Mahammad was a nephew of Bayram Khwaja and one of his main supporters.[1] He served Jalayirid sultan Uways and suppressed Khwaja Marjan's rebellion (governor of Baghdad) for him, installing his uncle Murad as governor of Baghdad. However, their relations deteriorated soon after.
Uways captured Baghdad from Murad in 1364 and advanced to fight Bayram and Qara Mahammad's armies in Muş. Together they conquered Mosul, Erciş, Mayafariqin and Van. New Jalayirid sultan Hussain moved against Muhammad and attacked Erciş, his new base. Despite Bayram Khwaja's help, Qara Qoyunlus suffered heavy casualties and were captured. Hussain too was deposed soon by Ahmad Jalayir, who invaded Tabriz with the assistance of Shirvanshah Hushang (although Minorsky noted a certain Hamza who was a son of Farrukh Yassar being his supporter, it's chronologically impossible).[2]
Ahmad's other brothers, Shaikh Ali and Pir Ali Barik, opposed him. Husain's former amir, Adil Aqa, had Bayazid proclaimed sultan in Soltaniyeh, while Shaikh Ali prepared to leave Baghdad and march on Tabriz. To secure his position, Ahmad requested the assistance of Qara Mahammad. Shaikh Ali fell in battle against the Qara Yusuf on September 1382. Pir Ali was also killed in 1383.
In 1383, Ahmad wed a Jalayirid princess to Qara Muhammad and himself married to a daughter of Qara Muhammad. Some time later, Ahmad ordered Mahammad to migrate to Baghdad with his horde, while Mahammad went to Azerbaijan, later campaigning in Georgia. Jalayirids used this opportunity to massacre Qara Qoyunlus staying in Azerbaijan, which forced Qara Muhammad to fall back to Erciş.
He invaded Mardin in 1384 and received submission of its Artuqid ruler Mejdeddin Isa al-Zahir (1376-1407).
Qara Muhammad faced Timur's expeditions four times and successfully evaded them.[clarification needed] A Timurid emir, Lala Khwaja, was killed in third expedition by Qara Yusuf.[2]
In 1389, he also aided Beylik of Erzincan against Ak Koyunlu and Eretna. However, he was killed in April 1389 by revolting emir Pir Hasan.
^ abMinorsky, V. (1955). "The Qara-Qoyunlu And The Qutb-Shahs". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 17 (1): 50–73. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00106342. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 162273460.
^Faruk Sümer, Karakoyunlular, Ankara 1984, pp. 57 (in Turkish)
^Fazil., Fărzălibăi̐li, Shaḣin (1995). Azărbai̐jan vă osmanly imperii̐asy. Baky: ADN. p. 14. ISBN5552013980. OCLC 39091665.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Binbaş, İlker Evrim (2013). "The Anatomy of a Regicide Attempt: Shāhrukh, the Ḥurūfīs, and the Timurid Intellectuals in 830/1426–27". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 23 (3): 391–428. doi:10.1017/S1356186313000278. ISSN 1356-1863. S2CID 154570070.
September 09, 2023
qara, mahammad, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, september, . This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Qara Mahammad news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message Qara Mahammad Toremish Azerbaijani قارا محمد was a bey of Qara Qoyunlu and father of Qara Yusuf Qara MahammadSeal of Qara Muhammad Created in western Iran in the second half of the 14th century out of green chalcedony and inscribed in thuluth scriptBey of Qara QoyunluReign1380 1389PredecessorBayram KhwajaSuccessorQara YusufDiedApril 1389DynastyQara QoyunluFatherQara DursunLife EditMahammad was a nephew of Bayram Khwaja and one of his main supporters 1 He served Jalayirid sultan Uways and suppressed Khwaja Marjan s rebellion governor of Baghdad for him installing his uncle Murad as governor of Baghdad However their relations deteriorated soon after Uways captured Baghdad from Murad in 1364 and advanced to fight Bayram and Qara Mahammad s armies in Mus Together they conquered Mosul Ercis Mayafariqin and Van New Jalayirid sultan Hussain moved against Muhammad and attacked Ercis his new base Despite Bayram Khwaja s help Qara Qoyunlus suffered heavy casualties and were captured Hussain too was deposed soon by Ahmad Jalayir who invaded Tabriz with the assistance of Shirvanshah Hushang although Minorsky noted a certain Hamza who was a son of Farrukh Yassar being his supporter it s chronologically impossible 2 Ahmad s other brothers Shaikh Ali and Pir Ali Barik opposed him Husain s former amir Adil Aqa had Bayazid proclaimed sultan in Soltaniyeh while Shaikh Ali prepared to leave Baghdad and march on Tabriz To secure his position Ahmad requested the assistance of Qara Mahammad Shaikh Ali fell in battle against the Qara Yusuf on September 1382 Pir Ali was also killed in 1383 In 1383 Ahmad wed a Jalayirid princess to Qara Muhammad and himself married to a daughter of Qara Muhammad Some time later Ahmad ordered Mahammad to migrate to Baghdad with his horde while Mahammad went to Azerbaijan later campaigning in Georgia Jalayirids used this opportunity to massacre Qara Qoyunlus staying in Azerbaijan which forced Qara Muhammad to fall back to Ercis He invaded Mardin in 1384 and received submission of its Artuqid ruler Mejdeddin Isa al Zahir 1376 1407 Qara Muhammad faced Timur s expeditions four times and successfully evaded them clarification needed A Timurid emir Lala Khwaja was killed in third expedition by Qara Yusuf 2 In 1389 he also aided Beylik of Erzincan against Ak Koyunlu and Eretna However he was killed in April 1389 by revolting emir Pir Hasan Family EditBayram k April 1389 by Pir Hasan Qara Yusuf Khwaja Misr imprisoned by Timur in Avnik taken to Samarqand in 1394 3 Mirza Ali beg Zeynal beg Qazan beg stole treasury first fled to Avnik 4 then entered to Timurid service 5 References Edit Tarikhi Turkmaniyya fol 24b Ethe 573 a b Minorsky V 1955 The Qara Qoyunlu And The Qutb Shahs Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 17 1 50 73 doi 10 1017 s0041977x00106342 ISSN 0041 977X S2CID 162273460 Faruk Sumer Karakoyunlular Ankara 1984 pp 57 in Turkish Fazil Fărzălibăi li Shaḣin 1995 Azărbai jan vă osmanly imperii asy Baky ADN p 14 ISBN 5552013980 OCLC 39091665 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Binbas Ilker Evrim 2013 The Anatomy of a Regicide Attempt Shahrukh the Ḥurufis and the Timurid Intellectuals in 830 1426 27 Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 23 3 391 428 doi 10 1017 S1356186313000278 ISSN 1356 1863 S2CID 154570070 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Qara Mahammad amp oldid 1171434479, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
