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Amoraim

January 01, 1970

Amoraim (Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אמוראים [ʔamoraˈʔim], singular Amora אמורא [ʔamoˈra]; "those who say" or "those who speak over the people", or "spokesmen")[1] refers to Jewish scholars of the period from about 200 to 500 CE, who "said" or "told over" the teachings of the Oral Torah. They were primarily located in Babylonia and the Land of Israel. Their legal discussions and debates were eventually codified in the Gemara. The Amoraim followed the Tannaim in the sequence of ancient Jewish scholars. The Tannaim were direct transmitters of uncodified oral tradition; the Amoraim expounded upon and clarified the oral law after its initial codification.

AcharonimRishonimGeonimSavoraimAmoraimTannaimZugot

The Amoraic era edit

The first Babylonian Amoraim were Abba Arikha, respectfully referred to as Rav, and his contemporary and frequent debate partner, Shmuel. Among the earliest Amoraim in Israel were Johanan bar Nappaha and Shimon ben Lakish. Traditionally, the Amoraic period is reckoned as seven or eight generations (depending on where one begins and ends). The last Amoraim are generally considered to be Ravina I and Rav Ashi, and Ravina II, nephew of Ravina I, who codified the Babylonian Talmud around 500 CE. In total, 761 amoraim are mentioned by name in the Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmuds. 367 of them were active in the land of Israel from around 200–350 CE, while the other 394 lived in Babylonia during 200–500 CE.[2]

In the Talmud itself, the singular amora generally refers to a lecturer's assistant; the lecturer would state his thoughts briefly, and the amora would then repeat them aloud for the public's benefit, adding translation and clarification where needed.

Prominent Amoraim edit

The following is an abbreviated listing of the most prominent of the (hundreds of) Amoraim mentioned in the Talmud. More complete listings may be provided by some of the external links below. See also List of rabbis.

First generation (approx. 230–250 CE) edit

[3]

Second generation (approx. 250–290 CE) edit

 
Tomb of the Amoraim in Tiberias

Third generation (approx. 290–320 CE) edit

Fourth generation (approx. 320–350 CE) edit

Fifth generation (approx. 350–371 CE) edit

Sixth generation (approx. 371–427 CE) edit

  • Rav Ashi (d. 427), disciple of Rav Kahana. Dean of the Yeshiva in Mata Mehasia. Primary redactor of the Babylonian Talmud.
  • Ravina I (d. 421), disciple of Abaye and Rava. Colleague of Rav Ashi in the Yeshiva at Mata Mehasia, where he assisted in the redaction of the Babylonian Talmud.

Seventh generation (approx. 425–460 CE) edit

Eighth generation (approx. 460–500 CE) edit

  • Ravina II (d. 475 or 500), disciple of Ravina I and Rav Ashi. Dean of the Yeshiva at Sura. Completed the redaction of the Babylonian Talmud.

Stammaim edit

Stammaim is a term used by some modern scholars, such as David Weiss Halivni, for the rabbis who composed the anonymous (stam) statements and arguments in the Talmud, some of whom may have worked during the period of the Amoraim, but who mostly made their contributions after the amoraic period.[4] See also Savoraim.

References edit

  1. ^ Gideon Golany Babylonian Jewish neighborhood and home design- 1999 38 "Amoraim (from the Aramaic word amora meaning "spokesman")"
  2. ^ Judith R. Baskin; Kenneth Seeskin (31 July 2010). The Cambridge Guide to Jewish History, Religion, and Culture. Cambridge University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-521-68974-8. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
  3. ^ "Amoraim". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
  4. ^ David Guttmann (2006-03-21). "Believing is Knowing: Professor Halivni and the Sealing of the Gemara - a new chronology". Yediah.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2013-04-11.

External links edit

  • Gemara in the Talmud Map – University of Calgary
  • Jewish Encyclopedia article for Amora

January 01, 1970
amoraim, jewish, babylonian, aramaic, אמוראים, ʔamoraˈʔim, singular, amora, אמורא, ʔamoˈra, those, those, speak, over, people, spokesmen, refers, jewish, scholars, period, from, about, said, told, over, teachings, oral, torah, they, were, primarily, located, b. Amoraim Jewish Babylonian Aramaic אמוראים ʔamoraˈʔim singular Amora אמורא ʔamoˈra those who say or those who speak over the people or spokesmen 1 refers to Jewish scholars of the period from about 200 to 500 CE who said or told over the teachings of the Oral Torah They were primarily located in Babylonia and the Land of Israel Their legal discussions and debates were eventually codified in the Gemara The Amoraim followed the Tannaim in the sequence of ancient Jewish scholars The Tannaim were direct transmitters of uncodified oral tradition the Amoraim expounded upon and clarified the oral law after its initial codification Contents 1 The Amoraic era 2 Prominent Amoraim 2 1 First generation approx 230 250 CE 2 2 Second generation approx 250 290 CE 2 3 Third generation approx 290 320 CE 2 4 Fourth generation approx 320 350 CE 2 5 Fifth generation approx 350 371 CE 2 6 Sixth generation approx 371 427 CE 2 7 Seventh generation approx 425 460 CE 2 8 Eighth generation approx 460 500 CE 3 Stammaim 4 References 5 External linksThe Amoraic era editThe first Babylonian Amoraim were Abba Arikha respectfully referred to as Rav and his contemporary and frequent debate partner Shmuel Among the earliest Amoraim in Israel were Johanan bar Nappaha and Shimon ben Lakish Traditionally the Amoraic period is reckoned as seven or eight generations depending on where one begins and ends The last Amoraim are generally considered to be Ravina I and Rav Ashi and Ravina II nephew of Ravina I who codified the Babylonian Talmud around 500 CE In total 761 amoraim are mentioned by name in the Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmuds 367 of them were active in the land of Israel from around 200 350 CE while the other 394 lived in Babylonia during 200 500 CE 2 In the Talmud itself the singular amora generally refers to a lecturer s assistant the lecturer would state his thoughts briefly and the amora would then repeat them aloud for the public s benefit adding translation and clarification where needed Prominent Amoraim editThe following is an abbreviated listing of the most prominent of the hundreds of Amoraim mentioned in the Talmud More complete listings may be provided by some of the external links below See also List of rabbis First generation approx 230 250 CE edit Abba Arikha d 247 known as Rav last Tanna first Amora Disciple of Judah haNasi Moved from Eretz Yisrael to Babylonia 219 Founder and Dean of the Yeshiva at Sura Shmuel d 254 disciple of Judah haNasi s students and others Dean of the Yeshiva at Nehardea Joshua ben Levi early 3rd century headed the school of Lod Bar Kappara 3 Second generation approx 250 290 CE edit nbsp Tomb of the Amoraim in Tiberias Rav Huna d 297 disciple of Abba Arikha and Samuel of Nehardea Dean of the Yeshiva at Sura Judah ben Ezekiel d 299 disciple of Abba Arikha and Samuel of Nehardea Dean of the Pumbedita Academy Adda bar Ahavah 3rd and 4th centuries disciple of Abba Arikha Hanan bar Rava disciple of Abba Arikha Hillel son of Gamaliel III fl early 3rd century disciple and grandson of Judah haNasi and younger brother of Judah II Judah II fl early 3rd century disciple and grandson of Judah haNasi and son and successor of Gamaliel III as Nasi Sometimes called Rabbi Judah Nesi ah and occasionally Rebbi like his grandfather Shimon ben Lakish d late 3rd century student of Yohanan ben Zakkai Rabbi Yannai and others and colleague of Johanan bar Nappaha Johanan bar Nappaha d 279 or 289 disciple of Judah haNasi and Rabbi Yannai Dean of the Tiberian Academy Primary author of the Jerusalem Talmud Samuel ben Nahman Shila of Kefar Tamarta Rabbi Isaac Nappaha Anani ben Sason Third generation approx 290 320 CE edit Rabbah d 320 disciple of Rav Huna and Rav Yehudah Dean of the Yeshiva at Pumbedita Rav Yosef d 323 disciple of Rav Huna and Rav Yehudah Dean of the Yeshiva at Pumbedita Rav Zeira Israel Rav Chisda d 309 disciple of Rav Shmuel and Rav Huna Dean of the Yeshiva at Sura Shimon ben Pazi Rav Sheshet Rav Nachman d 320 disciple of Rav Shmuel and Rabbah bar Avuha Did not head his own yeshiva but was a regular participant in the discussions at the Yeshivot of Sura and Mahuza Rabbi Abbahu d early 4th century disciple of Rabbi Yochanan Dean of the Yeshiva in Caesarea Hamnuna Several rabbis in the Talmud bore this name the most well known being a disciple of Shmuel fl late 3rd century Judah III d early 4th century disciple of Rabbi Johanan bar Nappaha Son and successor of Gamaliel IV as NASI and grandson of Judah II Rabbi Ammi Rabbi Assi Hanina ben Pappa Raba bar Rav Huna Rami bar Hama Rav Shmuel bar Yehudah Rav Kruspedai כרוספדאי referred to in the Jerusalem Talmud as קריספא student of Rabbi Yochanan Fourth generation approx 320 350 CE edit Abaye d 339 disciple of Rabbah Rav Yosef and Rav Nachman Dean of the Yeshiva in Pumbedita Abba b Bizna haggadist Rava d 352 disciple of Rabbah Rav Yosef and Rav Nachman and possibly Rabbi Yochanan Dean of the Yeshiva at Mahuza Hillel II fl c 360 Creator of the present day Hebrew calendar Son and successor as Nasi of Judah Nesiah grandson of Gamaliel IV Abba the Surgeon Bebai ben Abaye fl c 4th century Fifth generation approx 350 371 CE edit Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak d 356 disciple of Abaye and Rava Dean of the Yeshiva at Pumbedita Rav Papa d 371 or 375 disciple of Abaye and Rava Dean of the Yeshiva at Naresh Rav Kahana teacher of Rav Ashi Rav Mesharshiya student of Rava son in law of Rav Kahana colleague of Rav Papa Rav Hama Rav Huna berai d Rav Yehoshua Sixth generation approx 371 427 CE edit Rav Ashi d 427 disciple of Rav Kahana Dean of the Yeshiva in Mata Mehasia Primary redactor of the Babylonian Talmud Ravina I d 421 disciple of Abaye and Rava Colleague of Rav Ashi in the Yeshiva at Mata Mehasia where he assisted in the redaction of the Babylonian Talmud Seventh generation approx 425 460 CE edit Mar bar Rav Ashi Eighth generation approx 460 500 CE edit Ravina II d 475 or 500 disciple of Ravina I and Rav Ashi Dean of the Yeshiva at Sura Completed the redaction of the Babylonian Talmud Stammaim editStammaim is a term used by some modern scholars such as David Weiss Halivni for the rabbis who composed the anonymous stam statements and arguments in the Talmud some of whom may have worked during the period of the Amoraim but who mostly made their contributions after the amoraic period 4 See also Savoraim References edit Gideon Golany Babylonian Jewish neighborhood and home design 1999 38 Amoraim from the Aramaic word amora meaning spokesman Judith R Baskin Kenneth Seeskin 31 July 2010 The Cambridge Guide to Jewish History Religion and Culture Cambridge University Press p 77 ISBN 978 0 521 68974 8 Retrieved 16 September 2011 Amoraim www jewishvirtuallibrary org Retrieved 2022 04 20 David Guttmann 2006 03 21 Believing is Knowing Professor Halivni and the Sealing of the Gemara a new chronology Yediah blogspot com Retrieved 2013 04 11 External links editGemara in the Talmud Map University of Calgary Jewish Encyclopedia article for Amora Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Amoraim amp oldid 1189232277 Third generation approx 290 320 CE, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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