1180, although many barons of the realm had opposed the marriage.[74][75] The king's half sister, Isabella (whose stepfather, Balian of Ibelin was Guy of Lusignan's opponent) was engaged to Raynald's stepson, Humphrey IV of Toron, in autumn 1180.[74] Baldwin IV dispatched Raynald, along with Heraclius, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, to mediate a reconciliation between Bohemond III of Antioch and Patriarch Aimery in early 1181.[76][77] Roupen III, Lord of Cilician Armenia, married Raynald's stepdaughter, Isabella of Toron.[78]

Fights against Saladin edit

 
Kerak Castle, a major fortress in the Lordship of Oultrejordain (at present-day Al-Karak in Jordan)

Raynald was the only Christian leader who fought against Saladin in the 1180s.[79][80] The contemporaneous Ernoul mentioned two raids that Raynald made against caravans travelling between Egypt and Syria, breaking the truce.[81] Modern historians debate whether Raynald's desire for booty inspired these military actions,[82] or were deliberate maneuvers to prevent Saladin from annexing new territories.[80] Saladin tried to seize Aleppo after As-Salih Ismail al-Malik, the Zengid emir of the town, died on 18 November 1181.[83] Raynald stormed into Saladin's territory, reaching as far as Tabuk on the route between Damascus and Mecca in late 1181.[84] Saladin's nephew, Farrukh Shah, invaded Oultrejourdain instead of attacking Aleppo to compel Raynald to return from the Arabian Desert.[85] Before long, Raynald seized a caravan and imprisoned its members.[85] On Saladin's protest, Baldwin IV ordered Raynald to free them, but Raynald did not obey him.[86] His defiance annoyed the king, enabling Raymond III of Tripoli's partisans to reconcile him with the monarch.[87] Raymond's return to the royal court put an end to Raynald's paramount position. He accepted the new situation and cooperated with the king and Raymond during the fights against Saladin in summer 1182.[88]

Saladin revived the Egyptian naval force and tried to capture Beirut, but his ships were forced to retreat.[89] Raynald ordered the building of at least five ships in Oultrejourdain. They were carried across the Negev desert to the Gulf of Aqaba at the northern end of the Red Sea in January or February 1183.[90][91][92] He captured the fort of Ayla (at present-day Eilat in Israel), and attacked the Egyptian fortress on Ile de Graye. Part of his fleet made a plundering raid along the coasts against ships delivering Muslim pilgrims and goods, threatening the security of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.[90][93] Raynald left Ile de Graye, but his fleet continued the siege.[94] Saladin's brother, Al-Adil, the governor of Egypt, dispatched a fleet to the Red Sea. The Egyptians relieved Ile de Graye and destroyed the Christian fleet. Some of the soldiers were captured near Medina because they landed either to escape or to attack the city. Raynald's men were executed, and Saladin took an oath that he would never forgive him.[94][95] Though Raynald's naval expedition "showed a remarkable degree of initiative", according to Hamilton, most modern historians agree that it contributed to the unification of Syria and Egypt under Saladin's rule.[96] Saladin captured Aleppo in June 1183, completing the encirclement of the crusader states.[97]

Baldwin IV, who had become seriously ill, made Guy of Lusignan bailli (or regent) in October 1183.[98] Within a month, Baldwin dismissed Guy, and had Guy's five-year-old stepson, Baldwin V, crowned king.[99] Raynald was not present at the child's coronation, because he attended the wedding of his stepson, Humphrey, and Baldwin IV's sister, Isabella, in Kerak.[100] Saladin unexpectedly invaded Oultrejordain, forcing the local inhabitants to seek refuge in Kerak.[100] After Saladin broke into the town, Raynald only managed to escape to the fortress because one of his retainers had hindered the attackers from seizing the bridge between the town and the castle.[101] Saladin laid siege to Kerak.[102] According to Ernoul, Raynald's wife sent dishes from the wedding to Saladin, persuading him to stop bombarding the tower where her son and his wife stayed.[102] After envoys from Kerak informed Baldwin IV of the siege, the royal army left Jerusalem for Kerak under the command of the king and Raymond III of Tripoli.[102] Saladin abandoned the siege before their arrival on 4 December.[102] On Saladin's order, Izz al-Din Usama had a fortress built at Ajloun, near the northern border of Raynald's domains.[103]

Kingmaker edit

 
Coronation of Guy of Lusignan, by his wife, Sybilla of Jerusalem, who was proclaimed queen with Raynald's assistance (from a late-15th-century manuscript of William of Tyre's Historia and its Continuation).

Baldwin IV died in early 1185.[90] His successor, the child Baldwin V died in late summer 1186.[104] The High Court of Jerusalem had ruled that neither Baldwin V's mother, Sybilla (who was Guy of Lusignan's wife), nor her sister, Isabella (who was the wife of Raynald's stepson), could be crowned without the decision of the pope, the Holy Roman Emperor, and the kings of France and England about Baldwin V's lawful successor.[105] However, Sybilla's uncle, Joscelin III of Courtenay, took control of Jerusalem with the support of Raynald and other influential prelates and royal officials.[106][107] Raynald urged the townspeople to accept Sybilla as the lawful monarch, according to the Estoire de Eracles.[108] The bailli, Raymond III of Tripoli, and his supporters tried to prevent her coronation and reminded her partisans of the decision of the High Court.[109] Ignoring their protest, Raynald and Gerard of Ridefort, Grand Master of the Knights Templar, accompanied Sybilla to the Holy Sepulchre, where she was crowned.[109] She also arranged the coronation of her husband, although he was unpopular even among her supporters.[110][111] Her opponents tried to persuade Raynald's stepson, Humphrey, to claim the crown on his wife's behalf, but Humphrey deserted them and swore fealty to Sybilla and Guy.[112][111] Raynald headed the list of secular witnesses in four royal charters issued between 21 October 1186 and 7 March 1187, showing that he had become a principal figure in the new king's court.[113]

Ali ibn al-Athir and other Muslim historians recorded that Raynald made a truce with Saladin in 1186.[103] This "seems unlikely to be true", according to Hamilton, because the truce between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Saladin covered Raynald's domains.[103] In late 1186 or early 1187, a rich caravan travelled through Oultrejordain from Egypt to Syria.[103] Ali ibn al-Athir mentioned that a group of armed men accompanied the caravan.[114] Raynald seized the caravan, possibly because he regarded the presence of soldiers as a breach of the truce, according to Hamilton.[115][116] He took all the merchants and their families prisoner, seized a large amount of booty, and refused to receive envoys from Saladin demanding compensation.[116][117] Saladin sent his envoys to Guy of Lusignan, who accepted his demands.[116] However, Raynald refused to obey the king, stating that "he was lord of his land, just as Guy was lord of his, and he had no truces with the Saracens".[116] Saladin proclaimed a jihad (or holy war) against the kingdom, taking an oath that he would personally kill Raynald for breaking the truce.[118]

Ali ibn al-Athir on Raynald's Attack against a caravan

Prince Reynald, lord of Kerak, was one of the greatest and wickedest of the Franks, the most hostile to the Muslims and the most dangerous to them. Aware of this, Saladin targeted him with blockades time after time and raided his territory occasion after occasion. As a result he was abashed and humbled and asked Saladin for a truce, which was granted. The truce was made and duly sworn to. Caravans then went back and forth between Syria and Egypt. [In the year 582 AH], a large caravan, rich in goods and with many men, accompanied by a good number of soldiers, passed by him. The accursed one treacheously seized every last man and made their goods, animals and weapons his booty. Those he made captive he consigned to his prisons. Saladin sent blaming him, deploring his treacherous action and threatening him if he did not release the captives and the goods, but he would not agree to do that and persisted in his refusal. Saladin vowed that, if ever had him in his power, he would kill him.

Ali ibn al-Athir, The Complete History[119]

Capture and execution edit

 
Execution of Raynald at Hattin (from a 15th-century manuscript of William of Tyre's Historia and its Continuation)

The Estoire de Eracles wrongly claimed that Saladin's sister was also among the prisoners taken by Raynald when he seized the caravan.[103][117] Actually, she returned from Mecca to Damascus in a subsequent pilgrim-caravan in March 1187.[103] To protect her against an attack by Raynald, Saladin escorted the pilgrims while they were travelling near Oultrejordain.[120] Saladin stormed into Oultrejordain on 26 April and pillaged Raynald's domains for a month.[121] Thereafter, Saladin marched to Ashtara, where the troops coming from all parts of his realm assembled.[122]

The Christian forces assembled at Sepphoris.[122][123] Raynald and Gerard of Ridefort persuaded Guy of Lusignan to take the initiative and attack Saladin's army, although Raymond III of Tripoli had tried to persuade the king to avoid a direct fight with it.[114][124] During the debate, Raynald accused Raymond of Tripoli of co-operating with the enemy.[125] Saladin inflicted a crushing defeat on the crusaders in the Battle of Hattin on 4 July.[126] Most commanders of the Christian army were captured on the battlefield.[127]

Guy of Lusignan and Raynald were among the prisoners who were brought before Saladin.[128] Saladin handed a cup of iced rose water to Guy.[129] After drinking from the cup, the king handed it to Raynald.[129] Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani (who was present) recorded that Raynald drank from the cup.[128] Since customary law prescribed that a man who gave food or drink to a prisoner could not murder him, Saladin stated that it was Guy who had given the cup to Raynald.[129] Saladin called Raynald to his tent.[128] He accused him of many crimes (including brigandage and blasphemy), offering him to choose between conversion to Islam or death, according to Imad ad-Din and Ibn al-Athir.[114][129] After Raynald flatly refused to convert, Saladin took a sword and struck Raynald with it.[114][129] As Raynald fell to the ground, Saladin beheaded him.[114][130] The reliability of the reports of Saladin's offer to Raynald is subject to a scholarly debate, because the Muslim authors who recorded them may have only wanted to improve Saladin's image.[131] Ernoul's chronicle and the Estoire de Eracles recounted the events ending with Raynald's execution in almost the same language as the Muslim authors.[129] However, according to Ernoul's chronicle, Raynald refused to drink from the cup that Guy of Lusignan handed to him.[128][132] According to Ernoul, Raynald's head was struck off by Saladin's mamluks and it was brought to Damascus to be "dragged along the ground to show the Saracens, whom the prince had wronged, that vengeance had been exacted".[133][132] Baha ad-Din also wrote that Raynald's fate shocked Guy of Lusignan, but Saladin soon comforted him, stating that "A king does not kill a king, but that man's perfidy and insolence went too far".[134]

Family edit

 
Tomb of Raynald's daughter, Agnes (or Anna), and her husband, Béla III of Hungary (Matthias Church, Budapest)

Raynald's first wife, Constance of Antioch (born in 1128), was the only daughter of Bohemond II of Antioch and Alice of Jerusalem.[135] Constance succeeded her father in Antioch in 1130.[136] She was given in marriage to Raymond of Poitiers in 1136.[137] The widowed Constance's marriage to Raynald is described as "the misalliance of the century" by Hamilton,[138] but Buck emphasises that "the marriage went unmentioned in Western chronicles".[22] Buck adds that Raynald's relatively low birth "actually made him the ideal candidate" to marry the widowed princess who had a son with a strong claim to rule upon reaching the age of majority, and Raynald was possibly "expected to eventually step aside".[139]

Their daughter, Agnes, moved to Constantinople in early 1170 to marry Kaisar Alexios-Béla, the younger brother of Stephen III of Hungary, who lived in the Byzantine Empire.[140] Agnes was renamed Anna in Constantinople.[141] Her husband succeeded his brother as Béla III of Hungary in 1172.[142] She followed her husband to Hungary, where she gave birth to seven children before she died around 1184.[141] Raynald and Constance's second daughter, Alice, became the third wife of Azzo VI of Este in 1204.[143] Raynald also had a son, Baldwin, from Constance, according to Hamilton and Buck, but Runciman says that Baldwin was Constance's son from her first husband.[144][145][146] Baldwin moved to Constantinople in the early 1160s.[53] He died fighting at the head of a Byzantine cavalry regiment in the Battle of Myriokephalon on 17 September 1176.[147]

Raynald's second wife, Stephanie of Milly, was the younger[148] daughter of Philip of Milly, Lord of Nablus, and Isabella of Oultrejourdain.[149] She was born around 1145.[150] Her first husband, Humphrey III of Toron, died around 1173.[151] She inherited Oultrejourdain from her niece, Beatrice Brisbarre, shortly before she married Miles of Plancy in early 1174.[151] Miles of Plancy was murdered in October 1174.[152][148]

Assessment edit

Most information on Raynald's life was recorded by Muslim authors who were hostile to him.[153] Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad described him as a "monstrous infidel and terrible oppressor"[154] in his biography of Saladin.[155] Saladin compared Raynald with the king of Ethiopia who had tried to destroy Mecca in 570 and was called the "Elephant" in the Surah Fil of the Quran.[156] Ibn al-Athir described him as "one of the most devilish of the Franks, and one of the most demonic", adding that Raynald "had the strongest hostility to the Muslims".[157]

Most Christian authors who wrote of Raynald in the 12th and 13th centuries were influenced by Raynald's political opponent, William of Tyre.[153] The author of the Estoire of Eracles stated that Raynald's attack against a caravan at the turn of 1186 and 1187 was the "reason of the loss of the Kingdom of Jerusalem".[103] Modern historians have usually also treated Raynald as a "maverick who did more harm to the Christian than to the [Muslim] cause".[153] Runciman describes him as a marauder who could not resist the temptation presented by the rich caravans passing through Oultrejordain.[82] Runciman argues that Raynald attacked a caravan during the 1180 truce because he "could not understand a policy that ran counter to his wishes".[82] According to Barber, Raynald's behavior during the reign of Guy of Lusignan shows that the kingdom had broken up into "a collection of semi-autonomous fiefdoms" by that time.[116]

Some Christian authors regarded Raynald as a martyr for the faith.[114] Peter of Blois dedicated a book (entitled Passion of Prince Raynald of Antioch) to him shortly after his death.[114] Among modern historians, Hamilton describes Raynald as "an experienced and responsible crusader leader" who made several attempts to prevent Saladin from uniting the Muslim realms along the borders of the crusader states.[158] Alex Mallett refers to Raynald's naval expedition as "one of the most extraordinary episodes in the history of the Crusades, and yet one of the most overlooked".[157]

References edit

  1. ^ Barber 2012, pp. 4–25.
  2. ^ Morton 2020, pp. 85–86.
  3. ^ Morton 2020, pp. 35–43.
  4. ^ Barber 2012, pp. 121–128, 137, 144–150.
  5. ^ Morton 2020, p. 43.
  6. ^ Barber 2012, pp. 83, 169–170.
  7. ^ Barber 2012, pp. 24–25.
  8. ^ Morton 2020, p. 99.
  9. ^ Barber 2012, pp. 360–361.
  10. ^ Barber 2012, pp. 180–195.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Hamilton 2000, p. 104.
  12. ^ a b Barber 2012, p. 201.
  13. ^ a b c d e Runciman 1989, p. 345.
  14. ^ Cotts 2021, p. 43.
  15. ^ a b c d Barber 2012, p. 206.
  16. ^ a b Hamilton 1978, p. 98 (note 8).
  17. ^ Runciman 1989, pp. 261–262.
  18. ^ Runciman 1989, pp. 286, 345.
  19. ^ Barber 2012, p. 193.
  20. ^ Runciman 1989, pp. 330–332, 345.
  21. ^ Buck 2017, pp. 77–78.
  22. ^ a b Buck 2017, p. 78.
  23. ^ Buck 2017, p. 228.
  24. ^ a b c Baldwin 1969, p. 540.
  25. ^ Runciman 1989, p. 345 (note 1).
  26. ^ Runciman 1989, pp. 345–346 (note 1).
  27. ^ Buck 2017, pp. 78–79, 116.
  28. ^ Buck 2017, p. 90.
  29. ^ Buck 2017, p. 42.
  30. ^ Buck 2017, p. 104.
  31. ^ a b c Barber 2012, p. 209.
  32. ^ Buck 2017, pp. 104–105, 107.
  33. ^ a b Runciman 1989, p. 346.
  34. ^ a b Runciman 1989, p. 347.
  35. ^ Morton 2020, p. 130.
  36. ^ a b Baldwin 1969, p. 541.
  37. ^ a b c Runciman 1989, p. 348.
  38. ^ a b Baldwin 1969, p. 542.
  39. ^ Runciman 1989, pp. 327, 349.
  40. ^ a b Runciman 1989, p. 349.
  41. ^ a b Baldwin 1969, p. 543.
  42. ^ a b Barber 2012, p. 213.
  43. ^ a b Runciman 1989, p. 352.
  44. ^ a b c d e Hamilton 1978, p. 98.
  45. ^ Buck 2017, p. 105.
  46. ^ Runciman 1989, p. 353.
  47. ^ Runciman 1989, p. 354.
  48. ^ a b c Baldwin 1969, p. 546.
  49. ^ a b Runciman 1989, p. 357.
  50. ^ Barber 2012, p. 214.
  51. ^ Morton 2020, p. 133.
  52. ^ a b Runciman 1989, p. 358.
  53. ^ a b Runciman 1989, p. 365.
  54. ^ Runciman 1989, p. 408.
  55. ^ Barber 2012, p. 365.
  56. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 112.
  57. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 105.
  58. ^ a b Hamilton 1978, p. 99.
  59. ^ Barber 2012, p. 264.
  60. ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 111.
  61. ^ a b c Hamilton 2000, p. 117.
  62. ^ Hamilton 1978, p. 100 (note 22).
  63. ^ Baldwin 1969, p. 593 (note 2).
  64. ^ a b Barber 2012, p. 268.
  65. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 118.
  66. ^ Barber 2012, pp. 268–269.
  67. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 123.
  68. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 133.
  69. ^ Barber 2012, pp. 270–271.
  70. ^ Hamilton 1978, p. 100 (note 24).
  71. ^ The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, p. 54.
  72. ^ Hamilton 1978, p. 101 (note 25).
  73. ^ Hamilton 1978, p. 101 (note 26).
  74. ^ a b Barber 2012, p. 275.
  75. ^ Hamilton 1978, p. 101.
  76. ^ Hamilton 1978, p. 101 (note 27).
  77. ^ Barber 2012, p. 277.
  78. ^ Hamilton 1978, p. 101 (note 29).
  79. ^ Barber 2012, p. 276.
  80. ^ a b Hamilton 1978, p. 102.
  81. ^ Hamilton 1978, p. 103 (note 39).
  82. ^ a b c Runciman 1989, p. 431.
  83. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 170.
  84. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 170–171.
  85. ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 171.
  86. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 171–172.
  87. ^ Hamilton 1978, p. 103 (note 42).
  88. ^ Hamilton 1978, p. 103.
  89. ^ Barber 2012, p. 278.
  90. ^ a b c Barber 2012, p. 284.
  91. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 180.
  92. ^ Mallett 2008, p. 142.
  93. ^ Mallett 2008, pp. 142–143.
  94. ^ a b Runciman 1989, p. 437.
  95. ^ Mallett 2008, p. 143.
  96. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 181.
  97. ^ Baldwin 1969, p. 599.
  98. ^ Barber 2012, p. 281.
  99. ^ Barber 2012, p. 282.
  100. ^ a b Runciman 1989, p. 440.
  101. ^ Runciman 1989, pp. 440–441.
  102. ^ a b c d Runciman 1989, p. 441.
  103. ^ a b c d e f g Hamilton 2000, p. 225.
  104. ^ Barber 2012, p. 289.
  105. ^ Barber 2012, pp. 289–290, 293.
  106. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 218.
  107. ^ Baldwin 1969, p. 604.
  108. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 220.
  109. ^ a b Barber 2012, p. 294.
  110. ^ Barber 2012, pp. 294–295.
  111. ^ a b Baldwin 1969, p. 605.
  112. ^ Barber 2012, p. 295.
  113. ^ Hamilton 1978, pp. 107–108.
  114. ^ a b c d e f g Hamilton 1978, p. 107.
  115. ^ Hamilton 1978, pp. 106–107.
  116. ^ a b c d e Barber 2012, p. 297.
  117. ^ a b Runciman 1989, p. 450.
  118. ^ Baldwin 1969, p. 606.
  119. ^ The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athir for the Crusading Period from Al-Kamil Fi'l-Ta'rikh (The year 582)), pp. 316–317.
  120. ^ Runciman 1989, p. 454.
  121. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 227.
  122. ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 229.
  123. ^ Baldwin 1969, p. 610.
  124. ^ Barber 2012, p. 300.
  125. ^ Barber 2012, p. 301.
  126. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 230.
  127. ^ Barber 2012, p. 304.
  128. ^ a b c d Barber 2012, p. 306.
  129. ^ a b c d e f Runciman 1989, p. 459.
  130. ^ Cotts 2021, p. 42.
  131. ^ Mallett 2014, p. 72 (note 49).
  132. ^ a b Nicholson 1973, p. 162.
  133. ^ Barber 2012, pp. 306, 423.
  134. ^ Runciman 1989, p. 460.
  135. ^ Runciman 1989, p. 183, Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 2.).
  136. ^ Runciman 1989, p. 183.
  137. ^ Runciman 1989, p. 199.
  138. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 98.
  139. ^ Buck 2017, p. 79.
  140. ^ Makk 1994, pp. 47, 91.
  141. ^ a b Makk 1994, p. 47.
  142. ^ Makk 1994, p. 91.
  143. ^ Chiappini 2001, p. 31.
  144. ^ Buck 2017, p. 83.
  145. ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. xviii, 40–41.
  146. ^ Runciman 1989, p. 365, Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 2.).
  147. ^ Runciman 1989, p. 413.
  148. ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 90.
  149. ^ Runciman 1989, p. 335 (note 1), Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 4.).
  150. ^ Runciman 1989, p. 441 (note 1).
  151. ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 92.
  152. ^ Baldwin 1969, p. 592 (note 592).
  153. ^ a b c Hamilton 1978, p. 97.
  154. ^ The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, p. 37.
  155. ^ Barber 2012, pp. 306, 423, 435.
  156. ^ Hamilton 1978, p. 97 (note 1).
  157. ^ a b Mallett 2008, p. 141.
  158. ^ Hamilton 1978, pp. 102, 104–106.

Sources edit

Primary sources edit

  • The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin or al-Nawādir al-Sultaniyya wa'l-Maḥāsin al-Yūsufiyya by Bahā' ad-Dīn Yusuf ibn Rafi ibn Shaddād (Translated by D. S. Richards) (2001). Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-0143-9.
  • The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athir for the Crusading Period from Al-Kamil Fi'l-Ta'rikh (Part 2: The Years 541–582/1146–1193: The Age of Nur ad-Din and Saladin) (Translated by D. S. Richards) (2007). Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-4078-3.

Secondary sources edit

Further reading edit

  • Hillenbrand, Carole (2003). "Some reflections on the imprisonment of Reynald of Châtillon". In Robinson, Chase F. (ed.). Texts, Documents and Artefacts: Islamic Studies in Honour of D.S. Richards. Brill. pp. 79–102. ISBN 90-04-12864-6.
  • Hosler, John D. (2018). Siege of Acre, 1189–1191: Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, and the Battle That Decided the Third Crusade. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-23535-7.
  • Maalouf, Amin (1984). The Crusades Through Arab Eyes. Al Saqi Books. ISBN 0-8052-0898-4.
  • Man, John (2015). Saladin:The Life, the Legend and the Islamic Empire. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4735-0854-5.
  • Schlumberger, Gustave (1898). Renaud de Chatillon, Prince d'Antioche, seigneur de la terre d'Outre-Jourdain.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raynald of Châtillon.
Raynald of Châtillon
House of Châtillon
Born: c. 1125 Died: 4 July 1187
Regnal titles
Preceded by Prince of Antioch
1153–1160/1161
With: Constance 		Succeeded by

February 27, 2024
raynald, châtillon, french, renaud, 1125, july, 1187, also, known, reynald, reginald, renaud, knight, french, origin, became, prince, antioch, from, 1153, 1160, 1161, lord, oultrejordain, from, 1175, until, death, second, french, noble, family, joined, second,. Raynald of Chatillon French Renaud c 1125 4 July 1187 also known as Reynald Reginald or Renaud was a knight of French origin who became Prince of Antioch from 1153 to 1160 or 1161 and Lord of Oultrejordain from 1175 until his death The second son of a French noble family he joined the Second Crusade in 1147 and settled in the Kingdom of Jerusalem as a mercenary Six years later he married Constance Princess of Antioch in spite of her subjects opposition Raynald of ChatillonLord of Hebron and MontrealRaynald of Chatillon tortures Aimery of Limoges Latin Patriarch of Antioch from a late 13th century manuscript of William of Tyre s Historia and its Continuation Prince of Antiochtogether with ConstanceReign1153 to 1160 or 1161PredecessorConstanceSuccessorConstanceLord of Oultrejordaintogether with Stephanie of MillyReign1176 to 1187PredecessorMiles of PlancySuccessorHumphrey IV of ToronBornc 1125Died4 July 1187 aged 61 62 HattinSpouseConstance of Antioch Stephanie of MillyIssueAgnes of AntiochAliceFatherHerve II of DonzyReligionCatholicismAlways in need of funds Raynald tortured Aimery of Limoges Latin Patriarch of Antioch who had refused to pay a subsidy to him Raynald launched a plundering raid in Cyprus in 1156 causing great destruction in Byzantine territory Four years later the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos forced him to beg for his mercy Raynald was raiding the valley of the river Euphrates in 1160 or 1161 when the governor of Aleppo captured him at Marash He was released for a large ransom in 1176 but he did not return to Antioch because his wife had meanwhile died He married Stephanie of Milly the wealthy heiress of Oultrejordain Since Baldwin IV of Jerusalem also granted Hebron to him Raynald was one of the wealthiest barons in the Kingdom of Jerusalem After Baldwin who suffered from leprosy made him regent in 1177 Raynald led the crusader army that defeated Saladin the Muslim ruler of Egypt and Syria at the Battle of Montgisard In control of the caravan routes between Egypt and Syria he was the only Christian leader to pursue an offensive policy against Saladin making plundering raids against the caravans travelling near his domains After Raynald s newly built fleet plundered the coast of the Red Sea threatening the route of the Muslim pilgrims towards Mecca in early 1183 Saladin pledged that he would never forgive him Raynald was a firm supporter of Baldwin IV s sister Sybilla and her husband Guy of Lusignan during conflicts regarding the succession of the king Sibylla and Guy were able to seize the throne in 1186 due to Raynald s co operation with her uncle Joscelin III of Courtenay Raynald attacked a caravan travelling from Egypt to Syria in late 1186 or early 1187 claiming that the truce between Saladin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem did not bind him After he refused to pay a compensation Saladin invaded the kingdom and annihilated the crusader army in the Battle of Hattin Raynald was captured on the battlefield Saladin personally beheaded him for his brigandage and other crimes after he refused to convert to Islam Most historians have regarded Raynald as an irresponsible adventurer whose lust for booty caused the fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem On the other hand the historian Bernard Hamilton says that he was the only crusader leader who tried to prevent Saladin from unifying the nearby Muslim states Contents 1 Background 2 Early years 3 Prince of Antioch 4 Captivity and release 5 Lord of Oultrejordain 5 1 First years 5 2 Fights against Saladin 5 3 Kingmaker 6 Capture and execution 7 Family 8 Assessment 9 References 10 Sources 10 1 Primary sources 10 2 Secondary sources 11 Further readingBackground editThe Principality of Antioch was a crusader state established by western European aristocrats in northern Syria and the fertile plains of Cilicia during the First Crusade The First Crusade was declared at the Council of Clermont in 1095 by Pope Urban II against the Muslim Seljuk Turks for the rescue of the Christian Byzantine Empire and the liberation of Jerusalem At a meeting at Constantinople the crusader leaders promised to the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos that they would return to the Byzantine Empire all lands seized from the Seljuks that the Seljuks had conquered from the Byzantines Although Antioch now Antakya in Turkey was one of the cities that the Byzantines had lost to the Seljuks after capturing the city on 3 June 1098 the crusaders granted it to the Italo Norman aristocrat Bohemond of Taranto claiming that the Byzantines had failed to support them during the siege As a consequence of the First Crusade further three crusader states the County of Edessa the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the County of Tripoli were founded in the Near East between 1098 and 1105 1 The Armenian warlords of the mountainous regions of Cilicia took advantage of the westerners arrival to strengthen their position against the Byzantines and their Turkic neighbours The Armenian Rubenids closely cooperated with the crusaders or Franks and often accepted the suzerainty of the princes of Antioch 2 Bohemond and his successors in Antioch Tancred Roger Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Bohemond II fought the Byzantines and the Muslim rulers of the cities of Aleppo and Shaizar now both in Syria to consolidate their rule 3 4 The Byzantines did not abandon their claim to Antioch Emperor Alexios forced Bohemond I to acknowledge Byzantine suzerainty over the principality in the Treaty of Devol in 1108 but the treaty was never implemented In 1137 Alexios s son and successor John II Komnenos extracted an oath of fealty from Raymond of Poitiers who ruled Antioch as the husband and co ruler of Bohemond II s only daughter Constance The Byzantines also conquered Cilicia and Raymond had to acknowledge the loss of the territory 5 6 Occupying a narrow strip of land the crusader states survival depended on external support and their leaders often appealed for help to the rulers of Catholic Europe 7 The balance of power drastically changed with the emergence of a talented Turkic military leader Imad al Din Zengi who assumed power in Mosul in present day Iraq in 1127 and in Aleppo in 1128 8 9 Zengi captured the city of Edessa now in Turkey in late 1144 When Zengi died in 1146 his younger son Nur ad Din succeeded him in Syria Edessa s fall led to the Second Crusade which ended with an unsuccessful siege of the large city of Damascus in the summer of 1148 The remaining strongholds of the County of Edessa were sold to the Byzantine Empire in 1150 10 Early years editRaynald was the younger son of Herve II Lord of Donzy in France 11 12 In older historiography Raynald was described as the son of Geoffrey Count of Gien 13 but in 1989 Jean Richard demonstrated Raynald s kinship with the lords of Donzy They were influential noblemen in the Duchy of Burgundy in present day western France claiming the Palladii a Roman aristocratic family as their ancestors 11 Raynald was born around 1123 or 1125 He received the lordship of Chatillon sur Loire 11 14 but a part of his patrimony was violently and unjustly confiscated according to one of his letters 15 He came to the Kingdom of Jerusalem before 1153 when he was mentioned as a mercenary fighting in the army of Baldwin III of Jerusalem 16 According to modern historians he had joined the army of Louis VII of France during the Second Crusade 11 Louis departed from France in June 1147 17 The 12th century historian William of Tyre who was Raynald s opponent claimed that Raynald was almost a common soldier 11 Louis VII left the Holy Land for France in the summer of 1149 but Raynald stayed behind in Palestine 11 18 Raymond of Poitiers Prince of Antioch and thousands of his soldiers fell in the Battle of Inab on 28 June 1148 leaving the principality almost undefended 19 Baldwin III of Jerusalem who was the cousin of Raymond s widow Constance the ruling Princess of Antioch came to Antioch at the head of his army at least three times during the following years To secure the defence of the principality Baldwin tried to persuade her to remarry but she did not accept his candidates She also refused John Roger whom the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos proposed for her husband 20 21 Raynald accompanied Baldwin to Antioch in 1151 and settled in the principality according to the historian Steven Runciman 13 It is certain that Raynald fought in Baldwin s army during the siege of Ascalon in early 1153 12 He may have already been engaged to Constance of Antioch as Runciman suggests 13 or their betrothal took place during Raynald s visit to the principality before the end of the siege as the historian Malcolm Barber proposes 15 They kept their betrothal a secret until Baldwin gave his permission to their marriage 13 15 The historian Andrew D Buck proposes that they needed the king s permission because Raynald had been in Baldwin s service 22 The early 13th century chronicle known as Estoire d Eracles states that Baldwin happily consented to the marriage because it freed him from his obligation to defend a land namely Antioch which was so far away from his kingdom 23 Prince of Antioch edit nbsp The crusader states around 1165 the Principality of Antioch is marked by blue After Baldwin granted his consent Constance married Raynald 13 15 24 He was installed prince in or shortly before May 1153 25 In that month he confirmed the privileges of the Venetian merchants 26 William of Tyre records that his subjects were astonished that their famous powerful and well born princess condescended to marry a kind of mercenary knight 16 Buck argues that William s report is obviously biased since the leading Antiochene barons such as Rainald II Masoir and Garenton of Saone witnessed Raynald s princely charter for the Venetians indicating that they were present when Raynald was installed as prince Whereas Raymond of Poitiers had issued around 50 of his charters without a reference to Constance Raynald always mentioned that he made the decision along with his wife indicating that his status was lower in comparison with his wife s first husband No coins struck for Raynald have survived which may also confirm that his position was relatively weak according to Buck 27 Raynald s control of appointments to the highest offices was strong he made Geoffrey Jordanis the constable and Geoffrey Falsard the duke of Antioch 28 The Norman chronicler Robert of Torigni writes that Raynald seized three fortresses from the Aleppans soon after his accession but does not name them 29 The wealthy Latin patriarch of Antioch Aimery of Limoges did not hide his dismay at Constance s second marriage He even refused to pay a subsidy to Raynald In retaliation he captured and tortured Aimery in the summer of 1154 30 forcing him to sit naked and covered with honey in the sun before imprisoning him Aimery was only released on Baldwin III s demand but he soon left his see for Jerusalem 24 31 Buck proposes that Aimery s previous debates with the papacy over the Archbishopric of Tyre explain that surprisingly Raynald was not excommunicated for his abuse of Aimery Instead Aimery excommunicated Raynald as a consequence between Antioch and Genoa on the demand of the papacy 32 Emperor Manuel sent his envoys to Antioch proposing to recognize Raynald as the new prince if he launched a campaign against the Armenians of Cilicia who had risen up against Byzantine rule Manuel also promised that he would compensate Raynald for the expenses of the campaign 24 After Raynald defeated the Armenians at Alexandretta in 1155 the Knights Templar seized the region of the Syrian Gates that the Armenians had recently captured 33 Although the sources are unclear Runciman and Barber agree that it was Raynald who granted the territory to them 33 31 Always in need of funds Raynald urged Manuel to send the promised subsidy to him but Manuel failed to pay the money 31 Raynald made an alliance with the Armenian lord Thoros II of Cilicia They attacked Cyprus plundering the prosperous Byzantine island for three weeks in early 1156 34 35 They only left Cyprus on the rumour of an imperial fleet approaching the island but only after they had forced all Cypriots to ransom themselves with the exception of the wealthiest individuals including Emperor Manuel s nephew John Doukas Komnenos whom they carried off to Antioch 34 36 Taking advantage of the presence of Thierry Count of Flanders and his army in the Holy Land and an earthquake that destroyed most towns of Northern Syria Baldwin III of Jerusalem invaded the Muslim territories in the valley of the Orontes River in the autumn of 1157 37 Raynald joined the royal army and they laid siege to Shaizar 36 37 Shaizar was held by the Shi ite Assassins but it had been ruled by the Sunnite Munqidhites who paid an annual tribute to Raynald 37 Before the capitulation of the garrison Baldwin decided to grant the fortress to Thierry of Flanders but Raynald demanded that the count should pay homage to him for the town After Thierry sharply refused to swear fealty to an upstart the crusaders abandoned the siege 38 They marched on Harenc present day Harem Syria which had been an Antiochene fortress before Nur ad Din captured it in 1150 39 After the crusaders captured Harenc in February 1158 Raynald granted it to the Flemish Raynald of Saint Valery 38 40 Emperor Manuel unexpectedly invaded Cilicia forcing Thoros II to seek refuge in the mountains in December 1158 41 42 Raynald hurried to Mamistra to voluntarily make his submission to the emperor 41 40 On Manuel s demand Raynald and his retainers walked barefoot and bareheaded through the streets of the town to the imperial tent where he prostrated himself begging for mercy 43 William of Tyre stated that the glory of the Latin world was put to shame on this occasion because envoys from the nearby Muslim and Christian rulers were also present at Raynald s humiliation 44 Manuel demanded that a Greek Patriarch be installed at Antioch Although his demand was not accepted documentary evidence indicates that Gerard the Catholic bishop of Latakia was forced to move to Jerusalem 45 Raynald had to promise that he would allow a Byzantine garrison to stay in the citadel whenever it was required and would send a troop to fight in the Byzantine army 43 Before long Baldwin III of Jerusalem persuaded Manuel to consent to the return of the Latin patriarch Aimery to Antioch instead of installing a Greek patriarch When the emperor entered Antioch with much pomp and ceremony on 12 April 1159 Raynald held the bridle of Manuel s horse 42 46 Manuel left the town eight days later 47 Raynald made a plundering raid in the valley of the river Euphrates at Marash to seize cattle horses and camels from the local peasants in November 1160 or 1161 48 49 50 Majd al Din governor of Aleppo gathered his troops 10 000 people according to the contemporaneous historian Matthew of Edessa and attacked Raynald and his retinue on the way back to Antioch 48 51 Raynald tried to fight but the Muslim warriors unhorsed and captured him He was sent to Aleppo where he was put in jail 49 Captivity and release edit nbsp Raynald imprisoned at Aleppo from a mid 14th century manuscript of William of Tyre s Historia and its Continuation Almost nothing is known about Raynald s life while he was kept in jail for fifteen years 44 He shared his prison with Joscelin III of Courtenay the titular Count of Edessa who had been captured a couple of months before 52 In Raynald s absence Constance wanted to rule alone but Baldwin III of Jerusalem made Patriarch Aimery regent for her fifteen year old son Raynald s stepson Bohemond III of Antioch 52 48 Constance died around 1163 shortly after her son reached the age of majority 53 Her death deprived Raynald of his claim to Antioch 44 However he had become an important personality with prominent family connections as his stepdaughter Maria of Antioch married Manuel I Komnenos in 1161 and his own daughter Agnes became the wife of Bela III of Hungary 44 When Gumushtekin governor of Aleppo one of the last independent Muslim rulers in Syria before the ambitious Kurdish warlord Saladin had conquered almost all neighboring states he released Raynald along with Joscelin of Courtenay and all other Christians prisoners in 1176 54 Raynald s ransom fixed at 120 000 gold dinars reflected his prestige 44 It was most probably paid by Manuel I Komnenos according to Barber and Hamilton 55 56 Raynald came to Jerusalem with Joscelin before 1 September 1176 57 where he became a close ally of Joscelin s sister Agnes of Courtenay 58 She was the mother of the young Baldwin IV of Jerusalem who suffered from leprosy 58 59 Hugo Etherianis who lived in Constantinople after around 1165 mentioned in the preface of his About the Procession of the Holy Spirit that he had asked Prince Raynald to deliver a copy of the work to Aimery of Limoges 60 Hamilton proposes these words suggest that Raynald led the embassy that Baldwin IV sent to Constantinople to confirm an alliance between Jerusalem and the Byzantine Empire against Egypt 60 Lord of Oultrejordain editFirst years edit nbsp Raynald s sealRaynald married Stephanie of Milly the lady of Oultrejordain and Baldwin IV also granted him Hebron 61 The first extant charter styling Raynald as Lord of Hebron and Montreal was issued in November 1177 62 He owed service of 60 knights to the Crown showing that he had become one of the wealthiest barons of the realm 61 63 From his castles at Kerak and Montreal he controlled the routes between the two main parts of Saladin s empire Syria and Egypt 64 Raynald and Baldwin IV s brother in law William of Montferrat jointly granted large estates to Rodrigo Alvarez the founder of the Order of Mountjoy to strengthen the defence of the southern and eastern frontier of the kingdom 61 After William of Montferrat died in June 1177 the king made Raynald regent 65 Baldwin IV s cousin Philip I Count of Flanders came to the Holy Land at the head of a crusader army in early August 1177 64 The king offered him the regency but Philip refused the offer saying that he did not want to stay in the kingdom 66 Philip declared that he was willing to take orders from anybody but he protested when Baldwin confirmed Raynald s position as regent of the kingdom and of the armies as he thought that a military commander without special powers should lead the army 67 Philip left the kingdom a month after his arrival 68 Saladin invaded the region of Ascalon but the royal army launched an attack on him in the Battle of Montgisard on 25 November leading to his defeat 69 William of Tyre and Ernoul attributed the victory to the king but Baha ad Din ibn Shaddad and other Muslim authors recorded that Raynald was the supreme commander 70 Saladin himself referred to the battle as a major defeat which God mended with the famous battle of Hattin 71 according to Baha ad Din 72 Raynald was the first among the witnesses to sign most royal charters between 1177 and 1180 showing that he was the king s most influential official during this period 73 Raynald became one of the principal supporters of Guy of Lusignan who married the king s elder sister Sybilla in early 1180 although many barons of the realm had opposed the marriage 74 75 The king s half sister Isabella whose stepfather Balian of Ibelin was Guy of Lusignan s opponent was engaged to Raynald s stepson Humphrey IV of Toron in autumn 1180 74 Baldwin IV dispatched Raynald along with Heraclius Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem to mediate a reconciliation between Bohemond III of Antioch and Patriarch Aimery in early 1181 76 77 Roupen III Lord of Cilician Armenia married Raynald s stepdaughter Isabella of Toron 78 Fights against Saladin edit nbsp Kerak Castle a major fortress in the Lordship of Oultrejordain at present day Al Karak in Jordan Raynald was the only Christian leader who fought against Saladin in the 1180s 79 80 The contemporaneous Ernoul mentioned two raids that Raynald made against caravans travelling between Egypt and Syria breaking the truce 81 Modern historians debate whether Raynald s desire for booty inspired these military actions 82 or were deliberate maneuvers to prevent Saladin from annexing new territories 80 Saladin tried to seize Aleppo after As Salih Ismail al Malik the Zengid emir of the town died on 18 November 1181 83 Raynald stormed into Saladin s territory reaching as far as Tabuk on the route between Damascus and Mecca in late 1181 84 Saladin s nephew Farrukh Shah invaded Oultrejourdain instead of attacking Aleppo to compel Raynald to return from the Arabian Desert 85 Before long Raynald seized a caravan and imprisoned its members 85 On Saladin s protest Baldwin IV ordered Raynald to free them but Raynald did not obey him 86 His defiance annoyed the king enabling Raymond III of Tripoli s partisans to reconcile him with the monarch 87 Raymond s return to the royal court put an end to Raynald s paramount position He accepted the new situation and cooperated with the king and Raymond during the fights against Saladin in summer 1182 88 Saladin revived the Egyptian naval force and tried to capture Beirut but his ships were forced to retreat 89 Raynald ordered the building of at least five ships in Oultrejourdain They were carried across the Negev desert to the Gulf of Aqaba at the northern end of the Red Sea in January or February 1183 90 91 92 He captured the fort of Ayla at present day Eilat in Israel and attacked the Egyptian fortress on Ile de Graye Part of his fleet made a plundering raid along the coasts against ships delivering Muslim pilgrims and goods threatening the security of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina 90 93 Raynald left Ile de Graye but his fleet continued the siege 94 Saladin s brother Al Adil the governor of Egypt dispatched a fleet to the Red Sea The Egyptians relieved Ile de Graye and destroyed the Christian fleet Some of the soldiers were captured near Medina because they landed either to escape or to attack the city Raynald s men were executed and Saladin took an oath that he would never forgive him 94 95 Though Raynald s naval expedition showed a remarkable degree of initiative according to Hamilton most modern historians agree that it contributed to the unification of Syria and Egypt under Saladin s rule 96 Saladin captured Aleppo in June 1183 completing the encirclement of the crusader states 97 Baldwin IV who had become seriously ill made Guy of Lusignan bailli or regent in October 1183 98 Within a month Baldwin dismissed Guy and had Guy s five year old stepson Baldwin V crowned king 99 Raynald was not present at the child s coronation because he attended the wedding of his stepson Humphrey and Baldwin IV s sister Isabella in Kerak 100 Saladin unexpectedly invaded Oultrejordain forcing the local inhabitants to seek refuge in Kerak 100 After Saladin broke into the town Raynald only managed to escape to the fortress because one of his retainers had hindered the attackers from seizing the bridge between the town and the castle 101 Saladin laid siege to Kerak 102 According to Ernoul Raynald s wife sent dishes from the wedding to Saladin persuading him to stop bombarding the tower where her son and his wife stayed 102 After envoys from Kerak informed Baldwin IV of the siege the royal army left Jerusalem for Kerak under the command of the king and Raymond III of Tripoli 102 Saladin abandoned the siege before their arrival on 4 December 102 On Saladin s order Izz al Din Usama had a fortress built at Ajloun near the northern border of Raynald s domains 103 Kingmaker edit nbsp Coronation of Guy of Lusignan by his wife Sybilla of Jerusalem who was proclaimed queen with Raynald s assistance from a late 15th century manuscript of William of Tyre s Historia and its Continuation Baldwin IV died in early 1185 90 His successor the child Baldwin V died in late summer 1186 104 The High Court of Jerusalem had ruled that neither Baldwin V s mother Sybilla who was Guy of Lusignan s wife nor her sister Isabella who was the wife of Raynald s stepson could be crowned without the decision of the pope the Holy Roman Emperor and the kings of France and England about Baldwin V s lawful successor 105 However Sybilla s uncle Joscelin III of Courtenay took control of Jerusalem with the support of Raynald and other influential prelates and royal officials 106 107 Raynald urged the townspeople to accept Sybilla as the lawful monarch according to the Estoire de Eracles 108 The bailli Raymond III of Tripoli and his supporters tried to prevent her coronation and reminded her partisans of the decision of the High Court 109 Ignoring their protest Raynald and Gerard of Ridefort Grand Master of the Knights Templar accompanied Sybilla to the Holy Sepulchre where she was crowned 109 She also arranged the coronation of her husband although he was unpopular even among her supporters 110 111 Her opponents tried to persuade Raynald s stepson Humphrey to claim the crown on his wife s behalf but Humphrey deserted them and swore fealty to Sybilla and Guy 112 111 Raynald headed the list of secular witnesses in four royal charters issued between 21 October 1186 and 7 March 1187 showing that he had become a principal figure in the new king s court 113 Ali ibn al Athir and other Muslim historians recorded that Raynald made a truce with Saladin in 1186 103 This seems unlikely to be true according to Hamilton because the truce between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Saladin covered Raynald s domains 103 In late 1186 or early 1187 a rich caravan travelled through Oultrejordain from Egypt to Syria 103 Ali ibn al Athir mentioned that a group of armed men accompanied the caravan 114 Raynald seized the caravan possibly because he regarded the presence of soldiers as a breach of the truce according to Hamilton 115 116 He took all the merchants and their families prisoner seized a large amount of booty and refused to receive envoys from Saladin demanding compensation 116 117 Saladin sent his envoys to Guy of Lusignan who accepted his demands 116 However Raynald refused to obey the king stating that he was lord of his land just as Guy was lord of his and he had no truces with the Saracens 116 Saladin proclaimed a jihad or holy war against the kingdom taking an oath that he would personally kill Raynald for breaking the truce 118 Ali ibn al Athir on Raynald s Attack against a caravan Prince Reynald lord of Kerak was one of the greatest and wickedest of the Franks the most hostile to the Muslims and the most dangerous to them Aware of this Saladin targeted him with blockades time after time and raided his territory occasion after occasion As a result he was abashed and humbled and asked Saladin for a truce which was granted The truce was made and duly sworn to Caravans then went back and forth between Syria and Egypt In the year 582 AH a large caravan rich in goods and with many men accompanied by a good number of soldiers passed by him The accursed one treacheously seized every last man and made their goods animals and weapons his booty Those he made captive he consigned to his prisons Saladin sent blaming him deploring his treacherous action and threatening him if he did not release the captives and the goods but he would not agree to do that and persisted in his refusal Saladin vowed that if ever had him in his power he would kill him Ali ibn al Athir The Complete History 119 Capture and execution edit nbsp Execution of Raynald at Hattin from a 15th century manuscript of William of Tyre s Historia and its Continuation The Estoire de Eracles wrongly claimed that Saladin s sister was also among the prisoners taken by Raynald when he seized the caravan 103 117 Actually she returned from Mecca to Damascus in a subsequent pilgrim caravan in March 1187 103 To protect her against an attack by Raynald Saladin escorted the pilgrims while they were travelling near Oultrejordain 120 Saladin stormed into Oultrejordain on 26 April and pillaged Raynald s domains for a month 121 Thereafter Saladin marched to Ashtara where the troops coming from all parts of his realm assembled 122 The Christian forces assembled at Sepphoris 122 123 Raynald and Gerard of Ridefort persuaded Guy of Lusignan to take the initiative and attack Saladin s army although Raymond III of Tripoli had tried to persuade the king to avoid a direct fight with it 114 124 During the debate Raynald accused Raymond of Tripoli of co operating with the enemy 125 Saladin inflicted a crushing defeat on the crusaders in the Battle of Hattin on 4 July 126 Most commanders of the Christian army were captured on the battlefield 127 Guy of Lusignan and Raynald were among the prisoners who were brought before Saladin 128 Saladin handed a cup of iced rose water to Guy 129 After drinking from the cup the king handed it to Raynald 129 Imad ad Din al Isfahani who was present recorded that Raynald drank from the cup 128 Since customary law prescribed that a man who gave food or drink to a prisoner could not murder him Saladin stated that it was Guy who had given the cup to Raynald 129 Saladin called Raynald to his tent 128 He accused him of many crimes including brigandage and blasphemy offering him to choose between conversion to Islam or death according to Imad ad Din and Ibn al Athir 114 129 After Raynald flatly refused to convert Saladin took a sword and struck Raynald with it 114 129 As Raynald fell to the ground Saladin beheaded him 114 130 The reliability of the reports of Saladin s offer to Raynald is subject to a scholarly debate because the Muslim authors who recorded them may have only wanted to improve Saladin s image 131 Ernoul s chronicle and the Estoire de Eracles recounted the events ending with Raynald s execution in almost the same language as the Muslim authors 129 However according to Ernoul s chronicle Raynald refused to drink from the cup that Guy of Lusignan handed to him 128 132 According to Ernoul Raynald s head was struck off by Saladin s mamluks and it was brought to Damascus to be dragged along the ground to show the Saracens whom the prince had wronged that vengeance had been exacted 133 132 Baha ad Din also wrote that Raynald s fate shocked Guy of Lusignan but Saladin soon comforted him stating that A king does not kill a king but that man s perfidy and insolence went too far 134 Family edit nbsp Tomb of Raynald s daughter Agnes or Anna and her husband Bela III of Hungary Matthias Church Budapest Raynald s first wife Constance of Antioch born in 1128 was the only daughter of Bohemond II of Antioch and Alice of Jerusalem 135 Constance succeeded her father in Antioch in 1130 136 She was given in marriage to Raymond of Poitiers in 1136 137 The widowed Constance s marriage to Raynald is described as the misalliance of the century by Hamilton 138 but Buck emphasises that the marriage went unmentioned in Western chronicles 22 Buck adds that Raynald s relatively low birth actually made him the ideal candidate to marry the widowed princess who had a son with a strong claim to rule upon reaching the age of majority and Raynald was possibly expected to eventually step aside 139 Their daughter Agnes moved to Constantinople in early 1170 to marry Kaisar Alexios Bela the younger brother of Stephen III of Hungary who lived in the Byzantine Empire 140 Agnes was renamed Anna in Constantinople 141 Her husband succeeded his brother as Bela III of Hungary in 1172 142 She followed her husband to Hungary where she gave birth to seven children before she died around 1184 141 Raynald and Constance s second daughter Alice became the third wife of Azzo VI of Este in 1204 143 Raynald also had a son Baldwin from Constance according to Hamilton and Buck but Runciman says that Baldwin was Constance s son from her first husband 144 145 146 Baldwin moved to Constantinople in the early 1160s 53 He died fighting at the head of a Byzantine cavalry regiment in the Battle of Myriokephalon on 17 September 1176 147 Raynald s second wife Stephanie of Milly was the younger 148 daughter of Philip of Milly Lord of Nablus and Isabella of Oultrejourdain 149 She was born around 1145 150 Her first husband Humphrey III of Toron died around 1173 151 She inherited Oultrejourdain from her niece Beatrice Brisbarre shortly before she married Miles of Plancy in early 1174 151 Miles of Plancy was murdered in October 1174 152 148 Assessment editMost information on Raynald s life was recorded by Muslim authors who were hostile to him 153 Baha ad Din ibn Shaddad described him as a monstrous infidel and terrible oppressor 154 in his biography of Saladin 155 Saladin compared Raynald with the king of Ethiopia who had tried to destroy Mecca in 570 and was called the Elephant in the Surah Fil of the Quran 156 Ibn al Athir described him as one of the most devilish of the Franks and one of the most demonic adding that Raynald had the strongest hostility to the Muslims 157 Most Christian authors who wrote of Raynald in the 12th and 13th centuries were influenced by Raynald s political opponent William of Tyre 153 The author of the Estoire of Eracles stated that Raynald s attack against a caravan at the turn of 1186 and 1187 was the reason of the loss of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 103 Modern historians have usually also treated Raynald as a maverick who did more harm to the Christian than to the Muslim cause 153 Runciman describes him as a marauder who could not resist the temptation presented by the rich caravans passing through Oultrejordain 82 Runciman argues that Raynald attacked a caravan during the 1180 truce because he could not understand a policy that ran counter to his wishes 82 According to Barber Raynald s behavior during the reign of Guy of Lusignan shows that the kingdom had broken up into a collection of semi autonomous fiefdoms by that time 116 Some Christian authors regarded Raynald as a martyr for the faith 114 Peter of Blois dedicated a book entitled Passion of Prince Raynald of Antioch to him shortly after his death 114 Among modern historians Hamilton describes Raynald as an experienced and responsible crusader leader who made several attempts to prevent Saladin from uniting the Muslim realms along the borders of the crusader states 158 Alex Mallett refers to Raynald s naval expedition as one of the most extraordinary episodes in the history of the Crusades and yet one of the most overlooked 157 References edit Barber 2012 pp 4 25 Morton 2020 pp 85 86 Morton 2020 pp 35 43 Barber 2012 pp 121 128 137 144 150 Morton 2020 p 43 Barber 2012 pp 83 169 170 Barber 2012 pp 24 25 Morton 2020 p 99 Barber 2012 pp 360 361 Barber 2012 pp 180 195 a b c d e f Hamilton 2000 p 104 a b Barber 2012 p 201 a b c d e Runciman 1989 p 345 Cotts 2021 p 43 a b c d Barber 2012 p 206 a b Hamilton 1978 p 98 note 8 Runciman 1989 pp 261 262 Runciman 1989 pp 286 345 Barber 2012 p 193 Runciman 1989 pp 330 332 345 Buck 2017 pp 77 78 a b Buck 2017 p 78 Buck 2017 p 228 a b c Baldwin 1969 p 540 Runciman 1989 p 345 note 1 Runciman 1989 pp 345 346 note 1 Buck 2017 pp 78 79 116 Buck 2017 p 90 Buck 2017 p 42 Buck 2017 p 104 a b c Barber 2012 p 209 Buck 2017 pp 104 105 107 a b Runciman 1989 p 346 a b Runciman 1989 p 347 Morton 2020 p 130 a b Baldwin 1969 p 541 a b c Runciman 1989 p 348 a b Baldwin 1969 p 542 Runciman 1989 pp 327 349 a b Runciman 1989 p 349 a b Baldwin 1969 p 543 a b Barber 2012 p 213 a b Runciman 1989 p 352 a b c d e Hamilton 1978 p 98 Buck 2017 p 105 Runciman 1989 p 353 Runciman 1989 p 354 a b c Baldwin 1969 p 546 a b Runciman 1989 p 357 Barber 2012 p 214 Morton 2020 p 133 a b Runciman 1989 p 358 a b Runciman 1989 p 365 Runciman 1989 p 408 Barber 2012 p 365 Hamilton 2000 p 112 Hamilton 2000 p 105 a b Hamilton 1978 p 99 Barber 2012 p 264 a b Hamilton 2000 p 111 a b c Hamilton 2000 p 117 Hamilton 1978 p 100 note 22 Baldwin 1969 p 593 note 2 a b Barber 2012 p 268 Hamilton 2000 p 118 Barber 2012 pp 268 269 Hamilton 2000 p 123 Hamilton 2000 p 133 Barber 2012 pp 270 271 Hamilton 1978 p 100 note 24 The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin p 54 Hamilton 1978 p 101 note 25 Hamilton 1978 p 101 note 26 a b Barber 2012 p 275 Hamilton 1978 p 101 Hamilton 1978 p 101 note 27 Barber 2012 p 277 Hamilton 1978 p 101 note 29 Barber 2012 p 276 a b Hamilton 1978 p 102 Hamilton 1978 p 103 note 39 a b c Runciman 1989 p 431 Hamilton 2000 p 170 Hamilton 2000 pp 170 171 a b Hamilton 2000 p 171 Hamilton 2000 pp 171 172 Hamilton 1978 p 103 note 42 Hamilton 1978 p 103 Barber 2012 p 278 a b c Barber 2012 p 284 Hamilton 2000 p 180 Mallett 2008 p 142 Mallett 2008 pp 142 143 a b Runciman 1989 p 437 Mallett 2008 p 143 Hamilton 2000 p 181 Baldwin 1969 p 599 Barber 2012 p 281 Barber 2012 p 282 a b Runciman 1989 p 440 Runciman 1989 pp 440 441 a b c d Runciman 1989 p 441 a b c d e f g Hamilton 2000 p 225 Barber 2012 p 289 Barber 2012 pp 289 290 293 Hamilton 2000 p 218 Baldwin 1969 p 604 Hamilton 2000 p 220 a b Barber 2012 p 294 Barber 2012 pp 294 295 a b Baldwin 1969 p 605 Barber 2012 p 295 Hamilton 1978 pp 107 108 a b c d e f g Hamilton 1978 p 107 Hamilton 1978 pp 106 107 a b c d e Barber 2012 p 297 a b Runciman 1989 p 450 Baldwin 1969 p 606 The Chronicle of Ibn Al Athir for the Crusading Period from Al Kamil Fi l Ta rikh The year 582 pp 316 317 Runciman 1989 p 454 Hamilton 2000 p 227 a b Hamilton 2000 p 229 Baldwin 1969 p 610 Barber 2012 p 300 Barber 2012 p 301 Hamilton 2000 p 230 Barber 2012 p 304 a b c d Barber 2012 p 306 a b c d e f Runciman 1989 p 459 Cotts 2021 p 42 Mallett 2014 p 72 note 49 a b Nicholson 1973 p 162 Barber 2012 pp 306 423 Runciman 1989 p 460 Runciman 1989 p 183 Appendix III Genealogical tree No 2 Runciman 1989 p 183 Runciman 1989 p 199 Hamilton 2000 p 98 Buck 2017 p 79 Makk 1994 pp 47 91 a b Makk 1994 p 47 Makk 1994 p 91 Chiappini 2001 p 31 Buck 2017 p 83 Hamilton 2000 pp xviii 40 41 Runciman 1989 p 365 Appendix III Genealogical tree No 2 Runciman 1989 p 413 a b Hamilton 2000 p 90 Runciman 1989 p 335 note 1 Appendix III Genealogical tree No 4 Runciman 1989 p 441 note 1 a b Hamilton 2000 p 92 Baldwin 1969 p 592 note 592 a b c Hamilton 1978 p 97 The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin p 37 Barber 2012 pp 306 423 435 Hamilton 1978 p 97 note 1 a b Mallett 2008 p 141 Hamilton 1978 pp 102 104 106 Sources editPrimary sources edit The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin oral Nawadir al Sultaniyya wa l Maḥasin al Yusufiyyaby Baha ad Din Yusuf ibn Rafi ibn Shaddad Translated by D S Richards 2001 Ashgate ISBN 0 7546 0143 9 The Chronicle of Ibn Al Athir for the Crusading Period from Al Kamil Fi l Ta rikh Part 2 The Years 541 582 1146 1193 The Age of Nur ad Din and Saladin Translated by D S Richards 2007 Ashgate ISBN 978 0 7546 4078 3 Secondary sources edit Baldwin Marshall W 1969 1955 The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I 1143 1174 The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem 1174 1189 In Baldwin Marshall W ed The First Hundred Years A History of the Crusades Vol I The University of Wisconsin Press pp 528 561 590 621 ISBN 978 0 299 04834 1 Barber Malcolm 2012 The Crusader States Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 11312 9 Buck Andrew D 2017 The Principality of Antioch and Its Frontiers in the Twelfth Century The Boydell Press ISBN 978 1 78327 173 3 Chiappini Luciano 2001 Gli Estensi Mille anni di storia The Este A Thousand Years of History in Italian Corbo Editore ISBN 88 8269 029 6 Cobb Paul M 2016 2014 The Race for Paradise An Islamic History of the Crusades Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 878799 0 Cotts John D 2021 Oppressor Martyr and Hollywood Villain Reynald of Chatillon and the Representation of Crusading Violence In Horswell Mike Skottki Kristin eds The Making of Crusading Heroes and Villains Engaging the Crusades The Memory and Legacy of the Crusades Vol 4 Routledge pp 42 59 ISBN 978 0 367 26444 4 Hamilton Bernard 1978 The Elephant of Christ Reynald of Chatillon Studies in Church History Cambridge University Press 15 15 97 108 doi 10 1017 S0424208400008950 ISSN 0424 2084 S2CID 163740720 Hamilton Bernard 2000 The Leper King and His Heirs Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 64187 6 Makk Ferenc 1994 Anna 1 Bela III In Kristo Gyula Engel Pal Makk Ferenc eds Korai magyar torteneti lexikon 9 14 szazad Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History 9th 14th centuries in Hungarian Akademiai Kiado pp 47 91 92 ISBN 963 05 6722 9 Mallett Alex 2008 A Trip down the Red Sea with Reynald of Chatillon Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Cambridge University Press 18 2 141 153 doi 10 1017 S1356186307008024 ISSN 1356 1863 S2CID 162979332 Mallett Alex 2014 Popular Muslim Reactions to the Franks in the Levant 1097 1291 Routledge ISBN 978 1 317 07798 5 Morton Nicholas 2020 The Crusader States and their Neighbours A Military History 1099 1187 Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 882454 1 Nicholson Robert Lawrence 1973 Joscelyn III and the Fall of the Crusader States 1154 1199 Brill ISBN 90 04 03676 8 Runciman Steven 1989 1951 The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East 1100 1187 A History of the Crusades Vol II Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 06163 6 Further reading editHillenbrand Carole 2003 Some reflections on the imprisonment of Reynald of Chatillon In Robinson Chase F ed Texts Documents and Artefacts Islamic Studies in Honour of D S Richards Brill pp 79 102 ISBN 90 04 12864 6 Hosler John D 2018 Siege of Acre 1189 1191 Saladin Richard the Lionheart and the Battle That Decided the Third Crusade Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 23535 7 Maalouf Amin 1984 The Crusades Through Arab Eyes Al Saqi Books ISBN 0 8052 0898 4 Man John 2015 Saladin The Life the Legend and the Islamic Empire Random House ISBN 978 1 4735 0854 5 Schlumberger Gustave 1898 Renaud de Chatillon Prince d Antioche seigneur de la terre d Outre Jourdain nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raynald of Chatillon Raynald of ChatillonHouse of ChatillonBorn c 1125 Died 4 July 1187Regnal titlesPreceded byConstance Prince of Antioch1153 1160 1161 With Constance Succeeded byConstance Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Raynald of Chatillon amp oldid 1209957300, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.