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Raoiella indica

January 01, 1970

Raoiella indica, commonly known as the red palm mite, is a species of mite belonging to the family Tenuipalpidae. A pest of several species of palm in the Middle East and South East Asia, it is now becoming established throughout the Caribbean. The invasion of this species is the biggest mite explosion ever observed in the Americas.[1]

Raoiella indica
Adult Raoiella indica, an SEM image with false-color added
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Arachnida
Subclass:
Acari
Order:
Trombidiformes
Family:
Tenuipalpidae
Genus:
Raoiella
Species:
R. indica
Binomial name
Raoiella indica
Hirst, 1924

Distribution edit

This species is indigenous to Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, Mauritius, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Réunion, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Thailand and the United Arab Emirates.

It is considered an invasive species in Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Puerto Rico, Saint Martin, Trinidad and Tobago, the US Virgin Islands, Grenada,[a] Haiti and Jamaica.[2]

In 2007, the red palm mite was discovered in Florida. As of April, 2009, this pest has been found at almost 400 sites in five counties there.

Description edit

 
Detail of head

This species can be distinguished from most other mites by its colour, flat body, long spatulate setae, and droplets on the dorsal body setae. There is also a noticeable absence of the webbing associated with numerous other spider mites.[3]

The red palm mite has a long, bright red, spatulate body. During all stages of life, this species is red, with adult females often showing black patches on their backs after feeding.

 
Red palm mite egg

Red palm mite eggs are 0.12 mm long and 0.09 wide. The eggs are smooth and can be found in groups attached to the underside of leaves.[2]

Larvae are 0.18–.020 mm in length and only have three pairs of legs. Nymphs are 0.18–0.25 mm long.

Adults are approximately 0.32 mm long. Females are larger than males and have a triangular body.

Life cycle edit

The egg stage ranges from 6 to 9 days. Development from egg to adult ranges from 23 to 28 days for females, and 20 to 22 days for males. The red palm mite lives for about 26 days.

Hosts edit

This mite has been found on 32 different palm species. In the Caribbean, this species also infests banana plants, heliconias and gingers.

Known hosts of the red palm mite in the Caribbean and Florida as of 12–05–2009 [2]
Family Location Species Common name
Palmae Caribbean Acoelorraphe wrightii , (Griseb.& H.A. Wendl.) Everglades palm, paurotis palm
Palmae Florida Adonidia merrilli, (Becc.) Becc. Veitchia H.A. Wendl.) Manila palm, Christmas palm
Palmae Caribbean Areca catechu betel nut palm
Palmae Caribbean Areca, spp.  
Palmae Florida Aiphanes caryotifolia, (H.B.K.) H.A. Wendl. Coyure palm, ruffle palm, spine palm
Palmae Caribbean Aiphanes, spp. Willd. Multiple crown palm, ruffle palm
Palmae Florida Archontophoenix alexandrae, (F. Muell.) Alexander palm, king palm
Palmae Caribbean Bactris plumeriana, Mart. coco macaco, prickly pole
Palmae Florida Beccariophoenix madagascariensis, Jum. & H. Perrier giant windowpane palm
Palmae Caribbean Bismarckia nobilis, Hildebr. & H.A. Wendl. Bismarck palm
Palmae Florida Butia capitata, (Mart) Becc. pindo palm, jelly palm
Palmae Caribbean Caryota mitis, Lour. fishtail palm
Palmae Caribbean Chamaedorea, spp. Willd. chamaedorea palm
Palmae Florida Coccothrinax miraguama, (H.B.K.) Becc. Miraguama palm
Palmae Florida Cocos nucifera, L. coconut palm
Palmae Florida Corypha umbraculifera, L. Talipot palm
Palmae Caribbean Dictyosperma album, (Bory) H.A. Wendl. & Drude ex Scheff. princess palm, hurricane palm
Palmae Caribbean Dypsis decaryi, (Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf. triangle palm
Palmae Caribbean Dypsis lutescens, (H.A. Wendl.) Beentje & J.Dransf. areca palm, golden cane palm, butterfly palm
Palmae Caribbean Elaeis guineensis, Jacq. African oil palm
Palmae Caribbean Licuala grandis, H.A. Wendl. licuala palm, ruffled fan palm
Palmae Florida Livistona, chinensis (Jacq.) R. Br. ex Mart. Chinese fan palm
Palmae Florida Phoenix canariensis, Hort. ex Chabaud Canary Islands date palm
Palmae Florida Phoenix dactylifera, L. date palm
Palmae Florida Phoenix reclinata, Jacq. Senegal date palm
Palmae Florida Phoenix roebelenii, O’Brien pygmy date palm, roebelenii palm
Palmae Florida Pritchardia pacifica, B.C. Seem. & H.A. Wendl. Fiji fan palm
Palmae Florida Pseudophoenix sargentii, H.A. Wendl. ex Sarg. buccaneer palm, Sargent's cherry palm
Palmae Caribbean Pseudophoenix vinifera, (Mart.) Becc. cacheo, katié, wine palm
Palmae Florida Ptychosperma elegans, (R. Br.) Blume solitaire palm, Alexander palm
Palmae Florida Ptychosperma macarthurii, (H.A. Wendl.) Nichols Macarthur palm
Palmae Caribbean Rhapis excelsa, (Thunb.) A. Henry lady palm, bamboo palm
Palmae Caribbean Roystonea borinquena, O.F. Cook Puerto Rico royal palm
Palmae Caribbean Roystonea regia, (HBK) O.F. Cook Florida royal palm
Palmae Florida Schippia concolor, Burret silver pimento palm
Palmae Florida Syagrus romanzoffiana, (Cham.) Glassman queen palm
Palmae Caribbean Syagrus schizophylla, (Mart.) Glassman arikury palm
Palmae Florida Thrinax radiata, Lodd. ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes Florida thatch palm
Palmae Florida Veitchia, spp. H.A. Wendl. Manila palm
Palmae Caribbean Washingtonia filifera, (Lind. ex André) H.A. Wendl. fan palm
Palmae Florida Washingtonia robusta, H.A. Wendl. Mexican fan palm
Palmae Florida Wodyetia bifurcata, A.K. Irvine foxtail palm
Musaceae Caribbean Heliconia bihai, (L.) L. Macaw flower
Musaceae Caribbean Heliconia caribaea, Lam. wild plantain, Balisier
Musaceae Caribbean Heliconia psittacorum, L. f. parrot flower
Musaceae Caribbean Heliconia rostrata, Ruiz & Pavon lobster claw heliconia
Musaceae Florida Heliconia, spp.  
Musaceae Caribbean Musa acuminata, Colla edible banana, plantain
Musaceae Caribbean Musa balbisiana, Colla wild banana
Musaceae Caribbean Musa coccinea Andrews red-flowering banana
Musaceae Caribbean Musa corniculata, Rumph. red banana
Musaceae Florida Musa, spp. banana, plantain
Musaceae Caribbean Musa acuminata × balbisiana, L. edible banana, plantain
Musaceae Caribbean Ravenala madagascariensis, Sonn. traveler's tree
Musaceae Caribbean Strelitzia reginae, Aiton bird of paradise, crane flower
Pandanaceae Caribbean Pandanus utilis, Bory screw pine
Zingiberaceae Caribbean Alpinia purpurata, (Vieill.) K. Schum. red ginger, jungle king/queen
Zingiberaceae Florida Alpinia zerumbet, (Pers.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. shell ginger, pink porcelain lily
Zingiberaceae Caribbean Etlingera elatior, (Jack.) R.M. Sm. red torch ginger

Survey, detection and damage edit

 
Banana leaves damaged by red palm mites

The red palm mite forms colonies on the undersides of leaves. There, they feed on the contents of the cells of the leaves. This feeding can cause localized yellowing of the leaves.

Adults are usually visible to the naked eye.

Dispersal edit

Like most other plant feeding mites, this species disperses on the wind. Tropical storms and hurricanes can distribute this mite over wide areas.

Management edit

 
red palm mite damage to palm leaf

Chemical control is considered impractical due to the large size of most palms. Some biological control agents have proven useful in the Eastern Hemisphere, including predatory mites, beetles, lacewings and other mite predators.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The source says Granada, which is a city in Spain, and implausible in context. It is most likely a typographical error for Grenada, an island-country in the Caribbean.

References edit

  1. ^ "A Tiny Menace Island-Hops the Caribbean". Ars.usda.gov. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
  2. ^ a b c . Doacs.state.fl.us. Archived from the original on 2010-12-02. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
  3. ^ Hoy MA, Peña J, Nguyen R. April 2010. http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/palms/red_palm_mite.htm

Further reading edit

  • CariPestNet. 2006. Raoiella indica Hirst (Red Palm Mite)
  • Etienne, J. and C.H.W. Flechtmann. 2006. First record of Raoiella indica (Hirst, 1924) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) in Guadeloupe and Saint Martin, West Indies. International Journal of Acarology, 32(3): 331–332.
  • Flechtmann, C.H.W. and J. Etienne. 2004. The red palm mite, Raoiella indica Hirst, a threat to palms in the Americas (Acari: Prostigmata: Tenuipalpidae). Systematic & Applied Acarology, 9: 109–110.
  • Flechtmann, C.H.W. and J. Etienne. 2005. Un nouvel acarien ravageur des palmiers. Phytoma 584: 10–11.
  • Gerson, U., A. Venezian & D. Blumberg. 1983. Phytophagous mites on date palms in Israel. Fruits, 38(2),133–135.
  • Gutiérrez, B., N. Nohelia & A. Garcia. 2007. Situación actual del cocotero in al municipio Valdez del estado Sucre.
  • Hirst, S. 1924. On some new species of red spider. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Set. 9, vol. 14: 522–527.
  • Hoy, M.A., J. Peña and R. Nguyen. 2006. Red palm mite, Raoiella indica Hirst (Arácnida: Acari: Tenuipalpidae). University of Florida IFAS Extension.
  • Kane, E.C., R. Ochoa, G. Mathurin, and E.F. Erbe. 2005. indica-Kane_et_al.pdf Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae): An island-hopping mite pest in the Caribbean. Entomological Society of America, Annual Meeting, Florida poster.
  • Kane, E., and R. Ochoa. 2006. Detection and identification of the red palm mite Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae). USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD, 6 pp.
  • Mendonga, R.S., D. Navia, and C.H.W. Flechtmann. 2006. Raoiella indica Hirst (Prostigmata: Tenuipalpidae), o ácaro vermelho das palmeiras - uma ameaça para as Américas. Brasilia: Embrapa Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia (Portuguese).
  • Nageshachandra, B.K. and G.P. Channabasavanna. 1984. Development and ecology of Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) on coconut. Griffiths, D. A. & Bowman, C.E. (eds.), Acarology VI. 2: 785–790.
  • Pena, J.E., C.M. Mannion, F.W. Howard and M.A. Hoy. 2006. Raoiella indica (Prostigmata: Tenuipalpidae): The red palm mite: A potential invasive pest of palms and Bananas and other tropical crops in Florida. University of Florida IFAS Extension, ENY-837.
  • Rodrigues, J. C.V., R. Ochoa and E. Kane. 2007. First report of Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) and its damage to coconut palms in Puerto Rico and Culebra Islands. International Journal of Acarology, 33(1): 3–5.
  • Florida Department of Agriculture red palm mite updates

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raoiella indica.

January 01, 1970
raoiella, indica, commonly, known, palm, mite, species, mite, belonging, family, tenuipalpidae, pest, several, species, palm, middle, east, south, east, asia, becoming, established, throughout, caribbean, invasion, this, species, biggest, mite, explosion, ever. Raoiella indica commonly known as the red palm mite is a species of mite belonging to the family Tenuipalpidae A pest of several species of palm in the Middle East and South East Asia it is now becoming established throughout the Caribbean The invasion of this species is the biggest mite explosion ever observed in the Americas 1 Raoiella indica Adult Raoiella indica an SEM image with false color added Scientific classification Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Arachnida Subclass Acari Order Trombidiformes Family Tenuipalpidae Genus Raoiella Species R indica Binomial name Raoiella indicaHirst 1924 Contents 1 Distribution 2 Description 3 Life cycle 4 Hosts 5 Survey detection and damage 6 Dispersal 7 Management 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksDistribution editThis species is indigenous to Egypt India Iran Israel Mauritius Oman Pakistan Philippines Reunion Saudi Arabia Sri Lanka Sudan Thailand and the United Arab Emirates It is considered an invasive species in Dominican Republic Guadeloupe Puerto Rico Saint Martin Trinidad and Tobago the US Virgin Islands Grenada a Haiti and Jamaica 2 In 2007 the red palm mite was discovered in Florida As of April 2009 this pest has been found at almost 400 sites in five counties there Description edit nbsp Detail of head This species can be distinguished from most other mites by its colour flat body long spatulate setae and droplets on the dorsal body setae There is also a noticeable absence of the webbing associated with numerous other spider mites 3 The red palm mite has a long bright red spatulate body During all stages of life this species is red with adult females often showing black patches on their backs after feeding nbsp Red palm mite egg Red palm mite eggs are 0 12 mm long and 0 09 wide The eggs are smooth and can be found in groups attached to the underside of leaves 2 Larvae are 0 18 020 mm in length and only have three pairs of legs Nymphs are 0 18 0 25 mm long Adults are approximately 0 32 mm long Females are larger than males and have a triangular body Life cycle editThe egg stage ranges from 6 to 9 days Development from egg to adult ranges from 23 to 28 days for females and 20 to 22 days for males The red palm mite lives for about 26 days Hosts editThis mite has been found on 32 different palm species In the Caribbean this species also infests banana plants heliconias and gingers Known hosts of the red palm mite in the Caribbean and Florida as of 12 05 2009 2 Family Location Species Common name Palmae Caribbean Acoelorraphe wrightii Griseb amp H A Wendl Everglades palm paurotis palm Palmae Florida Adonidia merrilli Becc Becc Veitchia H A Wendl Manila palm Christmas palm Palmae Caribbean Areca catechu betel nut palm Palmae Caribbean Areca spp Palmae Florida Aiphanes caryotifolia H B K H A Wendl Coyure palm ruffle palm spine palm Palmae Caribbean Aiphanes spp Willd Multiple crown palm ruffle palm Palmae Florida Archontophoenix alexandrae F Muell Alexander palm king palm Palmae Caribbean Bactris plumeriana Mart coco macaco prickly pole Palmae Florida Beccariophoenix madagascariensis Jum amp H Perrier giant windowpane palm Palmae Caribbean Bismarckia nobilis Hildebr amp H A Wendl Bismarck palm Palmae Florida Butia capitata Mart Becc pindo palm jelly palm Palmae Caribbean Caryota mitis Lour fishtail palm Palmae Caribbean Chamaedorea spp Willd chamaedorea palm Palmae Florida Coccothrinax miraguama H B K Becc Miraguama palm Palmae Florida Cocos nucifera L coconut palm Palmae Florida Corypha umbraculifera L Talipot palm Palmae Caribbean Dictyosperma album Bory H A Wendl amp Drude ex Scheff princess palm hurricane palm Palmae Caribbean Dypsis decaryi Jum Beentje amp J Dransf triangle palm Palmae Caribbean Dypsis lutescens H A Wendl Beentje amp J Dransf areca palm golden cane palm butterfly palm Palmae Caribbean Elaeis guineensis Jacq African oil palm Palmae Caribbean Licuala grandis H A Wendl licuala palm ruffled fan palm Palmae Florida Livistona chinensis Jacq R Br ex Mart Chinese fan palm Palmae Florida Phoenix canariensis Hort ex Chabaud Canary Islands date palm Palmae Florida Phoenix dactylifera L date palm Palmae Florida Phoenix reclinata Jacq Senegal date palm Palmae Florida Phoenix roebelenii O Brien pygmy date palm roebelenii palm Palmae Florida Pritchardia pacifica B C Seem amp H A Wendl Fiji fan palm Palmae Florida Pseudophoenix sargentii H A Wendl ex Sarg buccaneer palm Sargent s cherry palm Palmae Caribbean Pseudophoenix vinifera Mart Becc cacheo katie wine palm Palmae Florida Ptychosperma elegans R Br Blume solitaire palm Alexander palm Palmae Florida Ptychosperma macarthurii H A Wendl Nichols Macarthur palm Palmae Caribbean Rhapis excelsa Thunb A Henry lady palm bamboo palm Palmae Caribbean Roystonea borinquena O F Cook Puerto Rico royal palm Palmae Caribbean Roystonea regia HBK O F Cook Florida royal palm Palmae Florida Schippia concolor Burret silver pimento palm Palmae Florida Syagrus romanzoffiana Cham Glassman queen palm Palmae Caribbean Syagrus schizophylla Mart Glassman arikury palm Palmae Florida Thrinax radiata Lodd ex J A amp J H Schultes Florida thatch palm Palmae Florida Veitchia spp H A Wendl Manila palm Palmae Caribbean Washingtonia filifera Lind ex Andre H A Wendl fan palm Palmae Florida Washingtonia robusta H A Wendl Mexican fan palm Palmae Florida Wodyetia bifurcata A K Irvine foxtail palm Musaceae Caribbean Heliconia bihai L L Macaw flower Musaceae Caribbean Heliconia caribaea Lam wild plantain Balisier Musaceae Caribbean Heliconia psittacorum L f parrot flower Musaceae Caribbean Heliconia rostrata Ruiz amp Pavon lobster claw heliconia Musaceae Florida Heliconia spp Musaceae Caribbean Musa acuminata Colla edible banana plantain Musaceae Caribbean Musa balbisiana Colla wild banana Musaceae Caribbean Musa coccinea Andrews red flowering banana Musaceae Caribbean Musa corniculata Rumph red banana Musaceae Florida Musa spp banana plantain Musaceae Caribbean Musa acuminata balbisiana L edible banana plantain Musaceae Caribbean Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn traveler s tree Musaceae Caribbean Strelitzia reginae Aiton bird of paradise crane flower Pandanaceae Caribbean Pandanus utilis Bory screw pine Zingiberaceae Caribbean Alpinia purpurata Vieill K Schum red ginger jungle king queen Zingiberaceae Florida Alpinia zerumbet Pers B L Burtt amp R M Sm shell ginger pink porcelain lily Zingiberaceae Caribbean Etlingera elatior Jack R M Sm red torch gingerSurvey detection and damage edit nbsp Banana leaves damaged by red palm mites The red palm mite forms colonies on the undersides of leaves There they feed on the contents of the cells of the leaves This feeding can cause localized yellowing of the leaves Adults are usually visible to the naked eye Dispersal editLike most other plant feeding mites this species disperses on the wind Tropical storms and hurricanes can distribute this mite over wide areas Management edit nbsp red palm mite damage to palm leaf Chemical control is considered impractical due to the large size of most palms Some biological control agents have proven useful in the Eastern Hemisphere including predatory mites beetles lacewings and other mite predators See also editInvasive species ParasiteNotes edit The source says Granada which is a city in Spain and implausible in context It is most likely a typographical error for Grenada an island country in the Caribbean References edit A Tiny Menace Island Hops the Caribbean Ars usda gov Retrieved 2010 07 30 a b c Pest Alerts Red palm mite DPI FDACS Doacs state fl us Archived from the original on 2010 12 02 Retrieved 2010 07 30 Hoy MA Pena J Nguyen R April 2010 http entomology ifas ufl edu creatures orn palms red palm mite htmFurther reading editCariPestNet 2006 Raoiella indica Hirst Red Palm Mite Etienne J and C H W Flechtmann 2006 First record of Raoiella indica Hirst 1924 Acari Tenuipalpidae in Guadeloupe and Saint Martin West Indies International Journal of Acarology 32 3 331 332 Flechtmann C H W and J Etienne 2004 The red palm mite Raoiella indica Hirst a threat to palms in the Americas Acari Prostigmata Tenuipalpidae Systematic amp Applied Acarology 9 109 110 Flechtmann C H W and J Etienne 2005 Un nouvel acarien ravageur des palmiers Phytoma 584 10 11 Gerson U A Venezian amp D Blumberg 1983 Phytophagous mites on date palms in Israel Fruits 38 2 133 135 Gutierrez B N Nohelia amp A Garcia 2007 Situacion actual del cocotero in al municipio Valdez del estado Sucre Hirst S 1924 On some new species of red spider Annals and Magazine of Natural History Set 9 vol 14 522 527 Hoy M A J Pena and R Nguyen 2006 Red palm mite Raoiella indica Hirst Aracnida Acari Tenuipalpidae University of Florida IFAS Extension Kane E C R Ochoa G Mathurin and E F Erbe 2005 indica Kane et al pdf Raoiella indica Hirst Acari Tenuipalpidae An island hopping mite pest in the Caribbean Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting Florida poster Kane E and R Ochoa 2006 Detection and identification of the red palm mite Raoiella indica Hirst Acari Tenuipalpidae USDA ARS Beltsville MD 6 pp Mendonga R S D Navia and C H W Flechtmann 2006 Raoiella indica Hirst Prostigmata Tenuipalpidae o acaro vermelho das palmeiras uma ameaca para as Americas Brasilia Embrapa Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia Portuguese Nageshachandra B K and G P Channabasavanna 1984 Development and ecology of Raoiella indica Hirst Acari Tenuipalpidae on coconut Griffiths D A amp Bowman C E eds Acarology VI 2 785 790 Pena J E C M Mannion F W Howard and M A Hoy 2006 Raoiella indica Prostigmata Tenuipalpidae The red palm mite A potential invasive pest of palms and Bananas and other tropical crops in Florida University of Florida IFAS Extension ENY 837 Rodrigues J C V R Ochoa and E Kane 2007 First report of Raoiella indica Hirst Acari Tenuipalpidae and its damage to coconut palms in Puerto Rico and Culebra Islands International Journal of Acarology 33 1 3 5 Florida Department of Agriculture red palm mite updatesExternal links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raoiella indica Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Raoiella indica amp oldid 1220364899, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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