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Red Delicious

Red Delicious is a type of apple with a red exterior and sweet taste that was first recognized in Madison County, Iowa, in 1872. Today, the name Red Delicious comprises more than 50 cultivars. It was the most produced cultivar in the United States from 1968 to 2018, when it was surpassed by Gala.[1][2][3]

Malus 'Red Delicious'
SpeciesMalus domestica
Hybrid parentageChance seedling
Cultivar'Red Delicious'
OriginPeru, Iowa, United States
Rows of trees under hail nets
Ripe Red Delicious are uniformly red

History

The 'Red Delicious' originated at an orchard in 1872 as "a round, blushed yellow fruit of surpassing sweetness".[4][5] Stark Nurseries held a competition in 1892[6] to find an apple to replace the 'Black Ben Davis' apple. The winner was a red and yellow striped apple sent by Jesse Hiatt, a farmer in Peru, Iowa, who called it "Hawkeye". Stark Nurseries bought the rights from Hiatt, renamed the variety "Stark Delicious", and began propagating it. Another apple tree, later named the 'Golden Delicious', was also marketed by Stark Nurseries after it was purchased from a farmer in Clay County, West Virginia,[7] in 1914; the 'Delicious' became the 'Red Delicious' as a retronym.[5]

Selective breeding and decline in demand

The apple became a victim of its own popularity. As consumers began to purchase more of their food from large supermarkets, the apple's popularity encouraged commercial growers to increasingly select for longer storage and cosmetic appeal rather than flavor and palatability, which resulted in a less palatable fruit.[5][8][2] In particular the selection of redder fruit caused deselection of flavor, and the genes that produced the yellow stripes on the original fruit were on the same chromosomes as those for the flavor-producing compounds.[2] Breeding for uniformity and storability favored a thicker skin.[2] Later, as other cultivars entered supermarkets, demand for the 'Red Delicious' declined.[8][9]

In the 1940s the apple was the most popular in the US.[10] In the 1980s, 'Red Delicious' represented three-quarters of the harvest in Washington state, but the selection of beauty and long storage over taste was making the apples less popular, and demand was declining as supermarkets started carrying other varieties.[10] By the 1990s, reliance on the now-unwanted 'Red Delicious' had helped to push Washington state's apple industry "to the edge" of collapse.[5] In 2000, Congress approved and President Bill Clinton signed a bill to bail out the apple industry, after apple growers had lost $760 million since 1997.[9]

Farmers began to replace their orchards with other cultivars such as Gala, Fuji, and Honeycrisp.[2] By 2000, this cultivar made up less than one half of the Washington state output, and in 2003, the crop had shrunk to 37 percent of the state's harvest, which totaled 103 million boxes. Although Red Delicious still remained the single largest variety produced in the state in 2005, others were growing in popularity, notably the Fuji and Gala varieties.[5][10] By 2014 the Washington Apple Commission was recommending growers plan to export 60% or more of production.[10] In 2018 the Gala apple overtook US sales of the Red Delicious for the first time.[2] Through 2020 production continued to decline.[11] The COVID-19 pandemic was expected to further continue decline in demand as many cafeterias and other typical sales points for the apple were closed.[11]

Sports (mutations)

Over the years many propagable mutations, or sports, have been identified in 'Red Delicious' apple trees.

Patented

In addition to those propagated without any legal protection (or cut out because they were seen as inferior), 42 sports have been patented in the United States:

Date Inventor Marketed as Mutated from Assignee Habit Pattern Earlier Color Plant patent number
Apr 3, 1934 Shotwell Delicious C&O standard less stripe 2 wk. 3-4 times US plant patent 90
May 18, 1954 Plough Royalred1805 Richared C&O standard blush 10 d. lighter US plant patent 1278
Aug 23, 1955 Brauns Red King1811 Starking Van Well standard stripe 2 wk. more complete US plant patent 1411
Feb 12, 1957 Bisbee Starkrimson Starking Stark spur blush "earlier" similar US plant patent 1565
Feb 3, 1959 Frazier & Jenkins Starking Elon J. Gilbert standard blush 10 d. brighter US plant patent 1805
Feb 17, 1959 Hamilton Chelan Red[12] Hamilton standard blush 2 wk. darker US plant patent 1811
Mar 24, 1959 Gilbert Redspur Starking C&O spur blush later brighter US plant patent 1822
Feb 23, 1960 Hutchinson Top Red3556 Shotwell C&O standard striped 2-3 wk. darker US plant patent 1916
Apr 5, 1960 Wood Woods, Starkspur2606 Starking Stark spur striped 1 wk. deeper US plant patent 1930
Sep 24, 1963 Gould Red Delicious Miller&Miller standard blush "early" more intense US plant patent 2285
Aug 11, 1964 Gilbert Miller Sturdyspur Starking Cons. Orch. Co spur blush "early" dark US plant patent 2433
Aug 25, 1964 Frank Rypczynski "Frank", Super Starking5569 Starking Stark standard subdued stripes 30 d. fuller US plant patent 2440
Mar 15, 1966 Cooper Starkrimson or Welspur spur stripe 10-14d. more intense US plant patent 2606
June 4, 1968 Trumbull Oregon Spur4819 Red King Van Well spur stripe 2 wk. darker US plant patent 2816
Dec 23, 1969 Diede Starking Stark standard more intense US plant patent 2956
Feb 2, 1971 Matson Stark Earlibrite5547 Ryan Red Stark standard blush 1 month bright US plant patent 3025
Mar 2, 1971 Maxam Starking standard blush deeper US plant patent 3035
Apr 13, 1971 Norton Vance spur 2-3 wk. brilliant US plant patent 3040
Feb 19, 1974 Coke Rose Red Starking Rose spur blush from start dark US plant patent 3485
May 7, 1974 Pagnelli Starking Stark spur blush brighter US plant patent 3541
May 28, 1974 Ward Early Red One4839 Brauns Van Well standard stripe 4 wk. darker blackish-purple US plant patent 3556
May 28, 1974 Flanagan Starking Stark spur stripe before Topred brighter, lighter US plant patent 3557
June 11, 1974 Slusarenko unknown Stark standard stripe 4 d. before #2440 red US plant patent 3567
June 25, 1974 Campbell Red Chief3578 Starkrimson Hilltop spur stripe "earlier" deeper, brighter US plant patent 3578
Nov. 29, 1977 Silvers Silverspur Hi Early McCormick spur stripe 2 wk. before Hi Early bright US plant patent 4159
Jan 30, 1979 Craig Bright 'N Early spur stripe 2 wk. darker, heavier US plant patent 4372
Aug 12, 1980 Perleberg Ace Starkrimson or Oregon Red spur stripe 18 d. bright but deep US plant patent 4587
Jan 19, 1982 Garretson Starking Carlton <spur / dwarf blush bright US plant patent 4801
Feb 2, 1982 Green Oregon Spur II6190 Oregon Spur Wells & Wade spur stripe 10 d. dark US plant patent 4819
Apr 20, 1982 Evans et al. Scarlet Spur6190 Oregon Spur Van Well spur blush 2 wk. red stem US plant patent 4839
Nov 9, 1982 Coke&Smith Super Clone4926M Starking McCormick, Bountiful Ridge spur, dwarfing stripe no change, late bloom light US plant patent 4926
Nov 13, 1984 Kemp Top Spur5334 Starkrimson C&O spur stripe 5-7 d. deeper, brighter US plant patent 5334
Mar 26, 1985 Hanners Eve's Delight Spokane Beauty stripe light US plant patent 5421
May 21, 1985 Jenkins Jenred,5472 Starkspur,5472 Ultrastripe5472 Oregon Spur Stark spur stripe 15 d. more consistent US plant patent 5472
Sep 3, 1985 Hare Hared,5547 Dixiered,5547 Starkspur5547 Oregon Spur Stark spur blush 15-20 d. dark US plant patent 5547
Oct 8, 1985 Gonzalez Rico7237 Sharp Red Merleley & al. standard stripe 20 d. US plant patent 5569
May 31, 1988 Sandidge Super Chief Red Chief spur stripe 18 d. red stem US plant patent 6190
Mar 28, 1989 Valle Vallee Spur6702 Red Chief spur blush 2 wk. dark red with bloom US plant patent 6702
May 29, 1990 Sali Sali7237 Redspur semi-spur blush "earliest" purple tinge US plant patent 7237
Aug 4, 1992 Winkel AW-164,7928 Redchief Inter-Plant Patent Marketing spur blush 5-10 d. brighter US plant patent 7928
Mar 23, 1999 Deutscher Cumberland Spur10,832 Oregon Spur spur blush 10-14 d. complete US plant patent 10832
May 4, 2004 Burchinal Adams Apple, Burchinal Red Delicious14,757 Oregon Spur II spur blush immediately more uniform, deeper, purple, bloom US plant patent 14757

Unpatented sports

Well-known but unpatented sports include:

  • 'Hi Early'
  • 'Houser'
  • 'Mood2433' or 'Starking', which colors about 2 weeks before "standard Delicious"1411
  • 'Richared' – brighter red than standard, blush, not stripe 1278
  • 'Ryan'
  • 'Sharp Red'
  • 'Spokane Beauty'
  • 'Wellspur'

In 1977, the application for #4159 noted the "starchy and bland taste of some of the newer varieties".

The plant patent for #4926 promoted the sport as a dwarfing interstock, a dwarfing rootstock for pears, or to produce "crab apple"-sized 'Delicious' apples.

References

  1. ^ 2018 Annual Review U.S. Apple Association.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Red Delicious Apples Weren't Always the Worst". New England Today. 2019-09-24. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
  3. ^ Apple varieties by US Apple Association
  4. ^ Susan Dolan (2009). Fruitful Legacy: A Historic Context of Orchards in the United States, with Technical Information for Registering Orchards in the National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, Pacific West Regional Office, Cultural Resources, Park Historic Structures and Cultural Landscapes Program. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-16-082127-1.
  5. ^ a b c d e Higgins, Adrian (August 5, 2005). "Why the Red Delicious No Longer Is. Decades of Makeovers Alter Apple to Its Core". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-07-27. The reliance on Red Delicious helped push Washington's apple industry to the edge in the late 1990s and into this decade. Depressed prices for Red Delicious, weaker foreign markets, and stiffer competition from abroad, including apple concentrate from China, contributed to major losses in the nation's apple industry, which mounted to $700 million in 2001, according to the U.S. Apple Association. The industry has recovered somewhat since then, in part because reduced harvests have buoyed prices.
  6. ^ Leona (Lee) Novy Jackson, "Delicious Apples and Their History" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2009-10-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), Apples, Apples Everywhere—Favorite Recipes From America's Orchards. ISBN 0-930643-11-9. Images Unlimited Publishing. Maryville, MO.
  7. ^ Mulcaster, Glenn (November 3, 2009). "History of a Golden Opportunity". THE AGE Epicure. The myth-making in US horticulture that consigned Johnny Appleseed to caricature has coloured the background of the 20th century's most enduring apple.
  8. ^ a b "Red Delicious Apples Didn't Always Suck. Here's What Happened". HuffPost. 2018-08-22. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
  9. ^ a b Egan, Timothy (November 4, 2000). . The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2018-08-24. Retrieved 2008-08-02. Losses piled up. And now the bill has come due. Last month, Congress approved and President Clinton signed the biggest bailout in the history of the apple industry after the government reported that apple growers had lost $760 million in the last three years. ... In trying to create the perfect apple for major supermarket chains, these farmers say, they may have sacrificed taste to cosmetics. The growers say their story is like a fable with lessons for how the nation produces its fresh food.
  10. ^ a b c d Sarah Yager (September 10, 2014). "The Awful Reign of the Red Delicious". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 10, 2014.
  11. ^ a b "Will the pandemic kill off more red delicious apples? – Produce Blue Book". 13 November 2020. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
  12. ^ Brooks and Olmo, Register of New Fruit and Nut Varieties, 1972

delicious, type, apple, with, exterior, sweet, taste, that, first, recognized, madison, county, iowa, 1872, today, name, comprises, more, than, cultivars, most, produced, cultivar, united, states, from, 1968, 2018, when, surpassed, gala, malus, speciesmalus, d. Red Delicious is a type of apple with a red exterior and sweet taste that was first recognized in Madison County Iowa in 1872 Today the name Red Delicious comprises more than 50 cultivars It was the most produced cultivar in the United States from 1968 to 2018 when it was surpassed by Gala 1 2 3 Malus Red Delicious SpeciesMalus domesticaHybrid parentageChance seedlingCultivar Red Delicious OriginPeru Iowa United StatesRows of trees under hail nets Ripe Red Delicious are uniformly red Contents 1 History 1 1 Selective breeding and decline in demand 2 Sports mutations 2 1 Patented 2 2 Unpatented sports 3 ReferencesHistory EditThis section needs expansion with descriptions of both the Red Delicious physical characteristics and historic and current flavor profiles You can help by adding to it November 2021 The Red Delicious originated at an orchard in 1872 as a round blushed yellow fruit of surpassing sweetness 4 5 Stark Nurseries held a competition in 1892 6 to find an apple to replace the Black Ben Davis apple The winner was a red and yellow striped apple sent by Jesse Hiatt a farmer in Peru Iowa who called it Hawkeye Stark Nurseries bought the rights from Hiatt renamed the variety Stark Delicious and began propagating it Another apple tree later named the Golden Delicious was also marketed by Stark Nurseries after it was purchased from a farmer in Clay County West Virginia 7 in 1914 the Delicious became the Red Delicious as a retronym 5 Selective breeding and decline in demand Edit The apple became a victim of its own popularity As consumers began to purchase more of their food from large supermarkets the apple s popularity encouraged commercial growers to increasingly select for longer storage and cosmetic appeal rather than flavor and palatability which resulted in a less palatable fruit 5 8 2 In particular the selection of redder fruit caused deselection of flavor and the genes that produced the yellow stripes on the original fruit were on the same chromosomes as those for the flavor producing compounds 2 Breeding for uniformity and storability favored a thicker skin 2 Later as other cultivars entered supermarkets demand for the Red Delicious declined 8 9 In the 1940s the apple was the most popular in the US 10 In the 1980s Red Delicious represented three quarters of the harvest in Washington state but the selection of beauty and long storage over taste was making the apples less popular and demand was declining as supermarkets started carrying other varieties 10 By the 1990s reliance on the now unwanted Red Delicious had helped to push Washington state s apple industry to the edge of collapse 5 In 2000 Congress approved and President Bill Clinton signed a bill to bail out the apple industry after apple growers had lost 760 million since 1997 9 Farmers began to replace their orchards with other cultivars such as Gala Fuji and Honeycrisp 2 By 2000 this cultivar made up less than one half of the Washington state output and in 2003 the crop had shrunk to 37 percent of the state s harvest which totaled 103 million boxes Although Red Delicious still remained the single largest variety produced in the state in 2005 others were growing in popularity notably the Fuji and Gala varieties 5 10 By 2014 the Washington Apple Commission was recommending growers plan to export 60 or more of production 10 In 2018 the Gala apple overtook US sales of the Red Delicious for the first time 2 Through 2020 production continued to decline 11 The COVID 19 pandemic was expected to further continue decline in demand as many cafeterias and other typical sales points for the apple were closed 11 Sports mutations EditOver the years many propagable mutations or sports have been identified in Red Delicious apple trees Patented Edit In addition to those propagated without any legal protection or cut out because they were seen as inferior 42 sports have been patented in the United States Date Inventor Marketed as Mutated from Assignee Habit Pattern Earlier Color Plant patent numberApr 3 1934 Shotwell Delicious C amp O standard less stripe 2 wk 3 4 times US plant patent 90May 18 1954 Plough Royalred1805 Richared C amp O standard blush 10 d lighter US plant patent 1278Aug 23 1955 Brauns Red King1811 Starking Van Well standard stripe 2 wk more complete US plant patent 1411Feb 12 1957 Bisbee Starkrimson Starking Stark spur blush earlier similar US plant patent 1565Feb 3 1959 Frazier amp Jenkins Starking Elon J Gilbert standard blush 10 d brighter US plant patent 1805Feb 17 1959 Hamilton Chelan Red 12 Hamilton standard blush 2 wk darker US plant patent 1811Mar 24 1959 Gilbert Redspur Starking C amp O spur blush later brighter US plant patent 1822Feb 23 1960 Hutchinson Top Red3556 Shotwell C amp O standard striped 2 3 wk darker US plant patent 1916Apr 5 1960 Wood Woods Starkspur2606 Starking Stark spur striped 1 wk deeper US plant patent 1930Sep 24 1963 Gould Red Delicious Miller amp Miller standard blush early more intense US plant patent 2285Aug 11 1964 Gilbert Miller Sturdyspur Starking Cons Orch Co spur blush early dark US plant patent 2433Aug 25 1964 Frank Rypczynski Frank Super Starking5569 Starking Stark standard subdued stripes 30 d fuller US plant patent 2440Mar 15 1966 Cooper Starkrimson or Welspur spur stripe 10 14d more intense US plant patent 2606June 4 1968 Trumbull Oregon Spur4819 Red King Van Well spur stripe 2 wk darker US plant patent 2816Dec 23 1969 Diede Starking Stark standard more intense US plant patent 2956Feb 2 1971 Matson Stark Earlibrite5547 Ryan Red Stark standard blush 1 month bright US plant patent 3025Mar 2 1971 Maxam Starking standard blush deeper US plant patent 3035Apr 13 1971 Norton Vance spur 2 3 wk brilliant US plant patent 3040Feb 19 1974 Coke Rose Red Starking Rose spur blush from start dark US plant patent 3485May 7 1974 Pagnelli Starking Stark spur blush brighter US plant patent 3541May 28 1974 Ward Early Red One4839 Brauns Van Well standard stripe 4 wk darker blackish purple US plant patent 3556May 28 1974 Flanagan Starking Stark spur stripe before Topred brighter lighter US plant patent 3557June 11 1974 Slusarenko unknown Stark standard stripe 4 d before 2440 red US plant patent 3567June 25 1974 Campbell Red Chief3578 Starkrimson Hilltop spur stripe earlier deeper brighter US plant patent 3578Nov 29 1977 Silvers Silverspur Hi Early McCormick spur stripe 2 wk before Hi Early bright US plant patent 4159Jan 30 1979 Craig Bright N Early spur stripe 2 wk darker heavier US plant patent 4372Aug 12 1980 Perleberg Ace Starkrimson or Oregon Red spur stripe 18 d bright but deep US plant patent 4587Jan 19 1982 Garretson Starking Carlton lt spur dwarf blush bright US plant patent 4801Feb 2 1982 Green Oregon Spur II6190 Oregon Spur Wells amp Wade spur stripe 10 d dark US plant patent 4819Apr 20 1982 Evans et al Scarlet Spur6190 Oregon Spur Van Well spur blush 2 wk red stem US plant patent 4839Nov 9 1982 Coke amp Smith Super Clone4926M Starking McCormick Bountiful Ridge spur dwarfing stripe no change late bloom light US plant patent 4926Nov 13 1984 Kemp Top Spur5334 Starkrimson C amp O spur stripe 5 7 d deeper brighter US plant patent 5334Mar 26 1985 Hanners Eve s Delight Spokane Beauty stripe light US plant patent 5421May 21 1985 Jenkins Jenred 5472 Starkspur 5472 Ultrastripe5472 Oregon Spur Stark spur stripe 15 d more consistent US plant patent 5472Sep 3 1985 Hare Hared 5547 Dixiered 5547 Starkspur5547 Oregon Spur Stark spur blush 15 20 d dark US plant patent 5547Oct 8 1985 Gonzalez Rico7237 Sharp Red Merleley amp al standard stripe 20 d US plant patent 5569May 31 1988 Sandidge Super Chief Red Chief spur stripe 18 d red stem US plant patent 6190Mar 28 1989 Valle Vallee Spur6702 Red Chief spur blush 2 wk dark red with bloom US plant patent 6702May 29 1990 Sali Sali7237 Redspur semi spur blush earliest purple tinge US plant patent 7237Aug 4 1992 Winkel AW 164 7928 Redchief Inter Plant Patent Marketing spur blush 5 10 d brighter US plant patent 7928Mar 23 1999 Deutscher Cumberland Spur10 832 Oregon Spur spur blush 10 14 d complete US plant patent 10832May 4 2004 Burchinal Adams Apple Burchinal Red Delicious14 757 Oregon Spur II spur blush immediately more uniform deeper purple bloom US plant patent 14757Unpatented sports Edit Well known but unpatented sports include Hi Early Houser Mood2433 or Starking which colors about 2 weeks before standard Delicious 1411 Richared brighter red than standard blush not stripe 1278 Ryan Sharp Red Spokane Beauty Wellspur In 1977 the application for 4159 noted the starchy and bland taste of some of the newer varieties The plant patent for 4926 promoted the sport as a dwarfing interstock a dwarfing rootstock for pears or to produce crab apple sized Delicious apples References Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red Delicious 2018 Annual Review U S Apple Association a b c d e f Red Delicious Apples Weren t Always the Worst New England Today 2019 09 24 Retrieved 2021 05 11 Apple varieties by US Apple Association Susan Dolan 2009 Fruitful Legacy A Historic Context of Orchards in the United States with Technical Information for Registering Orchards in the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation Pacific West Regional Office Cultural Resources Park Historic Structures and Cultural Landscapes Program p 76 ISBN 978 0 16 082127 1 a b c d e Higgins Adrian August 5 2005 Why the Red Delicious No Longer Is Decades of Makeovers Alter Apple to Its Core The Washington Post Retrieved 2008 07 27 The reliance on Red Delicious helped push Washington s apple industry to the edge in the late 1990s and into this decade Depressed prices for Red Delicious weaker foreign markets and stiffer competition from abroad including apple concentrate from China contributed to major losses in the nation s apple industry which mounted to 700 million in 2001 according to the U S Apple Association The industry has recovered somewhat since then in part because reduced harvests have buoyed prices Leona Lee Novy Jackson Delicious Apples and Their History Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2011 07 13 Retrieved 2009 10 27 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Apples Apples Everywhere Favorite Recipes From America s Orchards ISBN 0 930643 11 9 Images Unlimited Publishing Maryville MO Mulcaster Glenn November 3 2009 History of a Golden Opportunity THE AGE Epicure The myth making in US horticulture that consigned Johnny Appleseed to caricature has coloured the background of the 20th century s most enduring apple a b Red Delicious Apples Didn t Always Suck Here s What Happened HuffPost 2018 08 22 Retrieved 2021 05 11 a b Egan Timothy November 4 2000 Perfect Apple Pushed Growers Into Debt The New York Times Archived from the original on 2018 08 24 Retrieved 2008 08 02 Losses piled up And now the bill has come due Last month Congress approved and President Clinton signed the biggest bailout in the history of the apple industry after the government reported that apple growers had lost 760 million in the last three years In trying to create the perfect apple for major supermarket chains these farmers say they may have sacrificed taste to cosmetics The growers say their story is like a fable with lessons for how the nation produces its fresh food a b c d Sarah Yager September 10 2014 The Awful Reign of the Red Delicious The Atlantic Retrieved September 10 2014 a b Will the pandemic kill off more red delicious apples Produce Blue Book 13 November 2020 Retrieved 2021 05 11 Brooks and Olmo Register of New Fruit and Nut Varieties 1972 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Red Delicious amp oldid 1142441632, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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