The remains of Pulanesaura were discovered in a small quarry in the farm Spion Kop 932 in the Senekal District of the Free State in 2004 by paleontologist Matthew Bonnan. The bones were excavated between 2004 and 2006, and studied by Blair McPhee as part of his dissertation since 2011. Pulanesaura was then described and named officially by Blair W. McPhee, Matthew F. Bonnan, Adam M. Yates, Johann Neveling and Jonah N. Choiniere in 2015 with the type speciesPulanesaura eocollum. The generic name is derived from the Sesoth word for "rain-maker/bringer", Pulane, in reference to the heavy rain conditions under which the remains were collected, and the feminine form of the common dinosaur name suffix, saura, meaning "lizard" in Latin. The specific name is derived from Greekeo, meaning "dawn", and Latin collum, meaning "neck", in reference to Pulanesaura being a very basalsauropod not yet showing the most archetypal trait of more advanced sauropods - their very long necks.[1]Pulanesaura was one of eighteen dinosaur taxa from 2015 to be described in open access or free-to-read journals.[2]
Pulanesaura is known from partial remains of at least two subadult to adult individuals. The holotype, BP/1/6982, represents the front dorsal vertebra missing the tip of the neural spine. In addition the referred material consists of two isolated teeth, a middle cervical vertebra, five back vertebral arches, a single right dorsal rib, three tail vertebrae, a left clavicle, a distal right humerus, a left ulna, possibly the fourth right middle hand bone, three ischia, a left and a right shinbones, and two hindlimb first claws. The remains are considered to be conspecific with the holotype due to their close association (in an area of three to three and a half meters) in fine and stable sandstone, their consistent morphology, and the fact the same elements from different individuals show no conflict in traits. The remains were collected on the farm Spion Kop 932, in a quarry located just over a kilometer East-North East another dinosaur rich quarry in a higher stratigraphic position within the probably Sinemurian part of the upper Elliot Formation, that yielded the less advanced sauropodomorphsAardonyx celestae and the much smaller Arcusaurus pereirabdalorum.[1]
PhylogenyEdit
Tibiae and ischium during excavationToothThe holotype, a front dorsal vertebra
Fauna from the upper Elliot Formation in Spion Kop Farm
Pulanesaura's posture and skeletal build indicate that the animal was a low browser, unlike the prosauropods it shared its habitat with. Studies by Blair McPhee et al. indicate that Pulanesaura is thought to have coexisted with other sauropodomorphs found in the same formation due to niche partitioning. Its flexible neck would have further allowed it to feed without moving its body very often and expending valuable energy; a trait that later sauropods would take to extreme lengths. Studies of the Upper Elliot Formation suggest that the environment was a predominantly arid floodplain where vegetation was concentrated most heavily around the river channels that flowed through the area, further allowing the coexistence of Pulanesaura with other sauropodomorphs such as Aardonyx and Arcusaurus.[1]
ReferencesEdit
^ abcdeBlair W. McPhee; Matthew F. Bonnan; Adam M. Yates; Johann Neveling; Jonah N. Choiniere (2015). "A new basal sauropod from the pre-Toarcian Jurassic of South Africa: evidence of niche-partitioning at the sauropodomorph–sauropod boundary?". Scientific Reports. 5: Article number 13224. doi:10.1038/srep13224. PMC4541066. PMID 26288028.
^. PLOS Paleo. Archived from the original on 2017-07-15. Retrieved 2016-01-30.
^Rauhut, O. W. M.; Holwerda, F. M.; Furrer, H. (2020). "A derived sauropodiform dinosaur and other sauropodomorph material from the Late Triassic of Canton Schaffhausen, Switzerland". Swiss Journal of Geosciences. 113 (1): 8. doi:10.1186/s00015-020-00360-8. S2CID 220294939.
pulanesaura, extinct, genus, basal, sauropod, known, from, early, jurassic, late, hettangian, sinemurian, upper, elliot, formation, free, state, south, africa, contains, single, species, eocollum, known, from, partial, remains, least, subadult, adult, individu. Pulanesaura is an extinct genus of basal sauropod known from the Early Jurassic late Hettangian to Sinemurian Upper Elliot Formation of the Free State South Africa It contains a single species Pulanesaura eocollum known from partial remains of at least two subadult to adult individuals 1 PulanesauraTemporal range Hettangian Sinemurian 200 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Skeletal restorationScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClade DinosauriaClade SaurischiaClade SauropodomorphaClade AnchisauriaClade SauropodaGenus PulanesauraMcPhee et al 2015Type species Pulanesaura eocollumMcPhee et al 2015 Contents 1 Discovery and naming 2 Phylogeny 3 Paleoecology 4 References 5 Further readingDiscovery and naming Edit nbsp Quarry mapThe remains of Pulanesaura were discovered in a small quarry in the farm Spion Kop 932 in the Senekal District of the Free State in 2004 by paleontologist Matthew Bonnan The bones were excavated between 2004 and 2006 and studied by Blair McPhee as part of his dissertation since 2011 Pulanesaura was then described and named officially by Blair W McPhee Matthew F Bonnan Adam M Yates Johann Neveling and Jonah N Choiniere in 2015 with the type species Pulanesaura eocollum The generic name is derived from the Sesoth word for rain maker bringer Pulane in reference to the heavy rain conditions under which the remains were collected and the feminine form of the common dinosaur name suffix saura meaning lizard in Latin The specific name is derived from Greek eo meaning dawn and Latin collum meaning neck in reference to Pulanesaura being a very basal sauropod not yet showing the most archetypal trait of more advanced sauropods their very long necks 1 Pulanesaura was one of eighteen dinosaur taxa from 2015 to be described in open access or free to read journals 2 Pulanesaura is known from partial remains of at least two subadult to adult individuals The holotype BP 1 6982 represents the front dorsal vertebra missing the tip of the neural spine In addition the referred material consists of two isolated teeth a middle cervical vertebra five back vertebral arches a single right dorsal rib three tail vertebrae a left clavicle a distal right humerus a left ulna possibly the fourth right middle hand bone three ischia a left and a right shinbones and two hindlimb first claws The remains are considered to be conspecific with the holotype due to their close association in an area of three to three and a half meters in fine and stable sandstone their consistent morphology and the fact the same elements from different individuals show no conflict in traits The remains were collected on the farm Spion Kop 932 in a quarry located just over a kilometer East North East another dinosaur rich quarry in a higher stratigraphic position within the probably Sinemurian part of the upper Elliot Formation that yielded the less advanced sauropodomorphs Aardonyx celestae and the much smaller Arcusaurus pereirabdalorum 1 Phylogeny Edit nbsp Tibiae and ischium during excavation nbsp Tooth nbsp The holotype a front dorsal vertebraPulanesaura is a medium sized transitional sauropodiform A phylogenetic analysis resolved its position as either one of the least derived sauropods or as the sister taxon to Sauropoda depending on the definition for Sauropoda used node or stem based The following cladogram is simplified after this analysis members of bold taxa are not shown 1 Plateosauria RuehleiaPlateosauridae Massopoda RiojasauridaeMassospondylidae Sauropodiformes YunnanosaurusJingshanosaurusSeitaad Anchisauria AnchisaurusMussaurusAardonyxBlikanasaurusMelanorosaurus Sauropoda AntetonitrusLessemsaurusLeonerasaurusGongxianosaurusPulanesaura Sauropoda VulcanodonIsanosaurusTazoudasaurusSpinophorosaurusEusauropodaThe following cladogram shows the position of Pulanesaura within Massopoda according to Oliver W M Rauhut and colleagues 2020 3 Massopoda EucnemesaurusRiojasaurus nbsp SarahsaurusMassospondylidae YunnanosaurusJingshanosaurus nbsp SeitaadColoradisaurusGlacialisaurus nbsp LufengosaurusMassospondylus nbsp AdeopapposaurusLeyesaurusSauropodiformes XingxiulongAnchisaurusLeonerasaurus nbsp Mussaurus nbsp AardonyxSefapanosaurusMeroktenosMelanorosaurusCamelotiaLessemsaurusAntetonitrus nbsp IngentiaBlikanasaurusPulanesauraGongxianosaurusSchleitheimiaIsanosaurusTazoudasaurusSauropoda nbsp Paleoecology Edit nbsp Fauna from the upper Elliot Formation in Spion Kop FarmPulanesaura s posture and skeletal build indicate that the animal was a low browser unlike the prosauropods it shared its habitat with Studies by Blair McPhee et al indicate that Pulanesaura is thought to have coexisted with other sauropodomorphs found in the same formation due to niche partitioning Its flexible neck would have further allowed it to feed without moving its body very often and expending valuable energy a trait that later sauropods would take to extreme lengths Studies of the Upper Elliot Formation suggest that the environment was a predominantly arid floodplain where vegetation was concentrated most heavily around the river channels that flowed through the area further allowing the coexistence of Pulanesaura with other sauropodomorphs such as Aardonyx and Arcusaurus 1 References Edit a b c d e Blair W McPhee Matthew F Bonnan Adam M Yates Johann Neveling Jonah N Choiniere 2015 A new basal sauropod from the pre Toarcian Jurassic of South Africa evidence of niche partitioning at the sauropodomorph sauropod boundary Scientific Reports 5 Article number 13224 doi 10 1038 srep13224 PMC 4541066 PMID 26288028 The Open Access Dinosaurs of 2015 PLOS Paleo Archived from the original on 2017 07 15 Retrieved 2016 01 30 Rauhut O W M Holwerda F M Furrer H 2020 A derived sauropodiform dinosaur and other sauropodomorph material from the Late Triassic of Canton Schaffhausen Switzerland Swiss Journal of Geosciences 113 1 8 doi 10 1186 s00015 020 00360 8 S2CID 220294939 Further reading EditBlair W Mcphee amp Jonah N Choiniere 2017 The osteology of Pulanesaura eocollum implications for the inclusivity of Sauropoda Dinosauria Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society zlx074 advance online publication doi https doi org 10 1093 zoolinnean zlx074 https academic oup com zoolinnean article abstract doi 10 1093 zoolinnean zlx074 4561573 The osteology of Pulanesaura eocollum implications redirectedFrom fulltext Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pulanesaura amp oldid 1136304301, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
