PyTorch
PyTorch is a machine learning library based on the Torch library,[4][5][6] used for applications such as computer vision and natural language processing,[7] originally developed by Meta AI and now part of the Linux Foundation umbrella.[8][9][10][11] It is recognized as one of the two most popular machine learning libraries alongside TensorFlow, offering free and open-source software released under the modified BSD license. Although the Python interface is more polished and the primary focus of development, PyTorch also has a C++ interface.[12]
| Original author(s) |
|
|---|---|
| Developer(s) | Meta AI |
| Initial release | September 2016[1] |
| Stable release | 2.2.2[2] / 27 March 2024 |
| Repository | github |
| Written in | |
| Operating system | |
| Platform | IA-32, x86-64, ARM64 |
| Available in | English |
| Type | Library for machine learning and deep learning |
| License | BSD-3[3] |
| Website | pytorch |
A number of pieces of deep learning software are built on top of PyTorch, including Tesla Autopilot,[13] Uber's Pyro,[14] Hugging Face's Transformers,[15] PyTorch Lightning,[16][17] and Catalyst.[18][19]
PyTorch provides two high-level features:[20]
- Tensor computing (like NumPy) with strong acceleration via graphics processing units (GPU)
- Deep neural networks built on a tape-based automatic differentiation system
History edit
Meta (formerly known as Facebook) operates both PyTorch and Convolutional Architecture for Fast Feature Embedding (Caffe2), but models defined by the two frameworks were mutually incompatible. The Open Neural Network Exchange (ONNX) project was created by Meta and Microsoft in September 2017 for converting models between frameworks. Caffe2 was merged into PyTorch at the end of March 2018.[21] In September 2022, Meta announced that PyTorch would be governed by PyTorch Foundation, a newly created independent organization – a subsidiary of Linux Foundation.[22]
PyTorch 2.0 was released on 15 March 2023.[23]
PyTorch tensors edit
PyTorch defines a class called Tensor (torch.Tensor) to store and operate on homogeneous multidimensional rectangular arrays of numbers. PyTorch Tensors are similar to NumPy Arrays, but can also be operated on a CUDA-capable NVIDIA GPU. PyTorch has also been developing support for other GPU platforms, for example, AMD's ROCm[24] and Apple's Metal Framework.[25]
PyTorch supports various sub-types of Tensors.[26]
Note that the term "tensor" here does not carry the same meaning as tensor in mathematics or physics. The meaning of the word in machine learning is only superficially related to its original meaning as a certain kind of object in linear algebra. Tensors in PyTorch are simply multi-dimensional arrays.
PyTorch neural networks edit
PyTorch defines a module called nn (torch.nn) to describe neural networks and to support training. This module offers a comprehensive collection of building blocks for neural networks, including various layers and activation functions, enabling the construction of complex models.
Example edit
The following program shows the low-level functionality of the library with a simple example
import torch dtype = torch.float device = torch.device("cpu") # Execute all calculations on the CPU # device = torch.device("cuda:0") # Executes all calculations on the GPU # Create a tensor and fill it with random numbers a = torch.randn(2, 3, device=device, dtype=dtype) print(a) # Output: tensor([[-1.1884, 0.8498, -1.7129], # [-0.8816, 0.1944, 0.5847]]) b = torch.randn(2, 3, device=device, dtype=dtype) print(b) # Output: tensor([[ 0.7178, -0.8453, -1.3403], # [ 1.3262, 1.1512, -1.7070]]) print(a * b) # Output: tensor([[-0.8530, -0.7183, 2.58], # [-1.1692, 0.2238, -0.9981]]) print(a.sum()) # Output: tensor(-2.1540) print(a[1,2]) # Output of the element in the third column of the second row (zero based) # Output: tensor(0.5847) print(a.max()) # Output: tensor(0.8498) The following code-block shows an example of the higher level functionality provided nn module. A neural network with linear layers is defined in the example.
import torch from torch import nn # Import the nn sub-module from PyTorch class NeuralNetwork(nn.Module): # Neural networks are defined as classes def __init__(self): # Layers and variables are defined in the __init__ method super().__init__() # Must be in every network. self.flatten = nn.Flatten() # Construct a flattening layer. self.linear_relu_stack = nn.Sequential( # Construct a stack of layers. nn.Linear(28*28, 512), # Linear Layers have an input and output shape nn.ReLU(), # ReLU is one of many activation functions provided by nn nn.Linear(512, 512), nn.ReLU(), nn.Linear(512, 10), ) def forward(self, x): # This function defines the forward pass. x = self.flatten(x) logits = self.linear_relu_stack(x) return logits See also edit
References edit
- ^ Chintala, Soumith (1 September 2016). "PyTorch Alpha-1 release".
- ^ "Release 2.2.2". 27 March 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
- ^ Claburn, Thomas (12 September 2022). "PyTorch gets lit under The Linux Foundation". The Register.
- ^ Yegulalp, Serdar (19 January 2017). "Facebook brings GPU-powered machine learning to Python". InfoWorld. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
- ^ Lorica, Ben (3 August 2017). "Why AI and machine learning researchers are beginning to embrace PyTorch". O'Reilly Media. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
- ^ Ketkar, Nikhil (2017). "Introduction to PyTorch". Deep Learning with Python. Apress, Berkeley, CA. pp. 195–208. doi:10.1007/978-1-4842-2766-4_12. ISBN 9781484227657.
- ^ Moez Ali (Jun 2023). "NLP with PyTorch: A Comprehensive Guide". datacamp.com. Retrieved 2024-04-01.
- ^ Patel, Mo (2017-12-07). "When two trends fuse: PyTorch and recommender systems". O'Reilly Media. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
- ^ Mannes, John. "Facebook and Microsoft collaborate to simplify conversions from PyTorch to Caffe2". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
FAIR is accustomed to working with PyTorch – a deep learning framework optimized for achieving state of the art results in research, regardless of resource constraints. Unfortunately in the real world, most of us are limited by the computational capabilities of our smartphones and computers.
- ^ Arakelyan, Sophia (2017-11-29). "Tech giants are using open source frameworks to dominate the AI community". VentureBeat. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
- ^ "PyTorch strengthens its governance by joining the Linux Foundation". pytorch.org. Retrieved 2022-09-13.
- ^ "The C++ Frontend". PyTorch Master Documentation. Retrieved 2019-07-29.
- ^ Karpathy, Andrej. "PyTorch at Tesla - Andrej Karpathy, Tesla".
- ^ "Uber AI Labs Open Sources Pyro, a Deep Probabilistic Programming Language". Uber Engineering Blog. 2017-11-03. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
- ^ PYTORCH-TRANSFORMERS: PyTorch implementations of popular NLP Transformers, PyTorch Hub, 2019-12-01, retrieved 2019-12-01
- ^ PYTORCH-Lightning: The lightweight PyTorch wrapper for ML researchers. Scale your models. Write less boilerplate, Lightning-Team, 2020-06-18, retrieved 2020-06-18
- ^ "Ecosystem Tools". pytorch.org. Retrieved 2020-06-18.
- ^ GitHub - catalyst-team/catalyst: Accelerated DL & RL, Catalyst-Team, 2019-12-05, retrieved 2019-12-05
- ^ "Ecosystem Tools". pytorch.org. Retrieved 2020-04-04.
- ^ . pytorch.org. Archived from the original on 2018-06-15. Retrieved 2018-06-11.
- ^ "Caffe2 Merges With PyTorch". 2018-04-02.
- ^ Edwards, Benj (2022-09-12). "Meta spins off PyTorch Foundation to make AI framework vendor neutral". Ars Technica.
- ^ "PyTorch 2.0 brings new fire to open-source machine learning". VentureBeat. 15 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
- ^ "Installing PyTorch for ROCm". rocm.docs.amd.com. 2024-02-09.
- ^ "Introducing Accelerated PyTorch Training on Mac". pytorch.org. Retrieved 2022-06-04.
- ^ "An Introduction to PyTorch – A Simple yet Powerful Deep Learning Library". analyticsvidhya.com. 2018-02-22. Retrieved 2018-06-11.
External links edit
- Official website