A quadriga is a car or chariot drawn by four horses abreast and favoured for chariot racing in Classical Antiquity and the Roman Empire. The word derives from the Latinquadrigae, a contraction of quadriiugae, from quadri-: four, and iugum: yoke. In Latin the word quadrigae is almost always used in the plural[1] and usually refers to the team of four horses rather than the chariot they pull.[2] In Greek, a four-horse chariot was known as τέθριππονtéthrippon.[3]
The four-horse abreast arrangement in a quadriga is distinct from the more common four-in-hand array of two horses in the front and two horses in the back.
Quadrigas were emblems of triumph; Victory or Fame often are depicted as the triumphant woman driving it. In classical mythology, the quadriga is the chariot of the gods; the god of the SunHelios (often identified with Apollo, the god of light) was depicted driving his quadriga across the heavens, delivering daylight and dispersing the night.[5]
Genesis 41:42–43: "And Pharaoh … made him to ride in the second chariot which he had; and they cried before him, bow the knee: and he made him ruler over all the land of Egypt." (miniature from the Paris Gregory, a 9th-century Greek manuscript, Bibliothèque nationale de France)
Modern sculptural quadrigas are based on the four bronze Horses of Saint Mark or the "Triumphal Quadriga", a set of equine Roman or Greek sculptures, the only representation of a quadriga to survive from the classical world, and the pattern for all that follow.[6][need quotation to verify] Their age is disputed. Originally erected in the Hippodrome of Constantinople, possibly on a triumphal arch, they are now in St Mark's Basilica in Venice. Venetian Crusaders looted these sculptures in the Fourth Crusade (which dates them to at least 1204) and placed them on the terrace of St Mark's Basilica. In 1797, Napoleon carried the quadriga off to Paris but they were returned after Napoleon's fall. Due to the effects of atmospheric pollution, the original quadriga was retired to a museum and replaced with a replica in the 1980s.
Though quadrigae were usually drawn by horses, occasionally, other animals or mythological creatures were employed in spectacles and in art. Elephants were sometimes used to draw quadrigae in the Roman imperial period, and more frequently elephant quadrigae were depicted on coins and other official images. In art and sculpture, quadrigae ridden in by the gods were appropriate to their characters; Neptune's quadriga was drawn, for example, by hippocampi (mythological sea-horses).
c. 1815 – The Carrousel quadriga is situated atop the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel in Paris, France. The arch itself was built to commemorate the victories of Napoleon, but the quadriga was sculpted by Baron François Joseph Bosio to commemorate the Restoration of the Bourbons. The restoration is represented by an allegorical goddess driving a quadriga, with gilded Victories accompanying it on each side.
c. 1852 – The Siegestor (Victory Gate) in Munich is topped by a lion quadriga created by Martin von Wagner.
1868 – The quadriga on the ducal palace in Braunschweig was destroyed in 1944 during the Second World War. It was reconstructed in 2008 and is considered the largest one in Europe.
1888 – Quadriga de l'Aurora as part of the Font de la cascada that is in Parc de la Ciutadella, Barcelona. Erected by Josep Fontserè (with possible contributions by the young Antoni Gaudí).
1912 – The Wellington Arch Quadriga is situated atop the Wellington Arch in London, England. It was designed by Adrian Jones. The sculpture shows a small boy (actually the son of Lord Michelham, the man who funded the sculpture) leading the quadriga, with Peace descending upon it from heaven.
1919–1923 – The former Banco di Bilbao headquarters at no. 16 Calle de Alcalá in Madrid, now part of Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, features two quadrigas on a commercial building. The building was designed by Ricardo Bastida, with the sculptor of the chariot Higinio Basterras, and other sculptures by Quentin de la Torre. The charioteers are helmeted men standing on the handrails of the chariots. Height to plinth: about 87 feet (27 meters).
2002 – The Warsaw's Grand Theatre features a quadriga reflecting the original Antonio Corazzi's 1833 plans for the building, but not commissioned and executed until 2002.
^ Annual Report of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society to the Legislature of the State of New York, Volume 18, by American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, 1913, page 344
^"A Point of View: The European dream has become a nightmare". BBC News. 18 May 2012.
^Brandenburg Gate. February 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Berlin – Offizielles Stadtportal der Hauptstadt Deutschlands – Berlin.de.
^"World's Columbian Exposition : Photographic Archive : The University of Chicago".
^Sprague, Elmer, Brooklyn Public Monuments: Sculpture for Civic Memory and Urban Pride, Dog Ear Publishing, Indianapolis, IN, 2008 p. 76
^Rhind, John Massey; Scott, John (31 May 2018). "Victory and Progress" – via siris-artinventories.si.edu Library Catalog.
quadriga, other, uses, disambiguation, quadriga, chariot, drawn, four, horses, abreast, favoured, chariot, racing, classical, antiquity, roman, empire, word, derives, from, latin, quadrigae, contraction, quadriiugae, from, quadri, four, iugum, yoke, latin, wor. For other uses see Quadriga disambiguation A quadriga is a car or chariot drawn by four horses abreast and favoured for chariot racing in Classical Antiquity and the Roman Empire The word derives from the Latin quadrigae a contraction of quadriiugae from quadri four and iugum yoke In Latin the word quadrigae is almost always used in the plural 1 and usually refers to the team of four horses rather than the chariot they pull 2 In Greek a four horse chariot was known as te8rippon tethrippon 3 Horses of Saint Mark in VeniceThe four horse abreast arrangement in a quadriga is distinct from the more common four in hand array of two horses in the front and two horses in the back Quadrigae were raced in the Ancient Olympic Games and other contests They are represented in profile pulling the chariot of gods and heroes on Greek vases and in bas relief During the festival of the Halieia the ancient Rhodians would sacrifice a quadriga chariot by throwing it into the sea 4 The quadriga was adopted in ancient Roman chariot racing Quadrigas were emblems of triumph Victory or Fame often are depicted as the triumphant woman driving it In classical mythology the quadriga is the chariot of the gods the god of the Sun Helios often identified with Apollo the god of light was depicted driving his quadriga across the heavens delivering daylight and dispersing the night 5 Marcus Aurelius celebrating his Roman triumph in 176 AD over the enemies of the Marcomannic Wars from his now destroyed triumphal arch in Rome Capitoline Museums 176 180 ADContents 1 Classical sculpture 2 Variations 3 Modern quadrigas 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksClassical sculpture edit nbsp Genesis 41 42 43 And Pharaoh made him to ride in the second chariot which he had and they cried before him bow the knee and he made him ruler over all the land of Egypt miniature from the Paris Gregory a 9th century Greek manuscript Bibliotheque nationale de France Main article Horses of Saint Mark Modern sculptural quadrigas are based on the four bronze Horses of Saint Mark or the Triumphal Quadriga a set of equine Roman or Greek sculptures the only representation of a quadriga to survive from the classical world and the pattern for all that follow 6 need quotation to verify Their age is disputed Originally erected in the Hippodrome of Constantinople possibly on a triumphal arch they are now in St Mark s Basilica in Venice Venetian Crusaders looted these sculptures in the Fourth Crusade which dates them to at least 1204 and placed them on the terrace of St Mark s Basilica In 1797 Napoleon carried the quadriga off to Paris but they were returned after Napoleon s fall Due to the effects of atmospheric pollution the original quadriga was retired to a museum and replaced with a replica in the 1980s Quadrigae also appear on the frieze of the Libyco Punic Mausoleum of Dougga which dates to the 2nd century BC nbsp Helios in his chariot early 4th century BC Athena s temple Ilion nbsp A Lucanian fresco from Paestum depicting a quadriga 4th century BC nbsp Frieze on the 2nd century BC Libyco Punic Mausoleum of Dougga nbsp Jupiter and Minerva riding a quadriga drawn by pegasi on a 4th century BC gold Etruscan bulla Museo Gregoriano Etrusco nbsp Relief of a quadriga of Sun god Surya at Bodh Gaya India nbsp Apollo as the Sun god cast of the sarcofago matti c 220 AD Museum of Roman Civilization nbsp Detail from a plaster cast of the late 4th century so called Sarcophagus of Stilicho Museum of Roman Civilization nbsp 11th century rook from Southern Italy in the form of Charlemagne in a quadriga from the Charlemagne chessmen Cabinet des Medailles Variations editThough quadrigae were usually drawn by horses occasionally other animals or mythological creatures were employed in spectacles and in art Elephants were sometimes used to draw quadrigae in the Roman imperial period and more frequently elephant quadrigae were depicted on coins and other official images In art and sculpture quadrigae ridden in by the gods were appropriate to their characters Neptune s quadriga was drawn for example by hippocampi mythological sea horses nbsp The triumph of Neptune and Venus in a quadriga drawn by hippocampi in a mosaic from Utica in Africa Bardo National Museum nbsp Venus riding in a quadriga drawn by elephants 1st century AD fresco from Pompeii nbsp Medallion of the co augusti Diocletian and Maximian r 285 305 riding in a quadriga drawn by elephants and crowned by Victory nbsp Cybele and Attis riding on a quadriga drawn by lions on the 4th century Parabiago plate Archaeological Museum of Milan nbsp Buddy Bear Quadriga in Berlin Kurfurstendamm 21Modern quadrigas editSome of the most significant full size free standing sculptures of quadrigas include in approximate chronological order 1793 The Berlin Quadriga was designed by Johann Gottfried Schadow in 1793 as the Quadriga of Victory perhaps 7 as a symbol of peace represented by the olive wreath carried by Victory Located atop the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin Germany it was seized by Napoleon during his occupation of Berlin in 1806 and taken to Paris It was returned to Berlin by Field Marshal Gebhard von Blucher in 1814 Her olive wreath was subsequently supplemented with an Iron Cross The statue suffered severe damage during the Second World War and the association of the Iron Cross with Prussian militarism convinced the Communist government of East Germany to remove this aspect of the statue after the war The iron cross was restored after German reunification in 1990 8 c 1815 The Carrousel quadriga is situated atop the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel in Paris France The arch itself was built to commemorate the victories of Napoleon but the quadriga was sculpted by Baron Francois Joseph Bosio to commemorate the Restoration of the Bourbons The restoration is represented by an allegorical goddess driving a quadriga with gilded Victories accompanying it on each side 1819 1829 The quadriga on the General Staff Building on the Palace Square in Saint Petersburg 1828 1832 The quadriga on the Alexandrinsky Theater in Saint Petersburg c 1841 The Panther Quadriga on the Semperoper in Dresden 1845 1848 The quadriga on top of Thorvaldsen Museum in Copenhagen by Herman Wilhelm Bissen and Stephan Ussing nbsp The quadriga driven by Apollo a sculptural composition on the pediment of the Bolshoi Theatre Moscowc 1850 The quadriga on the Bolshoi above the portico of the Bolshoi Theatre designed by sculptor Peter Clodt von Jurgensburg c 1852 The Siegestor Victory Gate in Munich is topped by a lion quadriga created by Martin von Wagner 1868 The quadriga on the ducal palace in Braunschweig was destroyed in 1944 during the Second World War It was reconstructed in 2008 and is considered the largest one in Europe 1888 Quadriga de l Aurora as part of the Font de la cascada that is in Parc de la Ciutadella Barcelona Erected by Josep Fontsere with possible contributions by the young Antoni Gaudi 1893 Columbus Quadriga atop the Peristyle Building World s Columbian Exposition Daniel Chester French sculpture 9 1895 The quadriga of Brabant situated on top from Parc du Cinquantenaire 1880 1905 constructed for the 50 years of Belgian Independence in Brussels Belgium was built by Thomas Vincotte and Jules Lagae c 1898 Atop Soldiers and Sailors Arch at Grand Army Plaza in Brooklyn New York lady Columbia an allegorical representation of the United States rides in a chariot drawn by two horses Two winged Victory figures each leading a horse trumpet Columbia s arrival The sculptor was Frederick William MacMonnies 10 c 1900 Two quadrigas on the Grand Palais in Paris the work of French sculptor Georges Recipon 1904 11 Victory and Progress horse drawn chariots by J Massey Rhind on the Wayne County Building in Detroit Michigan though each of the two chariots is drawn by three instead of the customary four horses nbsp Progress of the State1906 Progress of the State at the Minnesota State Capitol is unique for being entirely covered in gold leaf and is situated above a building entrance rather than a triumphal arch It was sculpted by Daniel Chester French and Edward Clark Potter 12 1911 1935 The Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II Monument of Victor Emmanuel II or Altare della Patria Altar of the Nation or Il Vittoriano in Rome Italy features two statues of goddess Victoria riding on quadrigas 1912 The Wellington Arch Quadriga is situated atop the Wellington Arch in London England It was designed by Adrian Jones The sculpture shows a small boy actually the son of Lord Michelham the man who funded the sculpture leading the quadriga with Peace descending upon it from heaven 1919 1923 The former Banco di Bilbao headquarters at no 16 Calle de Alcala in Madrid now part of Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria features two quadrigas on a commercial building The building was designed by Ricardo Bastida with the sculptor of the chariot Higinio Basterras and other sculptures by Quentin de la Torre The charioteers are helmeted men standing on the handrails of the chariots Height to plinth about 87 feet 27 meters 1926 The Palace of Justice in Rome seat of the modern Supreme Court of Cassation features a bronze quadriga by sculptor Ettore Ximenes 2002 The Warsaw s Grand Theatre features a quadriga reflecting the original Antonio Corazzi s 1833 plans for the building but not commissioned and executed until 2002 Gallery edit nbsp Brandenburg Gate Quadriga at night nbsp The Quadriga dell Unita at Vittoriano Rome nbsp Quadriga Wellington Arch London nbsp Brabant Raising the National Flag or Quadriga of Brabant Parc du Cinquantenaire Brussels nbsp Quadriga Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel Paris nbsp Quadriga Grand Theatre Warsaw nbsp A quadriga sculpted by Peter Clodt von Jurgensburg at Bolshoi Theater nbsp Quadriga by Daniel Chester French World s Columbian Exposition 1893 nbsp Daniel Chester French and Edward Clark Potter Minnesota State Capitol 1905 nbsp The Seiugae of the Arch of Peace in Milan nbsp Quadriga in the Parc de la Ciutadella in Barcelona nbsp Wayne County Building Detroit Michigan by J Massey RhindSee also editHorses of Saint Mark in Venice remnants of a quadriga of Constantinople taken by Enrico Dandolo Biga the ancient two horse chariot Trigarium triga Troika Coach carriage References edit According to Aulus Gellius 19 8 Julius Caesar considered it incorrect to use the word in the singular Lewis and Short Latin Dictionary s v quadrigae Liddell Scott Jones Greek Lexicon s v te8rippos Farnell Lewis The Cults of the Greek States Vol IV Cambridge University Press 2010 ISBN 978 1 108 01546 2 p 20 note b Smith s v Helios Annual Report of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society to the Legislature of the State of New York Volume 18 by American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society 1913 page 344 A Point of View The European dream has become a nightmare BBC News 18 May 2012 Brandenburg Gate Archived February 24 2008 at the Wayback Machine Berlin Offizielles Stadtportal der Hauptstadt Deutschlands Berlin de World s Columbian Exposition Photographic Archive The University of Chicago Sprague Elmer Brooklyn Public Monuments Sculpture for Civic Memory and Urban Pride Dog Ear Publishing Indianapolis IN 2008 p 76 Rhind John Massey Scott John 31 May 2018 Victory and Progress via siris artinventories si edu Library Catalog Historic Adventures mnhs org nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quadriga External links editChisholm Hugh ed 1911 Quadriga Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed Cambridge University Press Quadriga Encyclopaedia Romana University of Chicago Quadriga in German Berlin de Brandenburger Tor Pariser Platz Quadriga Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Quadriga amp oldid 1184242955, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
