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National Popular Rally

December 18, 2023

The National Popular Rally (French: Rassemblement national populaire, RNP, 1941–1944) was a French political party and one of the main collaborationist parties under the Vichy regime of World War II.

National Popular Rally
Rassemblement national populaire
PresidentMarcel Déat
General SecretaryGeorges Albertini
Founded1941 (1941)
Dissolved1945 (1945)
HeadquartersVichy
NewspaperLe National Populaire
IdeologyFrench fascism Neo-Jacobinism[1]
Neosocialism
Pan-Europeanism[2]
Political positionFar-right
Colours      Blue, red, white
Party flag

Created in February 1941 by former members of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) of the neosocialist tendency and led by Marcel Déat, the party was heavily influenced by fascism and saw the circumstances of the occupation as an opportunity to revolutionize France.

February–October 1941: the RNP-MNR period edit

Marcel Déat, a neosocialist expelled from the SFIO in November 1933 and former Minister, first proposed to create a single state party during the 1940 summer, immediately following the proclamation of the Vichy regime. Briefly arrested by the French police on 13 December 1940, he finally created the RNP in February 1941, which became one of the primary collaborationist parties, along with Jacques Doriot's French Popular Party (PPF), Marcel Bucard's Francisme and Pierre Clémenti's French National-Collectivist Party.

Immediately, the German authorities imposed a fusion between Marcel Déat's RNP and the far-right Social Revolutionary Movement (MSR) of Eugène Deloncle, an inheritor of the Cagoule terrorist group. The first committee of direction of the RNP-MSR was composed of two RNP members and three MSR members: Marcel Déat, Jean Fontenoy, Jean Van Ormelingen (alias Jean Vanor), Eugène Deloncle and Jean Goy.

However, the fusion between the RNP and the MSR was a failure, in part because Déat's RNP recruited mainly among former members of the French Left while the MSR was from the beginning located on the far-right of the political spectrum. The MSR conserved de facto its autonomy inside the RNP and was mainly charged of forming the RNP's security service. After the assassination attempt of Paul Collette against Pierre Laval, Marshal Philippe Pétain's Prime Minister and Marcel Déat on 27 August 1941, the latter accused the MSR of having attempted to eliminate him. Thereafter, the MSR was excluded from the RNP in October 1941, leading to the reorganization of the RNP (and exclusion of elements close to the MSR) until the first months of 1942.

The RNP without the MSR (after October 1941) edit

The ideology of the RNP was clearly of a fascist nature, advocating antisemitic and racist policies and sharing a strong admiration for Nazi Germany. Despite this, it differed from Jacques Doriot's French Popular Party (PPF) in that it maintained the principle of universal suffrage, public education, anti-clericalism or the conservation of sculptures of Marianne, a republican symbol, in the townhalls.[3] Those ideas created constant conflicts between the RNP and more reactionary elements of Vichy who also supported the Révolution nationale ("National Revolution") and had been trained in the Action française monarchist movement.

On a tactic level, the RNP supported Pierre Laval and criticized the "Vichy reactionaries" and the PPF. Marcel Déat maintained close links with the German ambassador in Paris, Otto Abetz, whilst Doriot turned himself towards the SS. After Laval's return to government in April 1942 and the Nazi occupation of the Southern Zone in November 1942, Déat focused all his efforts on creating a single party of the Collaboration which would permit him to impose himself as its sole leader. In November 1942, the leaders of the RNP, Déat and Georges Albertini, met with MSR leaders such as Georges Soulès. Following this meeting, the RNP created the National Revolutionary Front (Front révolutionnaire national, FRN) which gathered the main collaborationist parties, apart from Doriot's PPF. The FRN thus included the RNP-Labour Social Front, the MSR, the Parti franciste, the Groupe Collaboration, the Jeunes de l'Europe nouvelle and the Comité d’action antibolchévique (Anti-Bolshevik Action Committee). Déat furthermore managed to gain to his side the secretary of the PPF, Jean Fossati, and named to the head of the FRN Henri Barbé, issued from the PPF. However, the FRN finally was a failure.

In March 1944, Déat was named Minister of Labour and of National Solidarity and took as assistants the RNP leaders (Georges Albertini, Georges Dumoulin, Ludovic Zoretti and Gabriel Lafaye) From then on, he focused more on his ministry tasks than on the organization of the RNP.

On 17 August 1944, Déat took refuge in Nazi Germany almost alone. In charge of the youth organisation of the RNP, Roland Gaucher would also accompany Pétain into exile in the Sigmaringen enclave.

Organisation of the RNP following October 1941 edit

The RNP had at maximum 30,000 members.[4] According to the historian Robert Soucy, it had only 2,638 party members, of whom only 12.8 percent were industrial workers.[5]

Its mouthpiece, directed by Roland Gaucher, was Le National Populaire, but the party was also supported by Déat's daily, L'Œuvre.

The youth organisation (Jeunesses nationales populaires, JNP) was headed by Roland Silly, Roland Gaucher (future co-founder of the National Front in 1972) and eight other personalities.

Primary members of the RNP (after October 1941) edit

 
RNP members: Jean Fontenoy, Eugène Deloncle, Marcel Déat, Jean Goy and Jean Van Ormelingen.

The RNP was directed by a permanent commission of 15 members. According to a February 1943 list, these included:

  • Président: Marcel Déat
  • General secretary: Georges Albertini[6] (former secretary of the Jeunesses socialistes, future creator of the Est-Ouest magazine)
  • Vice president (from January 1943): Maurice Levillain (neosocialist)
  • Vice président (from January 1943): Michel Brille (former deputy of the Democratic Alliance)
  • Henri Barbé (former member of the French Communist Party's political bureau, excluded in 1934 and general secretary of the PPF from 1936 to 1939)
  • René Benedetti (neosocialist)
  • Francis Desphilippon
  • Georges Dumoulin
  • Emile Favier (neosocialist)
  • Jacques Guionnet
  • Gabriel Lafaye (neosocialist, state secretary in Camille Chautemps's government in 1938)
  • Barthélémy Montagnon (former SFIO deputy, expelled in 1933, then neosocialist)
  • Georges Rivollet (former Minister of War Veterans in right-wing governments of 1934–1935)
  • Roland Silly (former member of the SFIO)
  • Ludovic Zoretti (trade unionist)

Expelled personalities edit

Other RNP personalities edit

See also edit

Sources edit

  • Pierre-Philippe Lambert and Le Marec. Organisation Mouvements et unités de l'État français Vichy 1940-1944. Paris. Éditions Grancher. 1992.
  • Pascal Ory. Les Collaborateurs 1940-1945. Paris: Le Seuil. 1976.
  • Reinhold Brender. Marcel Déat und das Rassemblement National Populaire, Ed. Oldenbourg. Munich. 1992.

References edit

  1. ^ Les Collaborateurs. Le Seuil. 1976. p. 331.
  2. ^ Dominique Venner (2007). Histoire de la Collaboration. Pygmalion. p. 578.
  3. ^ Pascal Ory. Les collaborateurs.
  4. ^ Le Marec-Lambert.
  5. ^ David Carroll, Jaap Querido and Robert J. Soucy. "'France's Hollow Years': An Exchange". New York Review of Books. Volume 43. Number 13. 8 August 1996 (in English).
  6. ^ . www2.cndp.fr. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. ^ Nonna Mayer and Mariette Sineau. "France:The Front National" 2019-07-12 at the Wayback Machine in Helga Amsberger. Rechtsextreme Parteien. Leverkusen. Leske & Budrich, 2002. Sciences-Po (p. 4) (in English).
  8. ^ "Roland Gaucher (obituary)". Le Monde. 1 August 2007 (in French).
  9. ^ "Ils" avaient un Kamarade !" 3 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine. REFLEXes. 11 August 2007 (in French).

External links edit

December 18, 2023
national, popular, rally, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, march, 2020, learn, when, remove, this, template, me. This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations March 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message The National Popular Rally French Rassemblement national populaire RNP 1941 1944 was a French political party and one of the main collaborationist parties under the Vichy regime of World War II National Popular Rally Rassemblement national populairePresidentMarcel DeatGeneral SecretaryGeorges AlbertiniFounded1941 1941 Dissolved1945 1945 HeadquartersVichyNewspaperLe National PopulaireIdeologyFrench fascism Antisemitism CollaborationismNeo Jacobinism 1 NeosocialismPan Europeanism 2 Political positionFar rightColours Blue red whiteParty flagPolitics of FrancePolitical partiesElectionsCreated in February 1941 by former members of the French Section of the Workers International SFIO of the neosocialist tendency and led by Marcel Deat the party was heavily influenced by fascism and saw the circumstances of the occupation as an opportunity to revolutionize France Contents 1 February October 1941 the RNP MNR period 2 The RNP without the MSR after October 1941 3 Organisation of the RNP following October 1941 4 Primary members of the RNP after October 1941 4 1 Expelled personalities 4 2 Other RNP personalities 5 See also 6 Sources 7 References 8 External linksFebruary October 1941 the RNP MNR period editMarcel Deat a neosocialist expelled from the SFIO in November 1933 and former Minister first proposed to create a single state party during the 1940 summer immediately following the proclamation of the Vichy regime Briefly arrested by the French police on 13 December 1940 he finally created the RNP in February 1941 which became one of the primary collaborationist parties along with Jacques Doriot s French Popular Party PPF Marcel Bucard s Francisme and Pierre Clementi s French National Collectivist Party Immediately the German authorities imposed a fusion between Marcel Deat s RNP and the far right Social Revolutionary Movement MSR of Eugene Deloncle an inheritor of the Cagoule terrorist group The first committee of direction of the RNP MSR was composed of two RNP members and three MSR members Marcel Deat Jean Fontenoy Jean Van Ormelingen alias Jean Vanor Eugene Deloncle and Jean Goy However the fusion between the RNP and the MSR was a failure in part because Deat s RNP recruited mainly among former members of the French Left while the MSR was from the beginning located on the far right of the political spectrum The MSR conserved de facto its autonomy inside the RNP and was mainly charged of forming the RNP s security service After the assassination attempt of Paul Collette against Pierre Laval Marshal Philippe Petain s Prime Minister and Marcel Deat on 27 August 1941 the latter accused the MSR of having attempted to eliminate him Thereafter the MSR was excluded from the RNP in October 1941 leading to the reorganization of the RNP and exclusion of elements close to the MSR until the first months of 1942 The RNP without the MSR after October 1941 editThe ideology of the RNP was clearly of a fascist nature advocating antisemitic and racist policies and sharing a strong admiration for Nazi Germany Despite this it differed from Jacques Doriot s French Popular Party PPF in that it maintained the principle of universal suffrage public education anti clericalism or the conservation of sculptures of Marianne a republican symbol in the townhalls 3 Those ideas created constant conflicts between the RNP and more reactionary elements of Vichy who also supported the Revolution nationale National Revolution and had been trained in the Action francaise monarchist movement On a tactic level the RNP supported Pierre Laval and criticized the Vichy reactionaries and the PPF Marcel Deat maintained close links with the German ambassador in Paris Otto Abetz whilst Doriot turned himself towards the SS After Laval s return to government in April 1942 and the Nazi occupation of the Southern Zone in November 1942 Deat focused all his efforts on creating a single party of the Collaboration which would permit him to impose himself as its sole leader In November 1942 the leaders of the RNP Deat and Georges Albertini met with MSR leaders such as Georges Soules Following this meeting the RNP created the National Revolutionary Front Front revolutionnaire national FRN which gathered the main collaborationist parties apart from Doriot s PPF The FRN thus included the RNP Labour Social Front the MSR the Parti franciste the Groupe Collaboration the Jeunes de l Europe nouvelle and the Comite d action antibolchevique Anti Bolshevik Action Committee Deat furthermore managed to gain to his side the secretary of the PPF Jean Fossati and named to the head of the FRN Henri Barbe issued from the PPF However the FRN finally was a failure In March 1944 Deat was named Minister of Labour and of National Solidarity and took as assistants the RNP leaders Georges Albertini Georges Dumoulin Ludovic Zoretti and Gabriel Lafaye From then on he focused more on his ministry tasks than on the organization of the RNP On 17 August 1944 Deat took refuge in Nazi Germany almost alone In charge of the youth organisation of the RNP Roland Gaucher would also accompany Petain into exile in the Sigmaringen enclave Organisation of the RNP following October 1941 editThe RNP had at maximum 30 000 members 4 According to the historian Robert Soucy it had only 2 638 party members of whom only 12 8 percent were industrial workers 5 Its mouthpiece directed by Roland Gaucher was Le National Populaire but the party was also supported by Deat s daily L Œuvre The youth organisation Jeunesses nationales populaires JNP was headed by Roland Silly Roland Gaucher future co founder of the National Front in 1972 and eight other personalities Primary members of the RNP after October 1941 edit nbsp RNP members Jean Fontenoy Eugene Deloncle Marcel Deat Jean Goy and Jean Van Ormelingen The RNP was directed by a permanent commission of 15 members According to a February 1943 list these included President Marcel Deat General secretary Georges Albertini 6 former secretary of the Jeunesses socialistes future creator of the Est Ouest magazine Vice president from January 1943 Maurice Levillain neosocialist Vice president from January 1943 Michel Brille former deputy of the Democratic Alliance Henri Barbe former member of the French Communist Party s political bureau excluded in 1934 and general secretary of the PPF from 1936 to 1939 Rene Benedetti neosocialist Francis Desphilippon Georges Dumoulin Emile Favier neosocialist Jacques Guionnet Gabriel Lafaye neosocialist state secretary in Camille Chautemps s government in 1938 Barthelemy Montagnon former SFIO deputy expelled in 1933 then neosocialist Georges Rivollet former Minister of War Veterans in right wing governments of 1934 1935 Roland Silly former member of the SFIO Ludovic Zoretti trade unionist Expelled personalities edit Jean Goy conservative and Charles Spinasse Minister of the Popular Front both expelled in 1942 on charges of being too moderate Rene Chateau Radical Socialist expelled in 1943Other RNP personalities edit Francois Brigneau future co founder of the National Front 7 Pierre Celor Roland Gaucher 1919 2007 in charge of the RNP s youth organisation 8 and of the RNP Parisian section from May to November 1943 9 as well as future founder of the National Front in 1972 Andre Grisoni Fernand Hamard Henri Jacob Paul Perrin Pierre Vigne trade union leaderSee also editFrench Popular Party associated with former French Communist Party membersSources editPierre Philippe Lambert and Le Marec Organisation Mouvements et unites de l Etat francais Vichy 1940 1944 Paris Editions Grancher 1992 Pascal Ory Les Collaborateurs 1940 1945 Paris Le Seuil 1976 Reinhold Brender Marcel Deat und das Rassemblement National Populaire Ed Oldenbourg Munich 1992 References edit Les Collaborateurs Le Seuil 1976 p 331 Dominique Venner 2007 Histoire de la Collaboration Pygmalion p 578 Pascal Ory Les collaborateurs Le Marec Lambert David Carroll Jaap Querido and Robert J Soucy France s Hollow Years An Exchange New York Review of Books Volume 43 Number 13 8 August 1996 in English Archived copy www2 cndp fr Archived from the original on 20 July 2011 Retrieved 6 June 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Nonna Mayer and Mariette Sineau France The Front National Archived 2019 07 12 at the Wayback Machine in Helga Amsberger Rechtsextreme Parteien Leverkusen Leske amp Budrich 2002 Sciences Po p 4 in English Roland Gaucher obituary Le Monde 1 August 2007 in French Ils avaient un Kamarade Archived 3 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine REFLEXes 11 August 2007 in French External links editDocumentary films on the Institut national de l audiovisuel s website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title National Popular Rally amp oldid 1165553288, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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