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469219 Kamoʻoalewa

March 04, 2023

469219 Kamoʻoalewa (/kəˌmoʊʔoʊəˈlɛvə/),[6] provisionally designated 2016 HO3, is a very small asteroid, fast rotator and near-Earth object of the Apollo group, approximately 40–100 meters (130–330 feet) in diameter. At present it is a quasi-satellite of Earth, and currently the smallest, closest, and most stable known such quasi-satellite. The asteroid was discovered by Pan-STARRS at Haleakala Observatory on 27 April 2016. It was named Kamoʻoalewa, a Hawaiian word that refers to an oscillating celestial object.[1][2] The Earth-like orbit and lunar-like silicates may be a result of it being lunar ejecta.[7]

469219 Kamoʻoalewa
Orbit of Kamoʻoalewa in the inner Solar System
Discovery [1]
Discovered byPan-STARRS
Discovery siteHaleakala Observatory
Discovery date27 April 2016
Designations
(469219) 2016 HO3
Pronunciation/kəˌmoʊʔoʊəˈlɛvə/
Hawaiian: [kəˈmoʔowəˈlɛvə]
Named after
Kamoʻoalewa
("the oscillating fragment")
2016 HO3
Orbital characteristics [2]
Epoch 2022-Jan-21 (JD 2459600.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc17.16 yr (6,266 d)
Aphelion1.1042 AU
Perihelion0.8980 AU
1.0011 AU
Eccentricity0.1030
(885 wrt Earth)[a]
1.002 yr (365.9 d)
107.17°
0° 59m 2.4s / day
Inclination7.7889°
66.014°
305.66°
Earth MOID0.033 AU (13 LD)
Physical characteristics
Mean diameter
  • 0.041 km (calculated)[5]
  • 0.04–0.10 km[4]
0.467±0.008 h[b]
0.20 (assumed)[5]
S (assumed)[5]

Discovery and naming

Kamoʻoalewa was first spotted on 27 April 2016, by the Pan-STARRS 1 asteroid survey telescope on Haleakalā, Hawaii, that is operated by the University of Hawaii's Institute for Astronomy and funded by NASA's Planetary Defense Coordination Office.[1][4] The name Kamoʻoalewa is derived from the Hawaiian words ka 'the', moʻo 'fragment', referring to it being a piece broken off a larger object, a 'of', and lewa 'to oscillate', referring to its motion in the sky as viewed from Earth.[8][9] The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 April 2019 (M.P.C. 112435).[10]

Orbit and classification

Kamoʻoalewa orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.90–1.10 AU. Although the period as of 2022 is about 366 days, its longer-term average period is closer to 365 days since it is a quasi-satellite of Earth and will continue to be so for hundreds of years. Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic.[2] It has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.033 AU (4.9 million km) that translates into 13 lunar distances.[2] This distance is well outside of Earth's Hill sphere of 1.5 million km (3.9 LD).

Quasi-satellite of Earth

The oscillating path of asteroid Kamoʻoalewa viewed from Earth's perspective as it orbits around the Sun. The traced path of Kamoʻoalewa makes it appear as a constant companion of the Earth.

As it orbits the Sun, Kamoʻoalewa appears to circle (highly elliptically) around Earth as well. The object is beyond the Hill sphere of Earth and the Sun exerts a much stronger pull on it than Earth does. Although it is too distant to be considered a true natural satellite of Earth, it is the best and most stable example to date of a near-Earth companion, or quasi-satellite.[3]

Paul Chodas, manager of NASA's Center for Near-Earth Object (NEO) Studies at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, commented on the orbit:

"Since 2016 HO3 loops around our planet, but never ventures very far away as we both go around the Sun, we refer to it as a quasi-satellite of Earth. One other asteroid – 2003 YN107 – followed a similar orbital pattern for a while over 10 years ago, but it has since departed our vicinity. This new asteroid is much more locked onto us. Our calculations indicate 2016 HO3 has been a stable quasi-satellite of Earth for almost a century, and it will continue to follow this pattern as Earth's companion for centuries to come."[4]

In its yearly trek around the Sun, Kamoʻoalewa spends approximately half of the time closer to the Sun than Earth is (that is, the asteroid is inside the Earth's orbit) and passes ahead of our planet, and approximately half of the time farther away (crosses outside Earth's orbit), causing it to fall behind. Also, its orbit is tilted a little, causing it to bob up and then down once each year through Earth's orbital plane. In effect, this small asteroid is caught in a game of leap frog with Earth that will last for hundreds of years.[4]

Chodas explained how the asteroid's orbit also undergoes a slow, back-and-forth twist over multiple decades:

"The asteroid's loops around Earth drift a little ahead or behind from year to year, but when they drift too far forward or backward, Earth's gravity is just strong enough to reverse the drift and hold onto the asteroid so that it never wanders farther away than about 100 times the distance of the moon.[c] The same effect also prevents the asteroid from approaching much closer than about 38 times the distance of the moon. In effect, this small asteroid is caught in a little dance with Earth."[4]

In terms of orbit, it currently is the most stable among the quasi-satellites of Earth that have been discovered and will remain in that orbit for about the next 300 years.[7] The closest Earth approach was on 27 December 1923 at 12.4 million km (32 LD).[2] By late May 2369 the asteroid will be 2.0 AU (300 million km) from Earth.[11] The Earth-like orbit may be a result of it being lunar ejecta.[7]

Physical characteristics

The size of Kamoʻoalewa has not yet been firmly established, but it is approximately 40–100 m (130–330 ft).[4] Based on an assumed standard albedo for stony S-type asteroids of 0.20, its absolute magnitude of 24.3 corresponds to a 41 meters (135 ft) diameter.[5]

Photometric observations in April 2017 revealed that Kamoʻoalewa is a fast rotator. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 0.467 ± 0.008 hours (28.02 ± 0.48 minutes) and a brightness variation of 0.80±0.05 magnitude (U=2).[5][b]

In 2021, a comprehensive physical characterization of Kamoʻoalewa was conducted using the Large Binocular Telescope and the Lowell Discovery Telescope, which found that the asteroid is composed of lunar-like silicates and may be an impact fragment from the Moon.[7][12]

Proposed missions

During the 2017 Astrodynamics Specialist Conference held in Stevenson in the U.S. state of Washington, a team composed of graduate research assistants from the University of Colorado Boulder and the São Paulo State University (UNESP) was awarded for presenting a project denominated "Near-Earth Asteroid Characterization and Observation (NEACO) Mission to Asteroid (469219) 2016 HO3", providing the first baselines for the investigation of this celestial object using a spacecraft.[13][14][15] Recently, another version of this work was presented adopting different constraints in the dynamics.[16]

The China National Space Administration (CNSA) is planning a robotic mission that would return samples from Kamoʻoalewa.[17][18] This mission, Tianwen-2, is planned to launch in 2025.[19]

Gallery

Animation of the orbit of Kamoʻoalewa from 2000 to 2300
 
Relative to Sun and Earth
 
Around Earth
 
Around Sun
   Sun ·    Earth ·    469219 Kamo'oalewa
Animation of the orbit of Kamoʻoalewa from 1600 to 2500
 
Relative to Sun and Earth
 
Around Earth
 
Around Sun
   Sun ·    Earth ·    469219 Kamo'oalewa

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Computed with JPL Horizons using a geocentric solution. Ephemeris Type: Orbital Elements / Center: 500 / Time Span: 2022-Jan-21 (to match infobox epoch)
  2. ^ a b Exceptional rotation period of 0.467 ± 0.008 hours (28.02 ± 0.48 minutes) with a brightness amplitude of 0.80±0.05 mag, quality code = 2, (Reddy 2018).[5] Not yet listed on ADS (November 2017). Summary figures at the LCDB.[5]
  3. ^ For example on 2030-Jul-09, it will be 0.293 AU (114 LD) from Earth, but Earth's Hill sphere only has a radius of roughly 1.5 million km (3.9 LD). For comparison in 2022 Venus will be 103 LD from Earth.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "(469219) Kamoʻoalewa = 2016 HO3". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 469219 Kamoʻoalewa (2016 HO3)" (2021-05-13 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b de la Fuente Marcos, C.; de la Fuente Marcos, R. (November 2016). "Asteroid (469219) 2016 HO3, the smallest and closest Earth quasi-satellite". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 462 (4): 3441–3456. arXiv:1608.01518. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.462.3441D. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1972.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Agle, DC; Brown, Dwayne; Cantillo, Laurie (15 June 2016). "Small Asteroid Is Earth's Constant Companion". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h "LCDB Data for (469219)". MinorPlanet.Info — ALCDEF Query. Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  6. ^ "He Noiʻi Nowelo i ka ʻIke Kuʻuna Hawaiʻi o ka ʻŌnaeao". imiloahawaii.org. ʻImiloa Astronomy Center. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d Sharkey, Ben; Reddy, Vishnu; Malhotra, Renu; et al. (11 November 2021). "Lunar-like silicate material forms the Earth quasi-satellite (469219) 2016 HO3 Kamoʻoalewa". Communications Earth & Environment. Nature. 2 (231): 231. Bibcode:2021ComEE...2..231S. doi:10.1038/s43247-021-00303-7. S2CID 243985893.
  8. ^ "A Hua He Inoa". ʻImiloa Astronomy Center.
  9. ^ ulukau HAWAIIAN ELECTRONIC LIBRARY
  10. ^ "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
  11. ^ "Horizons Batch for May 2369 Geocentric distance". JPL Horizons. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  12. ^ Devlin, Hannah (11 November 2021). "Near-Earth asteroid is a fragment from the moon, say scientists". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  13. ^ Venigalla, C; Baresi, N; Aziz, J; Bercovici, B; Borderes Motta, G; Brack, D; Cardoso dos Santos, J; Dahir, A; Davis, A B; Smet, S D; et al. (2019). "Near-Earth Asteroid Characterization and Observation (NEACO) Mission to Asteroid (469219) 2016 HO3" (PDF). Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets. 56 (4): 1121–1136. Bibcode:2019JSpRo..56.1121V. doi:10.2514/1.A34268. S2CID 126452156. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  14. ^ Venigala, C; et al. (September–October 2017). "STUDENT DESIGN COMPETITION" (PDF). Space Times Magazine. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  15. ^ Cardoso dos Santos, J; Borderes Motta, G (March 2018). "Alunos da Unesp vencem competição internacional". UNESP Notícias (Portuguese). Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  16. ^ Venigalla, C; Baresi, N; Aziz, J; Bercovici, B; Brack, D; Dahir, A; Davis, A B; Smet, S D; et al. (February 2019). "Near-Earth Asteroid Characterization and Observation (NEACO) Mission to Asteroid (469219) 2016 HO3". Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets. 56 (4): 1121–1136. Bibcode:2019JSpRo..56.1121V. doi:10.2514/1.A34268. S2CID 126452156.
  17. ^ Gibney, Elizabeth (30 April 2019). "China plans mission to Earth's pet asteroid". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-01390-5. PMID 32346150. S2CID 155198626. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  18. ^ Zhang, Xiaojing; Huang, Jiangchuan; Wang, Tong; Huo, Zhuoxi (18–22 March 2019). ZhengHe – A Mission to a Near-Earth Asteroid and a Main Belt Comet (PDF). 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  19. ^ Jones, Andrew (30 June 2021). "China outlines space plans to 2025". SpaceNews. Retrieved 30 June 2021.

External links

  • Asteroid 2016 HO3 - Earth's Constant Companion NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 23 June 2016
  • Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info 16 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine)
  • 469219 Kamoʻoalewa at NeoDyS-2, Near Earth Objects—Dynamic Site
    • Ephemerides · Observation prediction · Orbital info · MOID · Proper elements · Observational info · Close approaches · Physical info · Orbit animation
  • 469219 Kamoʻoalewa at ESA–space situational awareness
    • Ephemerides · Observations · Orbit · Physical properties · Summary
  • 469219 Kamoʻoalewa at the JPL Small-Body Database  
    • Close approach · Discovery · Ephemeris · Orbit diagram · Orbital elements · Physical parameters

March 04, 2023
469219, kamoʻoalewa, provisionally, designated, 2016, very, small, asteroid, fast, rotator, near, earth, object, apollo, group, approximately, meters, feet, diameter, present, quasi, satellite, earth, currently, smallest, closest, most, stable, known, such, qu. 469219 Kamoʻoalewa k e ˌ m oʊ ʔ oʊ e ˈ l ɛ v e 6 provisionally designated 2016 HO3 is a very small asteroid fast rotator and near Earth object of the Apollo group approximately 40 100 meters 130 330 feet in diameter At present it is a quasi satellite of Earth and currently the smallest closest and most stable known such quasi satellite The asteroid was discovered by Pan STARRS at Haleakala Observatory on 27 April 2016 It was named Kamoʻoalewa a Hawaiian word that refers to an oscillating celestial object 1 2 The Earth like orbit and lunar like silicates may be a result of it being lunar ejecta 7 469219 KamoʻoalewaOrbit of Kamoʻoalewa in the inner Solar SystemDiscovery 1 Discovered byPan STARRSDiscovery siteHaleakala ObservatoryDiscovery date27 April 2016DesignationsMPC designation 469219 2016 HO3Pronunciation k e ˌ m oʊ ʔ oʊ e ˈ l ɛ v e Hawaiian keˈmoʔoweˈlɛve Named afterKamoʻoalewa the oscillating fragment Alternative designations2016 HO3Minor planet categoryNEOApollo 2 1 Earth quasi satellite 3 4 Orbital characteristics 2 Epoch 2022 Jan 21 JD 2459600 5 Uncertainty parameter 0Observation arc17 16 yr 6 266 d Aphelion1 1042 AUPerihelion0 8980 AUSemi major axis1 0011 AUEccentricity0 1030 885 wrt Earth a Orbital period sidereal 1 002 yr 365 9 d Mean anomaly107 17 Mean motion0 59m 2 4s dayInclination7 7889 Longitude of ascending node66 014 Argument of perihelion305 66 Earth MOID0 033 AU 13 LD Physical characteristicsMean diameter0 041 km calculated 5 0 04 0 10 km 4 Synodic rotation period0 467 0 008 h b Geometric albedo0 20 assumed 5 Spectral typeS assumed 5 Absolute magnitude H 24 2 2 24 3 1 5 Contents 1 Discovery and naming 2 Orbit and classification 2 1 Quasi satellite of Earth 3 Physical characteristics 4 Proposed missions 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External linksDiscovery and naming EditKamoʻoalewa was first spotted on 27 April 2016 by the Pan STARRS 1 asteroid survey telescope on Haleakala Hawaii that is operated by the University of Hawaii s Institute for Astronomy and funded by NASA s Planetary Defense Coordination Office 1 4 The name Kamoʻoalewa is derived from the Hawaiian words ka the moʻo fragment referring to it being a piece broken off a larger object a of and lewa to oscillate referring to its motion in the sky as viewed from Earth 8 9 The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 April 2019 M P C 112435 10 Orbit and classification EditKamoʻoalewa orbits the Sun at a distance of 0 90 1 10 AU Although the period as of 2022 is about 366 days its longer term average period is closer to 365 days since it is a quasi satellite of Earth and will continue to be so for hundreds of years Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0 10 and an inclination of 8 with respect to the ecliptic 2 It has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0 033 AU 4 9 million km that translates into 13 lunar distances 2 This distance is well outside of Earth s Hill sphere of 1 5 million km 3 9 LD Quasi satellite of Earth Edit source source source source source source source source source source The oscillating path of asteroid Kamoʻoalewa viewed from Earth s perspective as it orbits around the Sun The traced path of Kamoʻoalewa makes it appear as a constant companion of the Earth As it orbits the Sun Kamoʻoalewa appears to circle highly elliptically around Earth as well The object is beyond the Hill sphere of Earth and the Sun exerts a much stronger pull on it than Earth does Although it is too distant to be considered a true natural satellite of Earth it is the best and most stable example to date of a near Earth companion or quasi satellite 3 Paul Chodas manager of NASA s Center for Near Earth Object NEO Studies at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena California commented on the orbit Since 2016 HO3 loops around our planet but never ventures very far away as we both go around the Sun we refer to it as a quasi satellite of Earth One other asteroid 2003 YN107 followed a similar orbital pattern for a while over 10 years ago but it has since departed our vicinity This new asteroid is much more locked onto us Our calculations indicate 2016 HO3 has been a stable quasi satellite of Earth for almost a century and it will continue to follow this pattern as Earth s companion for centuries to come 4 In its yearly trek around the Sun Kamoʻoalewa spends approximately half of the time closer to the Sun than Earth is that is the asteroid is inside the Earth s orbit and passes ahead of our planet and approximately half of the time farther away crosses outside Earth s orbit causing it to fall behind Also its orbit is tilted a little causing it to bob up and then down once each year through Earth s orbital plane In effect this small asteroid is caught in a game of leap frog with Earth that will last for hundreds of years 4 Chodas explained how the asteroid s orbit also undergoes a slow back and forth twist over multiple decades The asteroid s loops around Earth drift a little ahead or behind from year to year but when they drift too far forward or backward Earth s gravity is just strong enough to reverse the drift and hold onto the asteroid so that it never wanders farther away than about 100 times the distance of the moon c The same effect also prevents the asteroid from approaching much closer than about 38 times the distance of the moon In effect this small asteroid is caught in a little dance with Earth 4 In terms of orbit it currently is the most stable among the quasi satellites of Earth that have been discovered and will remain in that orbit for about the next 300 years 7 The closest Earth approach was on 27 December 1923 at 12 4 million km 32 LD 2 By late May 2369 the asteroid will be 2 0 AU 300 million km from Earth 11 The Earth like orbit may be a result of it being lunar ejecta 7 Physical characteristics EditThe size of Kamoʻoalewa has not yet been firmly established but it is approximately 40 100 m 130 330 ft 4 Based on an assumed standard albedo for stony S type asteroids of 0 20 its absolute magnitude of 24 3 corresponds to a 41 meters 135 ft diameter 5 Photometric observations in April 2017 revealed that Kamoʻoalewa is a fast rotator Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 0 467 0 008 hours 28 02 0 48 minutes and a brightness variation of 0 80 0 05 magnitude U 2 5 b In 2021 a comprehensive physical characterization of Kamoʻoalewa was conducted using the Large Binocular Telescope and the Lowell Discovery Telescope which found that the asteroid is composed of lunar like silicates and may be an impact fragment from the Moon 7 12 Proposed missions EditDuring the 2017 Astrodynamics Specialist Conference held in Stevenson in the U S state of Washington a team composed of graduate research assistants from the University of Colorado Boulder and the Sao Paulo State University UNESP was awarded for presenting a project denominated Near Earth Asteroid Characterization and Observation NEACO Mission to Asteroid 469219 2016 HO3 providing the first baselines for the investigation of this celestial object using a spacecraft 13 14 15 Recently another version of this work was presented adopting different constraints in the dynamics 16 The China National Space Administration CNSA is planning a robotic mission that would return samples from Kamoʻoalewa 17 18 This mission Tianwen 2 is planned to launch in 2025 19 Gallery EditAnimation of the orbit of Kamoʻoalewa from 2000 to 2300 Relative to Sun and Earth Around Earth Around Sun Sun Earth 469219 Kamo oalewa Animation of the orbit of Kamoʻoalewa from 1600 to 2500 Relative to Sun and Earth Around Earth Around Sun Sun Earth 469219 Kamo oalewaSee also EditArjuna asteroid Natural satellite Quasi satellite 3753 Cruithne 6Q0B44E 2001 GO2 2002 AA29 2003 YN107 2006 JY26 2006 RH120 2012 FC71 2013 BS45 419624 2010 SO16 436724 2011 UW158 2002 VE68 a quasi satellite of Venus and the first quasi satellite discovered around any major planetNotes Edit Computed with JPL Horizons using a geocentric solution Ephemeris Type Orbital Elements Center 500 Time Span 2022 Jan 21 to match infobox epoch a b Exceptional rotation period of 0 467 0 008 hours 28 02 0 48 minutes with a brightness amplitude of 0 80 0 05 mag quality code 2 Reddy 2018 5 Not yet listed on ADS November 2017 Summary figures at the LCDB 5 For example on 2030 Jul 09 it will be 0 293 AU 114 LD from Earth but Earth s Hill sphere only has a radius of roughly 1 5 million km 3 9 LD For comparison in 2022 Venus will be 103 LD from Earth References Edit a b c d e 469219 Kamoʻoalewa 2016 HO3 Minor Planet Center Retrieved 9 April 2019 a b c d e f g JPL Small Body Database Browser 469219 Kamoʻoalewa 2016 HO3 2021 05 13 last obs Jet Propulsion Laboratory Retrieved 14 November 2021 a b de la Fuente Marcos C de la Fuente Marcos R November 2016 Asteroid 469219 2016 HO3 the smallest and closest Earth quasi satellite Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 462 4 3441 3456 arXiv 1608 01518 Bibcode 2016MNRAS 462 3441D doi 10 1093 mnras stw1972 a b c d e f g Agle DC Brown Dwayne Cantillo Laurie 15 June 2016 Small Asteroid Is Earth s Constant Companion Jet Propulsion Laboratory Retrieved 19 November 2017 a b c d e f g h LCDB Data for 469219 MinorPlanet Info ALCDEF Query Asteroid Lightcurve Database LCDB Retrieved 19 November 2017 He Noiʻi Nowelo i ka ʻIke Kuʻuna Hawaiʻi o ka ʻŌnaeao imiloahawaii org ʻImiloa Astronomy Center Retrieved 13 October 2019 a b c d Sharkey Ben Reddy Vishnu Malhotra Renu et al 11 November 2021 Lunar like silicate material forms the Earth quasi satellite 469219 2016 HO3 Kamoʻoalewa Communications Earth amp Environment Nature 2 231 231 Bibcode 2021ComEE 2 231S doi 10 1038 s43247 021 00303 7 S2CID 243985893 A Hua He Inoa ʻImiloa Astronomy Center ulukau HAWAIIAN ELECTRONIC LIBRARY MPC MPO MPS Archive Minor Planet Center Retrieved 9 April 2019 Horizons Batch for May 2369 Geocentric distance JPL Horizons Retrieved 17 November 2021 Devlin Hannah 11 November 2021 Near Earth asteroid is a fragment from the moon say scientists The Guardian Retrieved 11 November 2021 Venigalla C Baresi N Aziz J Bercovici B Borderes Motta G Brack D Cardoso dos Santos J Dahir A Davis A B Smet S D et al 2019 Near Earth Asteroid Characterization and Observation NEACO Mission to Asteroid 469219 2016 HO3 PDF Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 56 4 1121 1136 Bibcode 2019JSpRo 56 1121V doi 10 2514 1 A34268 S2CID 126452156 Retrieved 11 November 2019 Venigala C et al September October 2017 STUDENT DESIGN COMPETITION PDF Space Times Magazine Retrieved 11 November 2019 Cardoso dos Santos J Borderes Motta G March 2018 Alunos da Unesp vencem competicao internacional UNESP Noticias Portuguese Retrieved 11 November 2019 Venigalla C Baresi N Aziz J Bercovici B Brack D Dahir A Davis A B Smet S D et al February 2019 Near Earth Asteroid Characterization and Observation NEACO Mission to Asteroid 469219 2016 HO3 Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 56 4 1121 1136 Bibcode 2019JSpRo 56 1121V doi 10 2514 1 A34268 S2CID 126452156 Gibney Elizabeth 30 April 2019 China plans mission to Earth s pet asteroid Nature doi 10 1038 d41586 019 01390 5 PMID 32346150 S2CID 155198626 Retrieved 30 April 2019 Zhang Xiaojing Huang Jiangchuan Wang Tong Huo Zhuoxi 18 22 March 2019 ZhengHe A Mission to a Near Earth Asteroid and a Main Belt Comet PDF 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Retrieved 20 June 2019 Jones Andrew 30 June 2021 China outlines space plans to 2025 SpaceNews Retrieved 30 June 2021 External links EditAsteroid 2016 HO3 Earth s Constant Companion NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory 23 June 2016 Asteroid Lightcurve Database LCDB query form info Archived 16 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine 469219 Kamoʻoalewa at NeoDyS 2 Near Earth Objects Dynamic Site Ephemerides Observation prediction Orbital info MOID Proper elements Observational info Close approaches Physical info Orbit animation 469219 Kamoʻoalewa at ESA space situational awareness Ephemerides Observations Orbit Physical properties Summary 469219 Kamoʻoalewa at the JPL Small Body Database Close approach Discovery Ephemeris Orbit diagram Orbital elements Physical parameters Portals Astronomy Solar System Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 469219 Kamoʻoalewa amp oldid 1139837807, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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