The pygmy whitefish is a small herring-like fish with a long and cylindrical body by comparison to other whitefishes.[1] Silvery in colour, it has a brownish back, and a whitish belly.[1] Black spots on the side called "parr marks", which are present on young trout or "parrs", are present on the young of this species, and on adults in some Alaskan populations.[2] Commonly ranging from 3 to 15.3 centimetres (1.2 to 6.0 in) in length,[1] it is typically 12 centimetres (4.7 in) long,[3] and reaches a maximum length of 28 centimetres (11 in).[2] It is identified by its small size, and its large eye, which has a greater length than its blunt snout.[4] Its dorsal fin and pectoral fin are usually clear, and its tail is clear with a faint dark spot. Its anal fin and pelvic fin are plain whitish.[2] It has large scales with only 56–70 on its lateral line, fewer gill rakers, all characteristics that indicate a degree of differentiation from the other Prosopium fishes.[1] Because of this, it is considered an early offshoot (basal) species in its genus,[1] and it is the most trout-like member of a genus considered the most trout-like and primitive whitefish group.[5]
Taxonomyedit
The pygmy whitefish was first described by Carl H. Eigenmann and Rosa Smith Eigenmann in 1892, as Coregonus coulteri. they named the species after the prominent botanist John Merle Coulter.[6] Since its initial description as a Coregonus, it has been placed in the genus Prosopium of more primitive whitefishes.[1] The members of this genus are distinguished from the other whitefishes by several characteristics, such as a single flap of skin over the nostril, rather than one; "parr marks" as on trout and char; a round body; and a small toothless mouth.[5] The genus name Prosopium, meaning "mask" in Greek, refers to the large bones in front of its eyes.[6]
Distributionedit
The pygmy whitefish is found mostly in the northern Rocky Mountains, with three other disjunct populations. One is in Lake Superior, another is in southwestern Alaska, and the third is in the Ekityki Lake, Chukchi Peninsula, Russia. The pygmy whitefish's range probably was continuous until the late Pleistocene.[7] In the Rocky Mountains it is found in cold and rapid streams, and in cool lakes at depths of over 6 metres (20 ft).[4] In Lake Superior it is found in cooler water,[1] at depths of 18 to 89 metres (59 to 292 ft).[4]
Ecologyedit
In Lake Superior, the pygmy whitefish spawns during November and December at depths of 31 to 46 metres (102 to 151 ft). Females lay an average of 362 orange eggs, with a diameter of 2.57 millimetres (0.101 in).[1] Elsewhere, the pygmy whitefish migrates upstream to spawn, usually spawning in November or December in gravelly streams.[1][8] Pygmy whitefish feed primarily on the aquatic larvae of insects, and crustaceans.[2] In Lake Superior, the amphipod Pontoporeia and various other crustaceans, mostly ostracods, form 77 percent of the pygmy whitefish's diet.[1] The burbot, kingfishers, and terns, and pikes have been recorded preying on the pygmy whitefish.[1][2]
Becker, George C. (1983). Fishes of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN0-299-08790-5
Dickson, Tom (2008). The Great Minnesota Fish Book Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN978-0-8166-5135-1
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (12). "Prosopium coulterii" in FishBase. February 12 version.
Hubbs, Carl C.; Lagler, Karl F.; and Smith, Gerald R. (2004). Fishes of the Great Lakes Region revised ed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN0-472-11371-2
Mackay, W. C. (2000). Wildlife Status Report 27 Edmonton, Alberta: Alberta Environment, Fisheries and Wildlife Management Division, and Alberta Conservation Association. Retrieved 16 February 2010
Page, Lawrence M., and Burr, Brooks M. (1991). A Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN0-395-91091-9
December 15, 2023
pygmy, whitefish, pygmy, whitefish, prosopium, coulterii, freshwater, whitefish, genus, prosopium, family, salmonidae, found, mountain, streams, lakes, western, north, america, also, isolated, populations, lake, superior, ekityki, lake, chukchi, peninsula, sci. The pygmy whitefish Prosopium coulterii is a freshwater whitefish of the genus Prosopium in the family Salmonidae Found in the mountain streams and lakes in western North America it also has isolated populations in Lake Superior and in Ekityki Lake Chukchi Peninsula Pygmy whitefishScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ActinopterygiiOrder SalmoniformesFamily SalmonidaeGenus ProsopiumSpecies P coulteriiBinomial nameProsopium coulterii C H Eigenmann amp R S Eigenmann 1892 Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 3 Distribution 4 Ecology 5 References 6 Literature citedDescription editThe pygmy whitefish is a small herring like fish with a long and cylindrical body by comparison to other whitefishes 1 Silvery in colour it has a brownish back and a whitish belly 1 Black spots on the side called parr marks which are present on young trout or parrs are present on the young of this species and on adults in some Alaskan populations 2 Commonly ranging from 3 to 15 3 centimetres 1 2 to 6 0 in in length 1 it is typically 12 centimetres 4 7 in long 3 and reaches a maximum length of 28 centimetres 11 in 2 It is identified by its small size and its large eye which has a greater length than its blunt snout 4 Its dorsal fin and pectoral fin are usually clear and its tail is clear with a faint dark spot Its anal fin and pelvic fin are plain whitish 2 It has large scales with only 56 70 on its lateral line fewer gill rakers all characteristics that indicate a degree of differentiation from the other Prosopium fishes 1 Because of this it is considered an early offshoot basal species in its genus 1 and it is the most trout like member of a genus considered the most trout like and primitive whitefish group 5 Taxonomy editThe pygmy whitefish was first described by Carl H Eigenmann and Rosa Smith Eigenmann in 1892 as Coregonus coulteri they named the species after the prominent botanist John Merle Coulter 6 Since its initial description as a Coregonus it has been placed in the genus Prosopium of more primitive whitefishes 1 The members of this genus are distinguished from the other whitefishes by several characteristics such as a single flap of skin over the nostril rather than one parr marks as on trout and char a round body and a small toothless mouth 5 The genus name Prosopium meaning mask in Greek refers to the large bones in front of its eyes 6 Distribution editThe pygmy whitefish is found mostly in the northern Rocky Mountains with three other disjunct populations One is in Lake Superior another is in southwestern Alaska and the third is in the Ekityki Lake Chukchi Peninsula Russia The pygmy whitefish s range probably was continuous until the late Pleistocene 7 In the Rocky Mountains it is found in cold and rapid streams and in cool lakes at depths of over 6 metres 20 ft 4 In Lake Superior it is found in cooler water 1 at depths of 18 to 89 metres 59 to 292 ft 4 Ecology editIn Lake Superior the pygmy whitefish spawns during November and December at depths of 31 to 46 metres 102 to 151 ft Females lay an average of 362 orange eggs with a diameter of 2 57 millimetres 0 101 in 1 Elsewhere the pygmy whitefish migrates upstream to spawn usually spawning in November or December in gravelly streams 1 8 Pygmy whitefish feed primarily on the aquatic larvae of insects and crustaceans 2 In Lake Superior the amphipod Pontoporeia and various other crustaceans mostly ostracods form 77 percent of the pygmy whitefish s diet 1 The burbot kingfishers and terns and pikes have been recorded preying on the pygmy whitefish 1 2 References edit a b c d e f g h i j k Becker 1983 pp 369 371 a b c d e Froese and Pauly 2010 Hubbs et al 2004 p 156 a b c Page and Burr 1991 pp 45 46 a b Behnke 2002 p 335 a b Dickson 2008 p 40 Mackay 2000 pp 6 8 Alaska Natural Heritage Program 2005Literature cited editAlaska Natural Heritage Program 2005 Pygmy Whitefish Fishes Tracking List and Status Reports Retrieved 10 February 2010 Behnke Robert J 2002 Trout and Salmon of North America Free Press ISBN 978 0 7432 2220 4 Becker George C 1983 Fishes of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin University of Wisconsin Press ISBN 0 299 08790 5 Dickson Tom 2008 The Great Minnesota Fish Book Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press ISBN 978 0 8166 5135 1 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 12 Prosopium coulterii in FishBase February 12 version Hubbs Carl C Lagler Karl F and Smith Gerald R 2004 Fishes of the Great Lakes Region revised ed Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press ISBN 0 472 11371 2 Mackay W C 2000 Status of the Pygmy Whitefish Prosopium coulteri in Alberta Wildlife Status Report 27 Edmonton Alberta Alberta Environment Fisheries and Wildlife Management Division and Alberta Conservation Association Retrieved 16 February 2010 Page Lawrence M and Burr Brooks M 1991 A Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes Boston Houghton Mifflin ISBN 0 395 91091 9 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pygmy whitefish amp oldid 1182007229, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
