A pump-jet, hydrojet, or water jet is a marine system that produces a jet of water for propulsion. The mechanical arrangement may be a ducted propeller (axial-flow pump), a centrifugal pump, or a mixed flow pump which is a combination of both centrifugal and axial designs. The design also incorporates an intake to provide water to the pump and a nozzle to direct the flow of water out of the pump.[1]
This image illustrates the workings of a reversing bucket. 1: Forward thrust, reversing bucket disengaged 2: Reverse thrust, reversing bucket pushes the thrust flow backwards
Forward, back, side and turn by pump-jet
A pump-jet works by having an intake (usually at the bottom of the hull) that allows water to pass underneath the vessel into the engines. Water enters the pump through this inlet. The pump can be of a centrifugal design for high speeds, or an axial flow pump for low to medium speeds. The water pressure inside the inlet is increased by the pump and forced backwards through a nozzle. With the use of a reversing bucket, reverse thrust can also be achieved for faring backwards, quickly and without the need to change gear or adjust engine thrust. The reversing bucket can also be used to help slow the ship down when braking. This feature is the main reason pump jets are so maneuverable.
The nozzle also provides the steering of the pump-jets. Plates, similar to rudders, can be attached to the nozzle in order to redirect the water flow port and starboard. In a way, this is similar to the principles of air thrust vectoring, a technique which has long been used in launch vehicles (rockets and missiles) then later in military jet-powered aircraft. This provides pumpjet-powered ships with superior agility at sea. Another advantage is that when faring backwards by using the reversing bucket, steering is not inverted, as opposed to propeller-powered ships.
Axial flow
An axial-flow waterjet's pressure is increased by diffusing the flow as it passes through the impeller blades and stator vanes. The pump nozzle then converts this pressure energy into velocity, thus producing thrust.[1]
Axial-flow waterjets produce high volumes at lower velocity, making them well suited to larger low to medium speed craft, the exception being personal water craft, where the high water volumes create tremendous thrust and acceleration as well as high top speeds. But these craft also have high power-to-weight ratios compared to most marine craft. Axial-flow waterjets are by far the most common type of pump.
Mixed flow
Mixed-flow waterjet designs incorporate aspects of both axial flow and centrifugal flow pumps. Pressure is developed by both diffusion and radial outflow. Mixed flow designs produce lower volumes of water at high velocity making them suited for small to moderate craft sizes and higher speeds. Common uses include high speed pleasure craft and waterjets for shallow water river racing (see River Marathon).
Centrifugal flow
Centrifugal-flow waterjet designs make use of radial flow to create water pressure.
Centrifugal designs are no longer commonly used except on outboard sterndrives.[2]
Advantages
Pump jets have some advantages over bare propellers for certain applications, usually related to requirements for high-speed or shallow-draft operations. These include:
High power density (with respect to volume) of both the propulsor and the prime mover (because a smaller, higher-speed unit can be used)
Protection of the rotating element, making operation safer around swimmers and aquatic life
Improved shallow-water operations, because only the inlet needs to be submerged
Increased maneuverability, by adding a steerable nozzle to create vectored thrust
Noise reduction, resulting in a low sonar signature; this particular system has little in common with other pump-jet propulsors and is also known as "shrouded propeller configuration";[3] applications:
The water jet principle in shipping industry can be traced back to 1661[4] when Toogood and Hayes produced a description of a ship having a central water channel in which either a plunger or centrifugal pump was installed to provide the motive power.[5]
On December 3, 1787, inventor James Rumsey demonstrated a water-jet propelled boat using a steam-powered pump to drive a stream of water from the stern.[6][circular reference] This occurred on the Potomac River at Shepherdstown, Virginia (now West Virginia) before a crowd of witnesses including General Horatio Gates. The 50-foot long boat traveled about one-half mile upriver before returning to the dock. The boat was reported to reach a speed of four mph moving upstream.[7][8][9]
In April 1932, Italian engineer Secondo Campini demonstrated a pump-jet propelled boat in Venice, Italy. The boat achieved a top speed of 28 knots (32 mph; 52 km/h), a speed comparable to a boat with a conventional engine of similar output. The Italian Navy, who had funded the development of the boat, placed no orders but did veto the sale of the design outside of Italy.[10][11] The first modern jetboat was developed by New Zealand engineer Sir William Hamilton in the mid 1950s.[12]
Uses
Pump-jets were once limited to high-speed pleasure craft (such as jet skis and jetboats) and other small vessels, but since 2000 the desire for high-speed vessels has increased[citation needed] and thus the pump-jet is gaining popularity on larger craft, military vessels and ferries. On these larger craft, they can be powered by diesel engines or gas turbines. Speeds of up to 40 knots (45 mph; 75 km/h) can be achieved with this configuration, even with a displacement hull.[13]
^"Rumsey Exhibit – 3-4 – the Museum of the Berkeley Springs".
^Buttler, Tony (2019-09-19). Jet Prototypes of World War II: Gloster, Heinkel, and Caproni Campini's wartime jet programmes. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-1-4728-3597-0.
^Alegi, Gregory (2014-01-15). "Secondo's Slow Burner, Campini Caproni and the C.C.2". The Aviation Historian. No. 6. United Kingdom. p. 76. ISSN 2051-1930.
^The Information page of the Stena HSS 1500 2009-12-08 at the Wayback Machine
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pump-jet drives.
Charles Dawson, "The Early History of the Water-jet Engine", "Industrial Heritage", Vol. 30, No 3, 2004, page 36.
David S. Yetman, "Without A Prop", DogEar Publishers, 2010
January 20, 2023
pump, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, february, 2013, learn. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Pump jet news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message A pump jet hydrojet or water jet is a marine system that produces a jet of water for propulsion The mechanical arrangement may be a ducted propeller axial flow pump a centrifugal pump or a mixed flow pump which is a combination of both centrifugal and axial designs The design also incorporates an intake to provide water to the pump and a nozzle to direct the flow of water out of the pump 1 A view of pump jets operating Two of four KaMeWa waterjets on the high speed ferry Discovery Typical jet ski pump jet Contents 1 Design 1 1 Axial flow 1 2 Mixed flow 1 3 Centrifugal flow 2 Advantages 3 History 4 Uses 5 See also 6 Notes 7 ReferencesDesign Edit This image illustrates the workings of a reversing bucket 1 Forward thrust reversing bucket disengaged 2 Reverse thrust reversing bucket pushes the thrust flow backwards Forward back side and turn by pump jet A pump jet works by having an intake usually at the bottom of the hull that allows water to pass underneath the vessel into the engines Water enters the pump through this inlet The pump can be of a centrifugal design for high speeds or an axial flow pump for low to medium speeds The water pressure inside the inlet is increased by the pump and forced backwards through a nozzle With the use of a reversing bucket reverse thrust can also be achieved for faring backwards quickly and without the need to change gear or adjust engine thrust The reversing bucket can also be used to help slow the ship down when braking This feature is the main reason pump jets are so maneuverable The nozzle also provides the steering of the pump jets Plates similar to rudders can be attached to the nozzle in order to redirect the water flow port and starboard In a way this is similar to the principles of air thrust vectoring a technique which has long been used in launch vehicles rockets and missiles then later in military jet powered aircraft This provides pumpjet powered ships with superior agility at sea Another advantage is that when faring backwards by using the reversing bucket steering is not inverted as opposed to propeller powered ships Axial flow Edit An axial flow waterjet s pressure is increased by diffusing the flow as it passes through the impeller blades and stator vanes The pump nozzle then converts this pressure energy into velocity thus producing thrust 1 Axial flow waterjets produce high volumes at lower velocity making them well suited to larger low to medium speed craft the exception being personal water craft where the high water volumes create tremendous thrust and acceleration as well as high top speeds But these craft also have high power to weight ratios compared to most marine craft Axial flow waterjets are by far the most common type of pump Mixed flow Edit Mixed flow waterjet designs incorporate aspects of both axial flow and centrifugal flow pumps Pressure is developed by both diffusion and radial outflow Mixed flow designs produce lower volumes of water at high velocity making them suited for small to moderate craft sizes and higher speeds Common uses include high speed pleasure craft and waterjets for shallow water river racing see River Marathon Centrifugal flow Edit Centrifugal flow waterjet designs make use of radial flow to create water pressure Centrifugal designs are no longer commonly used except on outboard sterndrives 2 Advantages EditPump jets have some advantages over bare propellers for certain applications usually related to requirements for high speed or shallow draft operations These include Higher speed before the onset of cavitation because of the raised internal dynamic pressure High power density with respect to volume of both the propulsor and the prime mover because a smaller higher speed unit can be used Protection of the rotating element making operation safer around swimmers and aquatic life Improved shallow water operations because only the inlet needs to be submerged Increased maneuverability by adding a steerable nozzle to create vectored thrust Noise reduction resulting in a low sonar signature this particular system has little in common with other pump jet propulsors and is also known as shrouded propeller configuration 3 applications Warships designed for low observability for example the SwedishVisby class corvette Submarines for example the Royal Navy Trafalgar class and Astute class the US Navy Seawolf class and Virginia class the French Navy Triomphant class and Barracuda class and the Russian Navy Borei class Modern torpedoes such as the Spearfish the Mk 48 and Mk 50 weapons History EditThe water jet principle in shipping industry can be traced back to 1661 4 when Toogood and Hayes produced a description of a ship having a central water channel in which either a plunger or centrifugal pump was installed to provide the motive power 5 On December 3 1787 inventor James Rumsey demonstrated a water jet propelled boat using a steam powered pump to drive a stream of water from the stern 6 circular reference This occurred on the Potomac River at Shepherdstown Virginia now West Virginia before a crowd of witnesses including General Horatio Gates The 50 foot long boat traveled about one half mile upriver before returning to the dock The boat was reported to reach a speed of four mph moving upstream 7 8 9 In April 1932 Italian engineer Secondo Campini demonstrated a pump jet propelled boat in Venice Italy The boat achieved a top speed of 28 knots 32 mph 52 km h a speed comparable to a boat with a conventional engine of similar output The Italian Navy who had funded the development of the boat placed no orders but did veto the sale of the design outside of Italy 10 11 The first modern jetboat was developed by New Zealand engineer Sir William Hamilton in the mid 1950s 12 Uses EditPump jets were once limited to high speed pleasure craft such as jet skis and jetboats and other small vessels but since 2000 the desire for high speed vessels has increased citation needed and thus the pump jet is gaining popularity on larger craft military vessels and ferries On these larger craft they can be powered by diesel engines or gas turbines Speeds of up to 40 knots 45 mph 75 km h can be achieved with this configuration even with a displacement hull 13 Pump jet powered ships are very maneuverable Examples of ships using pumpjets are the Car Nicobar class patrol vessels the Hamina class missile boats Valour class frigates the Stena high speed sea service ferries the United States Seawolf class and Virginia class as well as the Russian Borei class submarines and the United States littoral combat ships See also EditInternal drive propulsion Personal water craft Wetbike Kitchen rudder Water rocket Chain boat Water turbinesNotes Edit a b http www hamiltonmarine co nz includes files cms file JetTorque 2008 pdf bare URL PDF Yamaha Outboards Yamaha Outboards FAS Military Analysis Network MK 48 Torpedo Cartlon J S 2012 Marine Propellers and Propulsion London p 21 doi 10 1016 B978 0 08 097123 0 00002 2 Wartsila patent description James Rumsey Rumsey Steamboat James Rumsey Steamboat C amp O Canal Trust Rumsey Exhibit 3 4 the Museum of the Berkeley Springs Buttler Tony 2019 09 19 Jet Prototypes of World War II Gloster Heinkel and Caproni Campini s wartime jet programmes Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 978 1 4728 3597 0 Alegi Gregory 2014 01 15 Secondo s Slow Burner Campini Caproni and the C C 2 The Aviation Historian No 6 United Kingdom p 76 ISSN 2051 1930 Bill Hamilton 23 December 2005 The Information page of the Stena HSS 1500 Archived 2009 12 08 at the Wayback MachineReferences Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pump jet drives Charles Dawson The Early History of the Water jet Engine Industrial Heritage Vol 30 No 3 2004 page 36 David S Yetman Without A Prop DogEar Publishers 2010 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pump jet amp oldid 1125900600, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
