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Race for Trieste

Race for Trieste
Part of World War II in Yugoslavia
and the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy

Tanks of the Yugoslav 4th Army in Trieste
Date30 April – 2 May 1945
(2 days)
Location
Result

Allied Victory

Belligerents
 Yugoslav Partisans
 New Zealand[1]
Italian Resistance
 Germany
Italian Social Republic
Chetniks
Commanders and leaders
Petar Drapšin
Bernard Freyberg
Ercole Miani
Odilo Globočnik[3]
Giovanni Esposito
Momčilo Đujić 
Units involved
4th Army
2nd Division[1]

97th Corps

10th SS Police Regiment
204th Regional Military Command
Dinara Division
Serbian Volunteer Corps
Strength
68,601–84,000[4]:243
19,423[5]
20,000[4]:286
5,000
13,000[6]
Casualties and losses
[5]
436 dead
1,159 wounded
2,842 killed
3,829–5,200 captured
99 cannons
74 AA guns
6,500–8,500 civilians killed[2][7]

The Race for Trieste (Italian: Corsa per Trieste),[8] also known as the Trieste Operation (Slovene: Tržaška operacija), was a battle during the Second World War that took place during early May 1945. It led to a joint allied victory for the Yugoslav Partisans and 2nd New Zealand Division and a joint occupation of Trieste, but relations soon deteriorated and led to a nine-year dispute over the territory of Trieste. This battle is also considered the last battle in which a considerable force of Chetniks fought, as 13,000 of the irregular troops under Momčilo Đujić surrendered to the New Zealand forces under Lieutenant General Sir Bernard Freyberg as the battle progressed.

Prelude edit

Yugoslav Front edit

The Yugoslavs achieved a breakthrough after a series of hard-fought encounters along the Syrmian Front in late 1944 and early 1945. The newly formed Yugoslav 4th Army, whose elements were present at the pivotal Battle of Knin, spent most of spring advancing north along the Dinaric Alps from their staging grounds on the banks of the Neretva with the intent of reaching the Isonzo and taking Trieste without help from Western Allies, thereby justifying a claim to the de jure Italian port.[3]

The 4th Army was led by Petar Drapšin, who had previously led the incorporated 8th Corps until he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general.

Italian Front edit

On the Italian front, Western Allied forces advanced towards Trieste after breaching the Gothic Line in early March 1945. Under Lieutenant General Sir Bernard Freyberg, the New Zealand 2nd Division, having captured Faenza on 14 December 1944, reorganized on the south banks of the Senio River on 8 April 1945. There it paused to prepare for what would be the final Allied offensive in Italy. After a brief respite, the division raced on, crossing the Santerno, Gaiana, Idice, and the Po rivers. They took Padua on 28 April, crossing the Isonzo on 1 May and reaching Ronchi dei legionari found partizans from IX Slovenian corps, and then reach Trieste the next day. The New Zealanders arrived just in time to accept a surrender of last German unit at fort San Giusto (about 7000 soldiers), in the city liberated by local partisans and units of Josip Tito's Fourth Yugoslav Army. The 2nd division had covered a distance of 220 km (140 mi) in less than a week.[1][9]

Situation inside Trieste edit

 
Tito's army in Trieste

Civil authorities in Trieste, formally part of the Italian Social Republic although under de facto German control through the Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral, consisted of prefect Bruno Coceani and podestà (mayor) Cesare Pagnini. The Italian Resistance was active within the city through the local National Liberation Committee, led by Socialist Carlo Schiffrer, Christian Democrat Edoardo Marzari, Action Party member Ercole Miani and Liberal Party member Antonio Selem. The representatives of the Italian Communist Party had instead withdrawn from the local CLN in the summer of 1944, following disagreements on the cooperation with the Yugoslav Resistance (the Communists favored an alliance, whereas the members of the other parties feared that the Yugoslavs were aiming at annexing Trieste to Yugoslavia).[10][11][12][13][14]

In early April 1945 Coceani had proposed to Pagnini and, through the latter, to Carlo Schiffrer to unite all Italian forces against the Yugoslavs, in an attempt to try to stem the advance of Tito's forces, thus allowing the Western Allies to precede them in the occupation of Trieste. A few years later Coceani would write that Benito Mussolini himself had given him the order to act in this sense: "The order given by the Duce was to make contact with the exponents of the liberation committee, with all the Italian parties, even with the Communists, in order to create a bloc of the Italian forces against the annexationist designs of the Slavs." On April 4, 1945, Coceani had asked Mussolini for support in the defense of Trieste, and for the same purpose he had sent emissaries to Rome in order to contact the royalist government in the south in an attempt to obtain help for the defense of the eastern border. Admiral Raffaele de Courten, Chief of Staff of the Italian Co-belligerent Navy, had answered positively, and a landing by forces of the Regia Marina, with the support of the Decima Flottiglia MAS and of other RSI troops, had been planned, with or without Allied intervention; the plan however failed due to British opposition. On 10 April the mayor Pagnini held an organizational meeting of five hundred Italians in the town hall, with the aim of uniting all Italian forces, avoiding attacks on the Germans – who as long as they defended the city against the Yugoslavs were to be considered allies – and transfer all powers to the CLN when the Germans left. It was decided that the 1,800 men of the Civic Guard (Trieste's municipal police, raised by Coceani in 1944) would have also passed under the command of the CLN.[10][11][12][13][14]

On 28 April Bruno Sambo, head of the local PFR, handed over the arms of the fascist party to Coceani's public health committee, and agreed to replace the party insignia with tricolor ribbons; that same evening some Italian police units came out on the streets with the tricolor ribbons, but were quickly disarmed by the Germans. In the meantime, however, after lengthy discussions, the local CLN decided to reject Coceani's proposals to join forces against the Yugoslavs, and decided to act against the Germans. On the night of 29 April, all German troops in Trieste received the order from Odilo Globočnik to withdraw towards Tolmezzo; Coceani informed CLN representative Ercole Miani of this, and on the next morning the National Liberation Committee proclaimed a general insurrection against the Germans. Carabinieri and Guardia di Finanza troops defected to the Resistance, Coceani resigned and the CLN assumed all powers after clashes against the remaining German and Fascist troops.[10][13][15][14][16]

Battle edit

 
Partisans on their way to Trieste

By 30 April, the Partisans had surrounded the port city entirely.[6] They began moving on 1 May in with the help of fighters that had infiltrated the city before the arrival of the main force.[3] By 30 April elements of the Yugoslav force had taken multiple strategic locations from Globočnik's force such as the university, courthouse, and military hospital. On the morning of 1 May, parts of the eastern force broke through at Ricmanje and Botač and entered the city. According to Yugoslav reports, resistance had been overcome save a few isolated pockets of Germans, focused around Opčine and the harbor. By the evening of 1 May, Partisans had taken the Elba battery factory and Sabo park, where they were joined by about 50 armed Triestino antifascists. There the 4th Brigade of the 9th Dalmatian Division met and attacked a force of about a thousand German and Chetnik soldiers. On the morning of 2 May this culminated in a two hour firefight followed by the surrender of the enemy force.[4]:281–283,429

By the end of 2 May, with the arrival of the New Zealand force, most of the 13,000 Chetnik irregulars assisting the German defenders surrendered.[17] Fighting lasted into the next day. The remaining German pockets on the north side of the city, the largest of which being the Opčine pocket, surrendered by the end of 3 May.[4]:282–283

Aftermath edit

The city was jointly occupied by the New Zealanders and Partisans until June 1945, when it came under rule of a UN-mandated military provisional government as a provision of the Treaty of Peace with Italy. It remained a de facto free state until it was partitioned between its two neighbors in October 1954. This was later reaffirmed in the Treaty of Osimo, where it was split de jure between Italy and Yugoslavia.[3]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b c New Zealand History: Faenza, Trieste, and home
  2. ^ a b Hedges, Chris (20 April 1997). "In Trieste, Investigation of Brutal Era Is Blocked". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d
  4. ^ a b c d Anić, Nikola (2004). Povijest Osmog Korpusa Narodnooslobodilačke Vojske Hrvatske 1943–1945 [History of the Eighth Dalmatian Corps of the Croatian National Liberation Army: 1943–1945] (PDF) (in Croatian). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  5. ^ a b "1966 Encyclopedia of New Zealand: The Army"
  6. ^ a b "Vojska.net: Trieste operation"
  7. ^ San Sabba (2009). Committee of the Nazi Lager of Risiera di San Sabba, Trieste: 3. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  8. ^ Sir Geoffrey Cox, The Race for Trieste, London, Kimber, 1977.
  9. ^ "https://nasiljudi-gentenostra.hr/vijest/povijesni-vremeplov-1-svibnja-1945-oslobodjenje-ili-okupacija-trsta/2229"
  10. ^ a b c "COCEANI, Bruno in "Dizionario Biografico"".
  11. ^ a b Marina Cattaruzza, L'Italia e il confine orientale, p. 285
  12. ^ a b Trieste, 1941-1954. The ethnic, political and ideological struggle, p. 139
  13. ^ a b c Trieste, 1941-1954. The ethnic, political and ideological struggle, p. 139-140-141-142-146
  14. ^ a b c Jack Greene, Alessandro Massignani, The Black Prince and the Sea Devils, pp. 180-181
  15. ^ Raoul Pupo, Il lungo esodo, p. 85
  16. ^ https://www.reteparri.it/wp-content/uploads/ic/RAV0068570_1962_66-69_09.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  17. ^ Binder, David (13 September 1999). "Momcilo Djujic, Serbian Priest and Warrior, Dies at 92". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 March 2020.

race, trieste, part, world, yugoslaviaand, spring, 1945, offensive, italytanks, yugoslav, army, triestedate30, april, 1945, days, locationtrieste, kingdom, italyresultallied, victory, joint, occupation, trieste, until, june, establishment, free, territory, tri. Race for TriestePart of World War II in Yugoslaviaand the Spring 1945 offensive in ItalyTanks of the Yugoslav 4th Army in TriesteDate30 April 2 May 1945 2 days LocationTrieste Kingdom of ItalyResultAllied Victory Joint occupation of Trieste until June 2 Establishment of the Free Territory of Trieste in 1947Belligerents Yugoslav Partisans New Zealand 1 Italian Resistance Germany Italian Social Republic ChetniksCommanders and leadersPetar Drapsin Bernard FreybergErcole MianiOdilo Globocnik 3 Giovanni Esposito Momcilo Đujic Units involved4th Army 2nd Division 1 97th Corps 188th Division 237th Division 10th SS Police Regiment 204th Regional Military Command Dinara Division Serbian Volunteer CorpsStrength68 601 84 000 4 243 19 423 5 20 000 4 286 5 000 13 000 6 Casualties and losses 5 436 dead1 159 wounded2 842 killed3 829 5 200 captured99 cannons74 AA guns6 500 8 500 civilians killed 2 7 The Race for Trieste Italian Corsa per Trieste 8 also known as the Trieste Operation Slovene Trzaska operacija was a battle during the Second World War that took place during early May 1945 It led to a joint allied victory for the Yugoslav Partisans and 2nd New Zealand Division and a joint occupation of Trieste but relations soon deteriorated and led to a nine year dispute over the territory of Trieste This battle is also considered the last battle in which a considerable force of Chetniks fought as 13 000 of the irregular troops under Momcilo Đujic surrendered to the New Zealand forces under Lieutenant General Sir Bernard Freyberg as the battle progressed Contents 1 Prelude 1 1 Yugoslav Front 1 2 Italian Front 1 3 Situation inside Trieste 2 Battle 3 Aftermath 4 See also 5 NotesPrelude editYugoslav Front edit The Yugoslavs achieved a breakthrough after a series of hard fought encounters along the Syrmian Front in late 1944 and early 1945 The newly formed Yugoslav 4th Army whose elements were present at the pivotal Battle of Knin spent most of spring advancing north along the Dinaric Alps from their staging grounds on the banks of the Neretva with the intent of reaching the Isonzo and taking Trieste without help from Western Allies thereby justifying a claim to the de jure Italian port 3 The 4th Army was led by Petar Drapsin who had previously led the incorporated 8th Corps until he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general Italian Front edit On the Italian front Western Allied forces advanced towards Trieste after breaching the Gothic Line in early March 1945 Under Lieutenant General Sir Bernard Freyberg the New Zealand 2nd Division having captured Faenza on 14 December 1944 reorganized on the south banks of the Senio River on 8 April 1945 There it paused to prepare for what would be the final Allied offensive in Italy After a brief respite the division raced on crossing the Santerno Gaiana Idice and the Po rivers They took Padua on 28 April crossing the Isonzo on 1 May and reaching Ronchi dei legionari found partizans from IX Slovenian corps and then reach Trieste the next day The New Zealanders arrived just in time to accept a surrender of last German unit at fort San Giusto about 7000 soldiers in the city liberated by local partisans and units of Josip Tito s Fourth Yugoslav Army The 2nd division had covered a distance of 220 km 140 mi in less than a week 1 9 Situation inside Trieste edit nbsp Tito s army in Trieste Civil authorities in Trieste formally part of the Italian Social Republic although under de facto German control through the Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral consisted of prefect Bruno Coceani and podesta mayor Cesare Pagnini The Italian Resistance was active within the city through the local National Liberation Committee led by Socialist Carlo Schiffrer Christian Democrat Edoardo Marzari Action Party member Ercole Miani and Liberal Party member Antonio Selem The representatives of the Italian Communist Party had instead withdrawn from the local CLN in the summer of 1944 following disagreements on the cooperation with the Yugoslav Resistance the Communists favored an alliance whereas the members of the other parties feared that the Yugoslavs were aiming at annexing Trieste to Yugoslavia 10 11 12 13 14 In early April 1945 Coceani had proposed to Pagnini and through the latter to Carlo Schiffrer to unite all Italian forces against the Yugoslavs in an attempt to try to stem the advance of Tito s forces thus allowing the Western Allies to precede them in the occupation of Trieste A few years later Coceani would write that Benito Mussolini himself had given him the order to act in this sense The order given by the Duce was to make contact with the exponents of the liberation committee with all the Italian parties even with the Communists in order to create a bloc of the Italian forces against the annexationist designs of the Slavs On April 4 1945 Coceani had asked Mussolini for support in the defense of Trieste and for the same purpose he had sent emissaries to Rome in order to contact the royalist government in the south in an attempt to obtain help for the defense of the eastern border Admiral Raffaele de Courten Chief of Staff of the Italian Co belligerent Navy had answered positively and a landing by forces of the Regia Marina with the support of the Decima Flottiglia MAS and of other RSI troops had been planned with or without Allied intervention the plan however failed due to British opposition On 10 April the mayor Pagnini held an organizational meeting of five hundred Italians in the town hall with the aim of uniting all Italian forces avoiding attacks on the Germans who as long as they defended the city against the Yugoslavs were to be considered allies and transfer all powers to the CLN when the Germans left It was decided that the 1 800 men of the Civic Guard Trieste s municipal police raised by Coceani in 1944 would have also passed under the command of the CLN 10 11 12 13 14 On 28 April Bruno Sambo head of the local PFR handed over the arms of the fascist party to Coceani s public health committee and agreed to replace the party insignia with tricolor ribbons that same evening some Italian police units came out on the streets with the tricolor ribbons but were quickly disarmed by the Germans In the meantime however after lengthy discussions the local CLN decided to reject Coceani s proposals to join forces against the Yugoslavs and decided to act against the Germans On the night of 29 April all German troops in Trieste received the order from Odilo Globocnik to withdraw towards Tolmezzo Coceani informed CLN representative Ercole Miani of this and on the next morning the National Liberation Committee proclaimed a general insurrection against the Germans Carabinieri and Guardia di Finanza troops defected to the Resistance Coceani resigned and the CLN assumed all powers after clashes against the remaining German and Fascist troops 10 13 15 14 16 Battle edit nbsp Partisans on their way to Trieste By 30 April the Partisans had surrounded the port city entirely 6 They began moving on 1 May in with the help of fighters that had infiltrated the city before the arrival of the main force 3 By 30 April elements of the Yugoslav force had taken multiple strategic locations from Globocnik s force such as the university courthouse and military hospital On the morning of 1 May parts of the eastern force broke through at Ricmanje and Botac and entered the city According to Yugoslav reports resistance had been overcome save a few isolated pockets of Germans focused around Opcine and the harbor By the evening of 1 May Partisans had taken the Elba battery factory and Sabo park where they were joined by about 50 armed Triestino antifascists There the 4th Brigade of the 9th Dalmatian Division met and attacked a force of about a thousand German and Chetnik soldiers On the morning of 2 May this culminated in a two hour firefight followed by the surrender of the enemy force 4 281 283 429By the end of 2 May with the arrival of the New Zealand force most of the 13 000 Chetnik irregulars assisting the German defenders surrendered 17 Fighting lasted into the next day The remaining German pockets on the north side of the city the largest of which being the Opcine pocket surrendered by the end of 3 May 4 282 283Aftermath editSee also Free Territory of Trieste The city was jointly occupied by the New Zealanders and Partisans until June 1945 when it came under rule of a UN mandated military provisional government as a provision of the Treaty of Peace with Italy It remained a de facto free state until it was partitioned between its two neighbors in October 1954 This was later reaffirmed in the Treaty of Osimo where it was split de jure between Italy and Yugoslavia 3 See also editMostar OperationNotes edit a b c New Zealand History Faenza Trieste and home a b Hedges Chris 20 April 1997 In Trieste Investigation of Brutal Era Is Blocked The New York Times Retrieved 3 March 2020 a b c d Stanford University The Trieste Crisis a b c d Anic Nikola 2004 Povijest Osmog Korpusa Narodnooslobodilacke Vojske Hrvatske 1943 1945 History of the Eighth Dalmatian Corps of the Croatian National Liberation Army 1943 1945 PDF in Croatian Retrieved 10 March 2020 a b 1966 Encyclopedia of New Zealand The Army a b Vojska net Trieste operation San Sabba 2009 Risiera di San Sabba History and Museum Committee of the Nazi Lager of Risiera di San Sabba Trieste 3 Retrieved 4 March 2020 Sir Geoffrey Cox The Race for Trieste London Kimber 1977 https nasiljudi gentenostra hr vijest povijesni vremeplov 1 svibnja 1945 oslobodjenje ili okupacija trsta 2229 a b c COCEANI Bruno in Dizionario Biografico a b Marina Cattaruzza L Italia e il confine orientale p 285 a b Trieste 1941 1954 The ethnic political and ideological struggle p 139 a b c Trieste 1941 1954 The ethnic political and ideological struggle p 139 140 141 142 146 a b c Jack Greene Alessandro Massignani The Black Prince and the Sea Devils pp 180 181 Raoul Pupo Il lungo esodo p 85 https www reteparri it wp content uploads ic RAV0068570 1962 66 69 09 pdf bare URL PDF Binder David 13 September 1999 Momcilo Djujic Serbian Priest and Warrior Dies at 92 The New York Times Retrieved 10 March 2020 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Race for Trieste amp oldid 1221811915, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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