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Puzrish-Dagan

January 01, 1970

Puzrish-Dagan (modern Drehem) is an important archaeological site in Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate (Iraq). It is best-known for the thousands of clay tablets that are known to have come from the site through looting during the early twentieth century.

Puzrish-Dagan
Shown within Iraq
Puzrish-Dagan (Near East)
LocationIraq
RegionAl-Qādisiyyah Governorate
Coordinates32°3′29.34544″N 45°17′20.44158″E / 32.0581515111°N 45.2890115500°E / 32.0581515111; 45.2890115500
Typearchaeological site, human settlement
Area10 hectare (unknown), 15 hectare (unknown)
Height8.5 metre
History
BuilderShulgi
PeriodsEarly Dynastic period, Akkad period, Ur III period
Site notes
Excavation dates2007
ArchaeologistsAli Ubeid Shalkam

History of research edit

Puzrish-Dagan came first to the attention of scholars when clay tablets coming from the site started to appear on the antiquities market in 1909-1910.[1] Based on information from the antiquities traders who sold the tablets, Puzrish-Dagan could be identied with modern Drehem in Iraq.[2] Since then, some 12,000 tablets thought to have come from the site have been published.[3][4] The objects are scattered across numerous collections, for example those of the Royal Ontario Museum, the Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, Harvard Museum, and the Iraq Museum.[5][6] Stephen Herbert Langdon briefly excavated there in 1924.[7]

The site was surveyed by Robert McCormick Adams as part of his important archaeological work in the region.[8][9] Iraqi archaeologists excavated the site in 2007 under the direction of Ali Ubeid Shalkam.[10][11][12] The Iraqi-Italian QADIS-project surveyed the site in 2016.[13] From 2016 to 2019 the University of Bologna and the Iraqi State Board of Antiquities and Heritage conducted a program of coordinated remote sensing and surface surveys in the Qadisiyah province including at Drehem.[14][15] It determined that the site had an extent of 60 hectares. It determined that the city was surrounded by canals, was laid out as an urban grid, had a number of administrative building, and had a harbor.[16]

The Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures has received permission to start new excavations at the site as part of their renewed work at the nearby site of Nippur and carried out a preliminary survey in 2019.[17]

The site and its environment edit

Puzrish-Dagan is located some 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) southeast of Nippur, of which it has sometimes been called a suburb. The site consists of two areas; a northern and a southern mound. The northern mound measures 380 by 240 by 4 metres (1,247 by 787 by 13 ft) for a total area of 10 hectares (25 acres). The southern mound is slightly larger: it measures 560 by 275 metres (1,837 by 902 ft), is 8.5 metres (28 ft) high and occupies an area of 15 hectares (37 acres). Recent remote sensing research suggest the maximum extent was about 80 hectares.[18] Parts of the site are now obscured by modern agricultural fields and several irrigation canals cut through it.[13] The mound has been described as a "beehive" due to the illegal looting taking place since the early 1900s.[17]

Based on the site morphology, the southern mound possibly contains a ziggurat. Both mounds probably contain large buildings over 100 metres (330 ft) in length. Traces of the walls are still visible on the surface and the regularity of these traces suggests that the buildings were planned and built within a short period of time. The QADIS-survey has documented possible traces of a city wall, a large temple complex next to the ziggurat, ancient canals that ran alongside and through the settlement, as well as a harbor.[13][17]

Occupation history edit

 
Cuneiform tablet case impressed with cylinder seal, for cuneiform tablet 86.11.249a- receipt of a kid MET VS86 11 249B

Traces of the Early Dynastic, Akkadian and Ur III periods have been found at the site according to a 1967 publication of the Iraqi Directorate General of antiquities.[19] The QADIS-survey found sherds dating to the Middle Uruk period and confirmed that the Ur III period was probably the most important settlement level at Drehem. Evidence for the Isin-Larsa as well as the Parthian and/or Sasanian periods has also been found.[13] The thousands of texts coming from the site all date to the Ur III period.[20][21] In the absence of excavations these texts from provide the most information on the nature of the settlement at Drehem. Puzrish-Dagan was founded by king Shulgi as an important administrative center in the bala tax system of the Ur III period.[17] Witnessed by thousands of cuneiform tablets, livestock (cattle, sheep, and goats) of the state was centralized at Drehem and subsequently redistributed to temples, its officials and royal palaces. The temples of nearby Nippur were the main destinations of the livestock.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Hussey, Mary Inda. "Tablets from Dréhem in the Public Library of Cleveland, Ohio.", Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 33, pp. 167–79, 1913
  2. ^ Ebeling, Erich; Weidner, Ernst F (2008). Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie 11 11 (in German). Berlin: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-020383-7. OCLC 645080633.
  3. ^ [1]M. Hilgert, "Cuneiform Texts from the Ur III Period in the Oriental Institute, Volume 1: Drehem Administrative Documents from the Reign of Shulgi", Oriental Institute Publications 115 Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 1998 ISBN 1-885923-07-4
  4. ^ [2]Markus Hilgert, Clemens D. Reichel, Cuneiform Texts from the Ur III Period in the Oriental Institute, Volume 2: Drehem Administrative Documents from the Reign of Amar-Suena, Oriental Institute Publications 121 Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 2003 ISBN 1-885923-24-4
  5. ^ Liu, Changyu. The Ur III Administrative Texts from Puzrish-Dagan Kept in the Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East. Brill, 2021
  6. ^ Marcel Sigrist, "Neo-Sumerian Texts from the Royal Ontario Museum: The administration at Drehem", CDL Press, 1995 ISBN 9781883053161
  7. ^ Zettler, Richard L., "Archaeology and the Problem of Textual Evidence for the Third Dynasty of Ur", Bulletin of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies 38, pp. 49-62, 2003
  8. ^ Robert McCormick Adams, (1965): Land behind Baghdad. A history of settlements in the Diyala plains. Chicago
  9. ^ [3]Robert McCormick Adams, (1981): Heartland of cities. Surveys of ancient settlement and land use on the central floodplain of the Euphrates. Chicago
  10. ^ Al-Mutawalli, N. A., and A. Ubeid Shalkham. "From the Archive of DI." KU5-mīšar. Excavation of Drehem (Ancient Puzriš-Dagan). Sumer 57 (2012): 19-40
  11. ^ AI-Mutawalli, N., and Ali Ubeid Shalkham. "From the Archive of di. ku 5-mīšar: Excavation of Drehem (Ancient Puzriš-d Dagan)." Sumer 59 (2014): 93-112
  12. ^ Al-Mutawalli, Nawala; Sallaberger, Walther; Shalkham, Ali Ubeid (2017-12-30). "The Cuneiform Documents from the Iraqi Excavation at Drehem". Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie (in German). 107 (2): 151–217. doi:10.1515/za-2017-0101. ISSN 1613-1150. S2CID 166107862.
  13. ^ a b c d Marchetti, N. "QADIS. The Iraqi-Italian 2016 Survey Season in the South-Eastern Region of Qadisiyah". Sumer. 63: 63–92.
  14. ^ [4]Marchetti, Nicolò, et al. "New Results on Ancient Settlement Patterns in the South-Eastern Qadisiyah Region (Iraq). the 2016-2017 Iraqi-Italian Qadis Survey Project." Al-Adab Journal 123 (2017): 45-62
  15. ^ [5]Marchetti, Nicolò, et al. "The rise of urbanized landscapes in Mesopotamia: The QADIS integrated survey results and the interpretation of multi-layered historical landscapes." Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 109.2 (2019): 214-237
  16. ^ [6]Marchetti, Nicolò, and Federico Zaina. "Rediscovering the Heartland of Cities." NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY 83 (2020): 147
  17. ^ a b c d Alizadeh, Abbas (2020). "Nippur Expedition". The Oriental Institute 2019-20 Annual Report (PDF). pp. 95–99. ISBN 978-1-61491-055-8.
  18. ^ [7]Mantellini, Simone, et al., "Development of water management strategies in southern Mesopotamia during the fourth and third millennium BCE", Geoarchaeology, 2024
  19. ^ The Archaeological Map of Iraq. Baghdad: The Republic of Iraq Directorate General of Antiquities. 1967.
  20. ^ Changyu Liu, "Prosopography of individuals delivering animals to Puzriš-Dagan in Ur III Mesopotamia", Akkadica 142/2, 2021, pp. 113-142
  21. ^ [8]Changyu Liu, "Prosopographical Statistics Appendix of the article 'Prosopography of individuals delivering animals to Puzriš-Dagan in Ur III Mesopotamia'", Cuneiform Digital Library Preprints, 24.0, 1 April 2022

Further reading edit

  • [9]Richard Firth, "Synchronization of the Drehem, Nippur, and Umma Calendars During the Latter Part of Ur III", CDLJ 2016:1, Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, 2016
  • Kang, Shin T, "Sumerian Economic Texts from the Drehem Archive", Sumerian and Akkadian Cuneiform Texts in the Collection of the World Heritage Museum of the University of Illinois 1. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1972
  • Maeda, Tohru, "Bringing (mu-túm) Livestock and the Puzurish-Dagan Organization in the Ur III Dynasty", ASJ 11, pp. 69-111, 1989
  • Maeda, Tohru, "The Receiving and Delivering Officials in Puzurish-Dagan", ASJ 15, pp. 297-300, 1993
  • [10]Nesbit, William Marsiglia, "Sumerian records from Drehem", No. 8, Columbia University Press, 1914
  • Sigrist, Marcel, "Drehem", Bethesda, Md.: CDL Press, 1992 ISBN 0-9620013-6-8 (in french)
  • Steinkeller, Piotr, "Sheep and Goat Terminology in Ur III Sources from Drehem", BSA 8, pp. 49-70, 1995
  • Tsouparopoulou, "The ‘K-9 Corps’ of the Third Dynasty of Ur: The Dog Handlers at Drehem and the Army", ZA102, pp. 1-16, 2012
  • Tsouparopoulou, Christina, "Killing and Skinning Animals in the Ur III Period: The Puzriš-Dagan (Drehem) Office Managing of Dead Animals and Slaughter By-Products", AoF 40, pp. 150-82, 2013
  • Tsouparopoulou, Christina, "The Ur III Seals Impressed on Documents from Puzriš-Dagan (Drehem)", HSAO 16, Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orientverlag, 2015
  • [11]Tsouparopoulou, Christina, "A Reconstruction of the Puzriš-Dagan Central Livestock Agency", Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, 2013 (ISSN: 1540-8779)
  • Whiting, R.M., "Some Observation on the Drehem Calendar", ZA, pp. 69-75, 1979

January 01, 1970
puzrish, dagan, modern, drehem, important, archaeological, site, qādisiyyah, governorate, iraq, best, known, thousands, clay, tablets, that, known, have, come, from, site, through, looting, during, early, twentieth, century, shown, within, iraqshow, iraq, near. Puzrish Dagan modern Drehem is an important archaeological site in Al Qadisiyyah Governorate Iraq It is best known for the thousands of clay tablets that are known to have come from the site through looting during the early twentieth century Puzrish DaganShown within IraqShow map of IraqPuzrish Dagan Near East Show map of Near EastLocationIraqRegionAl Qadisiyyah GovernorateCoordinates32 3 29 34544 N 45 17 20 44158 E 32 0581515111 N 45 2890115500 E 32 0581515111 45 2890115500Typearchaeological site human settlementArea10 hectare unknown 15 hectare unknown Height8 5 metreHistoryBuilderShulgiPeriodsEarly Dynastic period Akkad period Ur III periodSite notesExcavation dates2007ArchaeologistsAli Ubeid Shalkam Contents 1 History of research 2 The site and its environment 3 Occupation history 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingHistory of research editPuzrish Dagan came first to the attention of scholars when clay tablets coming from the site started to appear on the antiquities market in 1909 1910 1 Based on information from the antiquities traders who sold the tablets Puzrish Dagan could be identied with modern Drehem in Iraq 2 Since then some 12 000 tablets thought to have come from the site have been published 3 4 The objects are scattered across numerous collections for example those of the Royal Ontario Museum the Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures Harvard Museum and the Iraq Museum 5 6 Stephen Herbert Langdon briefly excavated there in 1924 7 The site was surveyed by Robert McCormick Adams as part of his important archaeological work in the region 8 9 Iraqi archaeologists excavated the site in 2007 under the direction of Ali Ubeid Shalkam 10 11 12 The Iraqi Italian QADIS project surveyed the site in 2016 13 From 2016 to 2019 the University of Bologna and the Iraqi State Board of Antiquities and Heritage conducted a program of coordinated remote sensing and surface surveys in the Qadisiyah province including at Drehem 14 15 It determined that the site had an extent of 60 hectares It determined that the city was surrounded by canals was laid out as an urban grid had a number of administrative building and had a harbor 16 The Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures has received permission to start new excavations at the site as part of their renewed work at the nearby site of Nippur and carried out a preliminary survey in 2019 17 The site and its environment editPuzrish Dagan is located some 10 kilometres 6 2 mi southeast of Nippur of which it has sometimes been called a suburb The site consists of two areas a northern and a southern mound The northern mound measures 380 by 240 by 4 metres 1 247 by 787 by 13 ft for a total area of 10 hectares 25 acres The southern mound is slightly larger it measures 560 by 275 metres 1 837 by 902 ft is 8 5 metres 28 ft high and occupies an area of 15 hectares 37 acres Recent remote sensing research suggest the maximum extent was about 80 hectares 18 Parts of the site are now obscured by modern agricultural fields and several irrigation canals cut through it 13 The mound has been described as a beehive due to the illegal looting taking place since the early 1900s 17 Based on the site morphology the southern mound possibly contains a ziggurat Both mounds probably contain large buildings over 100 metres 330 ft in length Traces of the walls are still visible on the surface and the regularity of these traces suggests that the buildings were planned and built within a short period of time The QADIS survey has documented possible traces of a city wall a large temple complex next to the ziggurat ancient canals that ran alongside and through the settlement as well as a harbor 13 17 Occupation history edit nbsp Cuneiform tablet case impressed with cylinder seal for cuneiform tablet 86 11 249a receipt of a kid MET VS86 11 249B Traces of the Early Dynastic Akkadian and Ur III periods have been found at the site according to a 1967 publication of the Iraqi Directorate General of antiquities 19 The QADIS survey found sherds dating to the Middle Uruk period and confirmed that the Ur III period was probably the most important settlement level at Drehem Evidence for the Isin Larsa as well as the Parthian and or Sasanian periods has also been found 13 The thousands of texts coming from the site all date to the Ur III period 20 21 In the absence of excavations these texts from provide the most information on the nature of the settlement at Drehem Puzrish Dagan was founded by king Shulgi as an important administrative center in the bala tax system of the Ur III period 17 Witnessed by thousands of cuneiform tablets livestock cattle sheep and goats of the state was centralized at Drehem and subsequently redistributed to temples its officials and royal palaces The temples of nearby Nippur were the main destinations of the livestock See also editCities of the ancient Near EastReferences edit Hussey Mary Inda Tablets from Drehem in the Public Library of Cleveland Ohio Journal of the American Oriental Society vol 33 pp 167 79 1913 Ebeling Erich Weidner Ernst F 2008 Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archaologie 11 11 in German Berlin De Gruyter ISBN 978 3 11 020383 7 OCLC 645080633 1 M Hilgert Cuneiform Texts from the Ur III Period in the Oriental Institute Volume 1 Drehem Administrative Documents from the Reign of Shulgi Oriental Institute Publications 115 Chicago The Oriental Institute 1998 ISBN 1 885923 07 4 2 Markus Hilgert Clemens D Reichel Cuneiform Texts from the Ur III Period in the Oriental Institute Volume 2 Drehem Administrative Documents from the Reign of Amar Suena Oriental Institute Publications 121 Chicago The Oriental Institute 2003 ISBN 1 885923 24 4 Liu Changyu The Ur III Administrative Texts from Puzrish Dagan Kept in the Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East Brill 2021 Marcel Sigrist Neo Sumerian Texts from the Royal Ontario Museum The administration at Drehem CDL Press 1995 ISBN 9781883053161 Zettler Richard L Archaeology and the Problem of Textual Evidence for the Third Dynasty of Ur Bulletin of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies 38 pp 49 62 2003 Robert McCormick Adams 1965 Land behind Baghdad A history of settlements in the Diyala plains Chicago 3 Robert McCormick Adams 1981 Heartland of cities Surveys of ancient settlement and land use on the central floodplain of the Euphrates Chicago Al Mutawalli N A and A Ubeid Shalkham From the Archive of DI KU5 misar Excavation of Drehem Ancient Puzris Dagan Sumer 57 2012 19 40 AI Mutawalli N and Ali Ubeid Shalkham From the Archive of di ku 5 misar Excavation of Drehem Ancient Puzris d Dagan Sumer 59 2014 93 112 Al Mutawalli Nawala Sallaberger Walther Shalkham Ali Ubeid 2017 12 30 The Cuneiform Documents from the Iraqi Excavation at Drehem Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archaologie in German 107 2 151 217 doi 10 1515 za 2017 0101 ISSN 1613 1150 S2CID 166107862 a b c d Marchetti N QADIS The Iraqi Italian 2016 Survey Season in the South Eastern Region of Qadisiyah Sumer 63 63 92 4 Marchetti Nicolo et al New Results on Ancient Settlement Patterns in the South Eastern Qadisiyah Region Iraq the 2016 2017 Iraqi Italian Qadis Survey Project Al Adab Journal 123 2017 45 62 5 Marchetti Nicolo et al The rise of urbanized landscapes in Mesopotamia The QADIS integrated survey results and the interpretation of multi layered historical landscapes Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archaologie 109 2 2019 214 237 6 Marchetti Nicolo and Federico Zaina Rediscovering the Heartland of Cities NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY 83 2020 147 a b c d Alizadeh Abbas 2020 Nippur Expedition The Oriental Institute 2019 20 Annual Report PDF pp 95 99 ISBN 978 1 61491 055 8 7 Mantellini Simone et al Development of water management strategies in southern Mesopotamia during the fourth and third millennium BCE Geoarchaeology 2024 The Archaeological Map of Iraq Baghdad The Republic of Iraq Directorate General of Antiquities 1967 Changyu Liu Prosopography of individuals delivering animals to Puzris Dagan in Ur III Mesopotamia Akkadica 142 2 2021 pp 113 142 8 Changyu Liu Prosopographical Statistics Appendix of the article Prosopography of individuals delivering animals to Puzris Dagan in Ur III Mesopotamia Cuneiform Digital Library Preprints 24 0 1 April 2022Further reading edit 9 Richard Firth Synchronization of the Drehem Nippur and Umma Calendars During the Latter Part of Ur III CDLJ 2016 1 Cuneiform Digital Library Journal 2016 Kang Shin T Sumerian Economic Texts from the Drehem Archive Sumerian and Akkadian Cuneiform Texts in the Collection of the World Heritage Museum of the University of Illinois 1 Urbana Ill University of Illinois Press 1972 Maeda Tohru Bringing mu tum Livestock and the Puzurish Dagan Organization in the Ur III Dynasty ASJ 11 pp 69 111 1989 Maeda Tohru The Receiving and Delivering Officials in Puzurish Dagan ASJ 15 pp 297 300 1993 10 Nesbit William Marsiglia Sumerian records from Drehem No 8 Columbia University Press 1914 Sigrist Marcel Drehem Bethesda Md CDL Press 1992 ISBN 0 9620013 6 8 in french Steinkeller Piotr Sheep and Goat Terminology in Ur III Sources from Drehem BSA 8 pp 49 70 1995 Tsouparopoulou The K 9 Corps of the Third Dynasty of Ur The Dog Handlers at Drehem and the Army ZA102 pp 1 16 2012 Tsouparopoulou Christina Killing and Skinning Animals in the Ur III Period The Puzris Dagan Drehem Office Managing of Dead Animals and Slaughter By Products AoF 40 pp 150 82 2013 Tsouparopoulou Christina The Ur III Seals Impressed on Documents from Puzris Dagan Drehem HSAO 16 Heidelberg Heidelberger Orientverlag 2015 11 Tsouparopoulou Christina A Reconstruction of the Puzris Dagan Central Livestock Agency Cuneiform Digital Library Journal Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative 2013 ISSN 1540 8779 Whiting R M Some Observation on the Drehem Calendar ZA pp 69 75 1979 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Puzrish Dagan amp oldid 1214907468, 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