A quasi-satellite's orbit around the Sun takes the same time as the planet's, but has a different eccentricity (usually greater), as shown in the diagram. When viewed from the perspective of the planet by an observer facing the Sun, the quasi-satellite will appear to travel in an oblong retrograde loop around the planet. (See Analemma § Of quasi-satellites).
In contrast to true satellites, quasi-satellite orbits lie outside the planet's Hill sphere, and are unstable. Over time they tend to evolve to other types of resonant motion, where they no longer remain in the planet's neighborhood, then possibly later move back to a quasi-satellite orbit, etc.
Other types of orbit in a 1:1 resonance with the planet include horseshoe orbits and tadpole orbits around the Lagrangian points, but objects in these orbits do not stay near the planet's longitude over many revolutions about the star. Objects in horseshoe orbits are known to sometimes periodically transfer to a relatively short-lived quasi-satellite orbit,[1] and are sometimes confused with them. An example of such an object is 2002 AA29.
A quasi-satellite is similar to an object in a distant retrograde orbit, in a different context. The latter term is usually used for a space probe or artificial satellite in a retrograde orbit around a moon, and the period may be much shorter than that of the moon, whereas the term "quasi-satellite" usually refers to an object like an asteroid whose period is similar to that of the planet of which it is considered to be a quasi-satellite. But in both cases, the object (asteroid, space probe) viewed in a reference frame that rotates with the two main objects (once a year for Sun-Earth, once a month for Earth-Moon) appears to move retrograde compared to that rotation, thus lengthening its sidereal period. So a quasi-satellite (with low inclination) tends to stay in certain constellations rather than going through the whole zodiac. Quasi-satellites with high eccentricity can get quite far from their planet, more than an astronomical unit for quasi-satellites of Earth such as 2014 OL339.
The word "geosynchronous" is sometimes used to describe quasi-satellites of the Earth, because their motion around the Sun is synchronized with Earth's. However, this usage is unconventional and confusing. Conventionally, geosynchronous satellites revolve in the prograde sense around the Earth, with orbital periods that are synchronized to the Earth's rotation.
Venus has one known quasi-satellite, (524522) 2002 VE68. This asteroid is also a Mercury- and Earth-crosser; it seems to have been a "companion" to Venus for approximately the last 7,000 years only, and is destined to be ejected from this orbital arrangement about 500 years from now.[2]
EarthEdit
The oscillating path of asteroid 469219 Kamoʻoalewa viewed from Earth's perspective as it orbits around the Sun. The traced path of Kamoʻoalewa makes it appear as a constant companion of the Earth.
As of 2023, Earth had seven known quasi-satellites:
On the longer term, asteroids can transfer between quasi-satellite orbits and horseshoe orbits, which circulate around Lagrangian points L4 and L5. By 2016, orbital calculations showed that all five of Earth's then known quasi-satellites repeatedly transfer between horseshoe and quasi-satellite orbits.[8]3753 Cruithne,[9]2002 AA29,[1]2003 YN107 and 2015 SO2[5] are minor planets in horseshoe orbits that might evolve into a quasi-satellite orbit. The time spent in the quasi-satellite phase differs from asteroid to asteroid. Quasi-satellite 2016 HO3 is predicted to be stable in this orbital state for several hundred years, in contrast to 2003 YN107 which was a quasi-satellite from 1996 to 2006 but then departed Earth's vicinity on a horseshoe orbit.[8][10]
469219 Kamoʻoalewa (2016 HO3) is thought to be one of the most stable quasi-satellites found yet of Earth. It stays between 38 and 100 lunar distances from the Earth.[10]
The dwarf-planet asteroid 1 Ceres is believed to have a quasi-satellite, the as-yet-unnamed (76146) 2000 EU16.
NeptuneEdit
(309239) 2007 RW10 is a temporary quasi-satellite of Neptune.[11] The object has been a quasi-satellite of Neptune for about 12,500 years and it will remain in that dynamical state for another 12,500 years.[11]
Other planetsEdit
Based on simulations, it is believed that Uranus and Neptune could potentially hold quasi-satellites for the age of the Solar System (about 4.5 billion years),[12] but a quasi-satellite's orbit would remain stable for only 10 million years near Jupiter and 100,000 years near Saturn. Jupiter and Saturn are known to have quasi-satellites.[clarification needed]2015 OL106, a co-orbital to Jupiter, intermittently becomes a quasi satellite of the planet, and will next become one between 2380 and 2480.
Artificial quasi-satellitesEdit
In early 1989, the Soviet Phobos 2 spacecraft was injected into a quasi-satellite orbit around the Martian moon Phobos, with a mean orbital radius of about 100 kilometres (62 mi) from Phobos.[13] According to computations, it could have then stayed trapped in the vicinity of Phobos for many months. The spacecraft was lost due to a malfunction of the on-board control system.
Accidental quasi-satellitesEdit
Some objects are known to be accidental quasi-satellites, which means that they are not forced into the configuration by the gravitational influence of the body of which they are quasi-satellites.[14] The dwarf planetsCeres and Pluto are known to have accidental quasi-satellites.[14] In the case of Pluto, the known accidental quasi-satellite, 15810 Arawn, is, like Pluto, a plutino, and is forced into this configuration by the gravitational influence of Neptune.[14] This dynamical behavior is recurrent, Arawn becomes a quasi-satellite of Pluto every 2.4 Myr and remains in that configuration for nearly 350,000 years.[14][15][16]
^ abConnors, Martin; Chodas, Paul; Mikkola, Seppo; Wiegert, Paul; Veillet, Christian; Innanen, Kimmo (2002). "Discovery of an asteroid and quasi-satellite in an Earth-like horseshoe orbit". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 37 (10): 1435–1441. Bibcode:2002M&PS...37.1435C. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2002.tb01039.x.
^Mikkola, S.; Brasser, R.; Wiegert, P.; Innanen, K. (2004). "Asteroid 2002 VE68, a quasi-satellite of Venus". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 351 (3): L63–L65. Bibcode:2004MNRAS.351L..63M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07994.x.
^Wajer, Paweł (October 2010). "Dynamical evolution of Earth's quasi-satellites: 2004 GU9 and 2006 FV35" (PDF). Icarus. 209 (2): 488–493. Bibcode:2010Icar..209..488W. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.05.012.
^ abde la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (2016). "From horseshoe to quasi-satellite and back again: The curious dynamics of Earth co-orbital asteroid 2015 SO2". Astrophysics and Space Science. 361: 16. arXiv:1511.08360. Bibcode:2016Ap&SS.361...16D. doi:10.1007/s10509-015-2597-8. S2CID 189842725.
^de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (2014). "Asteroid 2014 OL339: Yet another Earth quasi-satellite". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 445 (3): 2985–2994. arXiv:1409.5588. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.445.2961D. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1978.
^Agle, D.C.; Brown, Dwayne; Cantillo, Laurie (15 June 2016). "Small asteroid is Earth's constant companion". NASA. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
^ abcde la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (2016). "Asteroid (469219) 2016 HO3, the smallest and closest Earth quasi-satellite". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 462 (4): 3441–3456. arXiv:1608.01518. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.462.3441D. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1972.
^ abde la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (September 2012). "(309239) 2007 RW10: a large temporary quasi-satellite of Neptune". Astronomy and Astrophysics Letters. 545: L9. arXiv:1209.1577. Bibcode:2012A&A...545L...9D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219931. S2CID 118374080.
^Wiegert, P.; Innanen, K. (2000). "The stability of quasi satellites in the outer solar system". The Astronomical Journal. 119 (4): 1978–1984. Bibcode:2000AJ....119.1978W. doi:10.1086/301291.
^Green, LM; Zakharov, AV; Pichkhadze, KM. [What we are looking for [on] Phobos] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2009-07-20.
^"Pluto's fake moon". Archived from the original on 2013-01-05. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
^de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (2016). "The analemma criterion: accidental quasi-satellites are indeed true quasi-satellites". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 462 (3): 3344–3349. arXiv:1607.06686. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.462.3344D. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1833.
External linksEdit
Look up quasisatellite in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Quasi-satellite Information Page
Astronomy.com: A new "moon" for Earth
Discovery of the first quasi-satellite of Venus – University of Turku news release (August 17, 2004)
quasi, satellite, quasi, satellite, object, specific, type, orbital, configuration, orbital, resonance, with, planet, dwarf, planet, where, object, stays, close, that, planet, over, many, orbital, periods, diagram, generic, quasi, satellite, orbita, quasi, sat. A quasi satellite is an object in a specific type of co orbital configuration 1 1 orbital resonance with a planet or dwarf planet where the object stays close to that planet over many orbital periods Diagram of generic quasi satellite orbitA quasi satellite s orbit around the Sun takes the same time as the planet s but has a different eccentricity usually greater as shown in the diagram When viewed from the perspective of the planet by an observer facing the Sun the quasi satellite will appear to travel in an oblong retrograde loop around the planet See Analemma Of quasi satellites In contrast to true satellites quasi satellite orbits lie outside the planet s Hill sphere and are unstable Over time they tend to evolve to other types of resonant motion where they no longer remain in the planet s neighborhood then possibly later move back to a quasi satellite orbit etc Other types of orbit in a 1 1 resonance with the planet include horseshoe orbits and tadpole orbits around the Lagrangian points but objects in these orbits do not stay near the planet s longitude over many revolutions about the star Objects in horseshoe orbits are known to sometimes periodically transfer to a relatively short lived quasi satellite orbit 1 and are sometimes confused with them An example of such an object is 2002 AA29 A quasi satellite is similar to an object in a distant retrograde orbit in a different context The latter term is usually used for a space probe or artificial satellite in a retrograde orbit around a moon and the period may be much shorter than that of the moon whereas the term quasi satellite usually refers to an object like an asteroid whose period is similar to that of the planet of which it is considered to be a quasi satellite But in both cases the object asteroid space probe viewed in a reference frame that rotates with the two main objects once a year for Sun Earth once a month for Earth Moon appears to move retrograde compared to that rotation thus lengthening its sidereal period So a quasi satellite with low inclination tends to stay in certain constellations rather than going through the whole zodiac Quasi satellites with high eccentricity can get quite far from their planet more than an astronomical unit for quasi satellites of Earth such as 2014 OL339 The word geosynchronous is sometimes used to describe quasi satellites of the Earth because their motion around the Sun is synchronized with Earth s However this usage is unconventional and confusing Conventionally geosynchronous satellites revolve in the prograde sense around the Earth with orbital periods that are synchronized to the Earth s rotation Contents 1 Examples 1 1 Venus 1 2 Earth 1 3 Ceres 1 4 Neptune 1 5 Other planets 1 6 Artificial quasi satellites 1 7 Accidental quasi satellites 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksExamples EditVenus Edit Venus has one known quasi satellite 524522 2002 VE68 This asteroid is also a Mercury and Earth crosser it seems to have been a companion to Venus for approximately the last 7 000 years only and is destined to be ejected from this orbital arrangement about 500 years from now 2 Earth Edit source source source source source The oscillating path of asteroid 469219 Kamoʻoalewa viewed from Earth s perspective as it orbits around the Sun The traced path of Kamoʻoalewa makes it appear as a constant companion of the Earth As of 2023 Earth had seven known quasi satellites 164207 2004 GU9 3 277810 2006 FV35 4 2013 LX28 5 2014 OL339 6 469219 Kamoʻoalewa 7 8 2020 PP1 2023 FW13On the longer term asteroids can transfer between quasi satellite orbits and horseshoe orbits which circulate around Lagrangian points L4 and L5 By 2016 orbital calculations showed that all five of Earth s then known quasi satellites repeatedly transfer between horseshoe and quasi satellite orbits 8 3753 Cruithne 9 2002 AA29 1 2003 YN107 and 2015 SO2 5 are minor planets in horseshoe orbits that might evolve into a quasi satellite orbit The time spent in the quasi satellite phase differs from asteroid to asteroid Quasi satellite 2016 HO3 is predicted to be stable in this orbital state for several hundred years in contrast to 2003 YN107 which was a quasi satellite from 1996 to 2006 but then departed Earth s vicinity on a horseshoe orbit 8 10 469219 Kamoʻoalewa 2016 HO3 is thought to be one of the most stable quasi satellites found yet of Earth It stays between 38 and 100 lunar distances from the Earth 10 Known and suspected companions of Earth vte Name Eccentricity Diameter m Discoverer Date of Discovery Type Current TypeMoon 0 055 3474800 Prehistory Natural satellite Natural satellite1913 Great Meteor Procession 1913 02 09 Possible Temporary satellite Destroyed3753 Cruithne 0 515 5000 Duncan Waldron 1986 10 10 Quasi satellite Horseshoe orbit1991 VG 0 053 5 12 Spacewatch 1991 11 06 Temporary satellite Apollo asteroid 85770 1998 UP1 0 345 210 470 Lincoln Lab s ETS 1998 10 18 Horseshoe orbit Horseshoe orbit54509 YORP 0 230 124 Lincoln Lab s ETS 2000 08 03 Horseshoe orbit Horseshoe orbit2001 GO2 0 168 35 85 Lincoln Lab s ETS 2001 04 13 Possible Horseshoe orbit Possible Horseshoe orbit2002 AA29 0 013 20 100 LINEAR 2002 01 09 Quasi satellite Horseshoe orbit2003 YN107 0 014 10 30 LINEAR 2003 12 20 Quasi satellite Horseshoe orbit 164207 2004 GU9 0 136 160 360 LINEAR 2004 04 13 Quasi satellite Quasi satellite 277810 2006 FV35 0 377 140 320 Spacewatch 2006 03 29 Quasi satellite Quasi satellite2006 JY26 0 083 6 13 Catalina Sky Survey 2006 05 06 Horseshoe orbit Horseshoe orbit2006 RH120 0 024 2 3 Catalina Sky Survey 2006 09 13 Temporary satellite Apollo asteroid 419624 2010 SO16 0 075 357 WISE 2010 09 17 Horseshoe orbit Horseshoe orbit2010 TK7 0 191 150 500 WISE 2010 10 01 Earth trojan Earth trojan2013 BS45 0 083 20 40 Spacewatch 2010 01 20 Horseshoe orbit Horseshoe orbit2013 LX28 0 452 130 300 Pan STARRS 2013 06 12 Quasi satellite temporary Quasi satellite temporary2014 OL339 0 461 70 160 EURONEAR 2014 07 29 Quasi satellite temporary Quasi satellite temporary2015 SO2 0 108 50 110 Crni Vrh Observatory 2015 09 21 Quasi satellite Horseshoe orbit temporary2015 XX169 0 184 9 22 Mount Lemmon Survey 2015 12 09 Horseshoe orbit temporary Horseshoe orbit temporary2015 YA 0 279 9 22 Catalina Sky Survey 2015 12 16 Horseshoe orbit temporary Horseshoe orbit temporary2015 YQ1 0 404 7 16 Mount Lemmon Survey 2015 12 19 Horseshoe orbit temporary Horseshoe orbit temporary469219 Kamoʻoalewa 0 104 40 100 Pan STARRS 2016 04 27 Quasi satellite stable Quasi satellite stableDN16082203 2016 08 22 Possible Temporary satellite Destroyed2020 CD3 0 017 1 6 Mount Lemmon Survey 2020 02 15 Temporary satellite Temporary satellite2020 PN1 0 127 10 50 ATLAS HKO 2020 08 12 Horseshoe orbit temporary Horseshoe orbit temporary2020 PP1 0 074 10 20 Pan STARRS 2020 08 12 Quasi satellite stable Quasi satellite stable2020 XL5 0 387 1100 1260 Pan STARRS 2020 12 12 Earth trojan Earth trojan2022 NX1 0 025 5 15 Moonbase South Observatory 2020 07 02 Temporary satellite Apollo asteroid2023 FW13 0 177 10 20 Pan STARRS 2023 03 28 Quasi satellite Quasi satelliteCeres Edit The dwarf planet asteroid 1 Ceres is believed to have a quasi satellite the as yet unnamed 76146 2000 EU16 Neptune Edit 309239 2007 RW10 is a temporary quasi satellite of Neptune 11 The object has been a quasi satellite of Neptune for about 12 500 years and it will remain in that dynamical state for another 12 500 years 11 Other planets Edit Based on simulations it is believed that Uranus and Neptune could potentially hold quasi satellites for the age of the Solar System about 4 5 billion years 12 but a quasi satellite s orbit would remain stable for only 10 million years near Jupiter and 100 000 years near Saturn Jupiter and Saturn are known to have quasi satellites clarification needed 2015 OL106 a co orbital to Jupiter intermittently becomes a quasi satellite of the planet and will next become one between 2380 and 2480 Artificial quasi satellites Edit In early 1989 the Soviet Phobos 2 spacecraft was injected into a quasi satellite orbit around the Martian moon Phobos with a mean orbital radius of about 100 kilometres 62 mi from Phobos 13 According to computations it could have then stayed trapped in the vicinity of Phobos for many months The spacecraft was lost due to a malfunction of the on board control system Accidental quasi satellites Edit Some objects are known to be accidental quasi satellites which means that they are not forced into the configuration by the gravitational influence of the body of which they are quasi satellites 14 The dwarf planets Ceres and Pluto are known to have accidental quasi satellites 14 In the case of Pluto the known accidental quasi satellite 15810 Arawn is like Pluto a plutino and is forced into this configuration by the gravitational influence of Neptune 14 This dynamical behavior is recurrent Arawn becomes a quasi satellite of Pluto every 2 4 Myr and remains in that configuration for nearly 350 000 years 14 15 16 See also EditArtificial satellite Natural satellite Temporary satellite Satellite system astronomy References Edit a b Connors Martin Chodas Paul Mikkola Seppo Wiegert Paul Veillet Christian Innanen Kimmo 2002 Discovery of an asteroid and quasi satellite in an Earth like horseshoe orbit Meteoritics amp Planetary Science 37 10 1435 1441 Bibcode 2002M amp PS 37 1435C doi 10 1111 j 1945 5100 2002 tb01039 x Mikkola S Brasser R Wiegert P Innanen K 2004 Asteroid 2002 VE68 a quasi satellite of Venus Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 351 3 L63 L65 Bibcode 2004MNRAS 351L 63M doi 10 1111 j 1365 2966 2004 07994 x Brasser R et al September 2004 Transient co orbital asteroids Icarus 171 1 102 109 Bibcode 2004Icar 171 102B doi 10 1016 j icarus 2004 04 019 Wajer Pawel October 2010 Dynamical evolution of Earth s quasi satellites 2004 GU9 and 2006 FV35 PDF Icarus 209 2 488 493 Bibcode 2010Icar 209 488W doi 10 1016 j icarus 2010 05 012 a b de la Fuente Marcos Carlos de la Fuente Marcos Raul 2016 From horseshoe to quasi satellite and back again The curious dynamics of Earth co orbital asteroid 2015 SO2 Astrophysics and Space Science 361 16 arXiv 1511 08360 Bibcode 2016Ap amp SS 361 16D doi 10 1007 s10509 015 2597 8 S2CID 189842725 de la Fuente Marcos Carlos de la Fuente Marcos Raul 2014 Asteroid 2014 OL339 Yet another Earth quasi satellite Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 445 3 2985 2994 arXiv 1409 5588 Bibcode 2014MNRAS 445 2961D doi 10 1093 mnras stu1978 Agle D C Brown Dwayne Cantillo Laurie 15 June 2016 Small asteroid is Earth s constant companion NASA Retrieved 15 June 2016 a b c de la Fuente Marcos Carlos de la Fuente Marcos Raul 2016 Asteroid 469219 2016 HO3 the smallest and closest Earth quasi satellite Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 462 4 3441 3456 arXiv 1608 01518 Bibcode 2016MNRAS 462 3441D doi 10 1093 mnras stw1972 Christou Apostolos A Asher David J 2011 A long lived horseshoe companion to the Earth Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 414 4 2965 2969 arXiv 1104 0036 Bibcode 2011MNRAS 414 2965C doi 10 1111 j 1365 2966 2011 18595 x S2CID 13832179 a b Small Asteroid is Earth s Constant Companion Jet Propulsion Laboratory a b de la Fuente Marcos Carlos de la Fuente Marcos Raul September 2012 309239 2007 RW10 a large temporary quasi satellite of Neptune Astronomy and Astrophysics Letters 545 L9 arXiv 1209 1577 Bibcode 2012A amp A 545L 9D doi 10 1051 0004 6361 201219931 S2CID 118374080 Wiegert P Innanen K 2000 The stability of quasi satellites in the outer solar system The Astronomical Journal 119 4 1978 1984 Bibcode 2000AJ 119 1978W doi 10 1086 301291 Green LM Zakharov AV Pichkhadze KM Chto my ishem na Fobose What we are looking for on Phobos in Russian Archived from the original on 2009 07 20 a b c d de la Fuente Marcos Carlos de la Fuente Marcos Raul 2012 Plutino 15810 1994 JR1 an accidental quasi satellite of Pluto Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters 427 1 L85 arXiv 1209 3116 Bibcode 2012MNRAS 427L 85D doi 10 1111 j 1745 3933 2012 01350 x S2CID 118570875 Pluto s fake moon Archived from the original on 2013 01 05 Retrieved 2012 09 24 de la Fuente Marcos Carlos de la Fuente Marcos Raul 2016 The analemma criterion accidental quasi satellites are indeed true quasi satellites Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 462 3 3344 3349 arXiv 1607 06686 Bibcode 2016MNRAS 462 3344D doi 10 1093 mnras stw1833 External links Edit nbsp Look up quasisatellite in Wiktionary the free dictionary Quasi satellite Information Page Astronomy com A new moon for Earth Discovery of the first quasi satellite of Venus University of Turku news release August 17 2004 Portals nbsp Astronomy nbsp Stars nbsp Spaceflight nbsp Outer space nbsp Solar System Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Quasi satellite amp oldid 1178633947, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
