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Pseudevernia furfuracea

February 18, 2024

Pseudevernia furfuracea, commonly known as tree moss, is a lichenized species of fungus that grows on the bark of firs and pines. The lichen is rather sensitive to air pollution, its presence usually indicating good air conditions in the growing place. The species has numerous human uses, including use in perfume, embalming and in medicine. Large amounts of tree moss is annually processed in France for the perfume industry.

Pseudevernia furfuracea
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Parmeliaceae
Genus: Pseudevernia
Species:
P. furfuracea
Binomial name
Pseudevernia furfuracea
(L.) Zopf (1903)
Synonyms[1]
  • Lichen furfuraceus L. (1753)
  • Borrera furfuracea (L.) Ach.
  • Evernia furfuracea (L.) W.Mann
  • Tenorea furfuracea (L.) Tornab.
  • Physcia furfuracea (L.) DC.
  • Parmelia furfuracea (L.) Ach.

Description edit

Pseudevernia furfuracea is associated with photobionts from the green algae genus Trebouxia.[2] It reproduces asexually by isidia.[3] The ontogeny of isidia development and its role in CO2 gas exchange in P. furfuracea has been investigated.[4] The preferred growing surfaces for P. furfuracea are the so-called "nutrient poor" bark trees, including birch, pine and spruce.[5]

The species has two morphologically identical varieties that are distinguished by the secondary metabolites they produce: var. ceratea Zopf. produces olivetoric acid and other physodic acids, while var. furfuracea produces physodic but not olivetoric acid. Some authors (e.g., Hale 1968[3]) have separated the chemotypes at the species level, designating the olivetoric acid-containing specimens as Pseudevernia olivetorina, but more recent literature separates them at the varietal level.[6]

Uses edit

Perfumes edit

Large amounts of tree moss (approximately 1900 tons in 1997) are processed in Grasse, France for the perfume industry.[7]

Embalming edit

In ancient Egyptian embalming, P. furfuracea was found packed into the body cavity of mummies,[8][9] although it is not certain whether this was done because of the supposed preservative properties or the aromatic properties of the lichen.[10]

Antimicrobial activity edit

Soluble extracts from P. furfuracea var. furfuracea and var. ceratea, as well as specific compounds found therein, have antimicrobial activity against a variety of microorganisms.[11]

Medicinal use edit

In Alfacar and Viznar, Andalucia (Spain), P. furfuracea is used for respiratory complaints. The thallus is washed and boiled for a long time to prepare a decoction that is drunk.[12]

Water extracts of this species have been shown to have a potent protective effect on genotoxicity caused by bismuth compounds such as colloidal bismuth subcitrate.[13]

Heavy metal sorption edit

Pseudevernia furfuracea has been investigated for its ability to absorb heavy metals from solution. The metal-binding biosorption for copper(II) and nickel(II) was shown to follow the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, suggesting it may have potential as a biosorbent for treatment of heavy metal wastes.[14]

Pollution monitors edit

 
Specimen photographed in Slovenia

Because specimens of P. furfuracea tend to bioaccumulate heavy metals like Cr, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, Fe, Mn and Cu proportional to their concentration in airborne particulates, they may be used as a biomonitor of air quality,[15][16][17] although it has been noted that both trace metal accumulation[18] and major element accumulation[19] is partly dependent on the hydration level of the specimen. Also, the species is sensitive to ozone concentrations: ozone fumigation results in biophysical, physiological, and structural impairment of specimens.[20]P. furfuracea has also been used to monitor the levels of radionuclides such as Cesium-137 in Austria after the Chernobyl nuclear accident.[21]

Conservation status edit

In Iceland, P. furfuracea is found in only two locations and is classified as critically endangered (CR).[22]

Bioactive compounds edit

In addition to the physodic acid mentioned above, P. furfuracea also contains 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-3,6-dimethyl benzoic acid,[23] atranorin, oxyphysodic acid, and virensic acid.[24] Of these compounds, atranorin showed the highest inhibition of proteolytic enzymes trypsin and porcine pancreatic elastase.[24] Research suggests that the biosynthesis of both atranorin and physodic acid is influenced by the cooperation of epiphytic bacteria.[25]

A number of sterol compounds have been identified from P. furfuracea, including ergosterol peroxide, ergosterol and lichosterol.[26]

References edit

  1. ^ "Synonymy: Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf, Beih. Botan. Centralbl., Abt. B 14: 124 (1903)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  2. ^ Kranner, I. (2002). "Glutathione status correlates with different degrees of desiccation tolerance in three lichens". New Phytologist. 154 (2): 451–460. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00376.x.
  3. ^ a b Hale, ME. (1968). "A synopsis of the lichen genus Pseudevernia". The Bryologist. 71 (1): 1–11. doi:10.2307/3240645. JSTOR 3240645.
  4. ^ Tretiach, Mauro; Crisafulli, Paola; Pittao, Elena; Rinino, Simona; Roccotiello, Enrica; Modenesi, Paolo (2005). "Isidia ontogeny and its effect on the CO2 gas exchanges of the epiphytic lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf". The Lichenologist. 37 (5): 445–462. doi:10.1017/s0024282905014982. S2CID 86120983.
  5. ^ "sh.diva-portal.org". Retrieved 2008-12-19.
  6. ^ Halvorsen, R; Bendiksen, E. (2008). "The chemical variation of Pseudevernia furfuracea in Norway". Nordic Journal of Botany. 2 (4): 371–380. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1982.tb01202.x.
  7. ^ Joulain, D; Guillamon, N. (2002). "Pseudevernia furfuracea ("treemoss") resinoid in fragrance compounding: Analytical issues". Koryo, Terupen Oyobi Seiyu Kagaku Ni Kansuru Toronkai Koen Yoshishu. 46: 16–18.
  8. ^ Club, Torrey Botanical (1882). Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club - Google Book Search. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
  9. ^ Nicholson, Paul T; Shaw, Ian (2000). Ancient Egyptian Materials and ... - Google Book Search. ISBN 978-0-521-45257-1. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
  10. ^ Baumann, BB. (1960). "The Botanical Aspects of Ancient Egyptian Embalming and Burial". Economic Botany. 14 (1): 84–104. doi:10.1007/BF02859368. S2CID 10364286.
  11. ^ Türk H, Yılmaz M, Tay T, Türk AÖ, Kıvanc M. (2006). Antimicrobial activity of extracts of chemical races of the lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea and their physodic acid, chloroatranorin, atranorin, and olivetoric acid constituents. Z. Naturforsch. 61c:499–507. PDF
  12. ^ González-Tejero, MR; Martínez-Lirola, MJ; Casares-Porcel, M; Molero-Mesa, J. (1995). "Three Lichens Used in Popular Medicine in Eastern Andalucia (Spain)". Economic Botany. 49 (1): 96–98. doi:10.1007/BF02862281. S2CID 46031221.
  13. ^ Geyikoglu F, Turkez H, Aslan A (September 2007). "The protective roles of some lichen species on colloidal bismuth subcitrate genotoxicity". Toxicol Ind Health. 23 (8): 487–92. doi:10.1177/0748233708089044. PMID 18669170. S2CID 32283760.
  14. ^ Ates, A; Yildiz, A; Yildiz, N; Calimli, A. (2007). "Heavy metal removal from aqueous solution by Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf". Annali di Chimica. 97 (5–6): 385–393. doi:10.1002/adic.200790023. PMID 17696016.
  15. ^ Bari A, Rosso A, Minciardi MR, Troiani F, Piervittori R (July 2001). "Analysis of heavy metals in atmospheric particulates in relation to their bioaccumulation in explanted Pseudevernia furfuracea thalli" (PDF). Environ Monit Assess. 69 (3): 205–20. doi:10.1023/A:1010757924363. PMID 11497378. S2CID 38975818. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
  16. ^ Jozic M, Peer T, Türk R (April 2008). "The impact of the tunnel exhausts in terms of heavy metals to the surrounding ecosystem". Environ Monit Assess. 150 (1–4): 261–71. doi:10.1007/s10661-008-0228-3. ISSN 0167-6369. PMID 18415694. S2CID 24997033.
  17. ^ Sorbo S, Aprile G, Strumia S, Castaldo Cobianchi R, Leone A, Basile A (December 2008). "Trace element accumulation in Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf exposed in Italy's so called Triangle of Death". Sci. Total Environ. 407 (1): 647–54. Bibcode:2008ScTEn.407..647S. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.07.071. PMID 18835631.
  18. ^ Adamo P, Giordano S, Vingiani S, Castaldo Cobianchi R, Violante P (2003). "Trace element accumulation by moss and lichen exposed in bags in the city of Naples (Italy)". Environ. Pollut. 122 (1): 91–103. doi:10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00277-4. PMID 12535598.
  19. ^ Vingiani S, Adamo P, Giordano S (May 2004). "Sulphur, nitrogen and carbon content of Sphagnum capillifolium and Pseudevernia furfuracea exposed in bags in the Naples urban area". Environ. Pollut. 129 (1): 145–58. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2003.09.016. PMID 14749078.
  20. ^ Scheidegger C, Schroeter B (1995). "Effects of ozone fumigation on epiphytic macrolichens: ultrastructure, CO2 gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence". Environ. Pollut. 88 (3): 345–54. doi:10.1016/0269-7491(95)93449-A. PMID 15091548.
  21. ^ Heinrich, G; Oswald, K; Muller, HJ. (1999). "Lichens as monitors of radiocesium and radiostrontium in Austria". Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 45 (1): 13–27. doi:10.1016/S0265-931X(98)00069-1.
  22. ^ Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands [Icelandic Institute of Natural History] (1996). Válisti 1: Plöntur. (in Icelandic) Reykjavík: Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands.
  23. ^ Kirmizigul, S; Koz, M; Anil, H; Icli, S; Zeybek, U. (2003). "Isolation and structure elucidation of novel natural products from Turkish lichens". Turkish Journal of Chemistry. 27 (4): 493–500.
  24. ^ a b Proksa B, Adamcová J, Sturdíková M, Fuska J (April 1994). "Metabolites of Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf. and their inhibition potential of proteolytic enzymes". Pharmazie. 49 (4): 282–3. PMID 8197230.
  25. ^ Blanch M, Blanco Y, Fontaniella B, Legaz ME, Vicente C (2001). "Production of phenolics by immobilized cells of the lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea: the role of epiphytic bacteria". Int. Microbiol. 4 (2): 89–92. doi:10.1007/s101230100019. PMID 11770830. S2CID 34053340.
  26. ^ Wojciech, ZA; Goad, LJ; Goodwin, TW. (1973). "Sterols of lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea". Phytochemistry. 12 (6): 1433–1436. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(73)80579-5.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pseudevernia furfuracea.

February 18, 2024
pseudevernia, furfuracea, commonly, known, tree, moss, lichenized, species, fungus, that, grows, bark, firs, pines, lichen, rather, sensitive, pollution, presence, usually, indicating, good, conditions, growing, place, species, numerous, human, uses, including. Pseudevernia furfuracea commonly known as tree moss is a lichenized species of fungus that grows on the bark of firs and pines The lichen is rather sensitive to air pollution its presence usually indicating good air conditions in the growing place The species has numerous human uses including use in perfume embalming and in medicine Large amounts of tree moss is annually processed in France for the perfume industry Pseudevernia furfuraceaScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom FungiDivision AscomycotaClass LecanoromycetesOrder LecanoralesFamily ParmeliaceaeGenus PseudeverniaSpecies P furfuraceaBinomial namePseudevernia furfuracea L Zopf 1903 Synonyms 1 Lichen furfuraceus L 1753 Borrera furfuracea L Ach Evernia furfuracea L W Mann Tenorea furfuracea L Tornab Physcia furfuracea L DC Parmelia furfuracea L Ach Contents 1 Description 2 Uses 2 1 Perfumes 2 2 Embalming 2 3 Antimicrobial activity 2 4 Medicinal use 2 5 Heavy metal sorption 2 6 Pollution monitors 3 Conservation status 4 Bioactive compounds 5 ReferencesDescription editPseudevernia furfuracea is associated with photobionts from the green algae genus Trebouxia 2 It reproduces asexually by isidia 3 The ontogeny of isidia development and its role in CO2 gas exchange in P furfuracea has been investigated 4 The preferred growing surfaces for P furfuracea are the so called nutrient poor bark trees including birch pine and spruce 5 The species has two morphologically identical varieties that are distinguished by the secondary metabolites they produce var ceratea Zopf produces olivetoric acid and other physodic acids while var furfuracea produces physodic but not olivetoric acid Some authors e g Hale 1968 3 have separated the chemotypes at the species level designating the olivetoric acid containing specimens as Pseudevernia olivetorina but more recent literature separates them at the varietal level 6 Uses editPerfumes edit Large amounts of tree moss approximately 1900 tons in 1997 are processed in Grasse France for the perfume industry 7 Embalming edit In ancient Egyptian embalming P furfuracea was found packed into the body cavity of mummies 8 9 although it is not certain whether this was done because of the supposed preservative properties or the aromatic properties of the lichen 10 Antimicrobial activity edit Soluble extracts from P furfuracea var furfuracea and var ceratea as well as specific compounds found therein have antimicrobial activity against a variety of microorganisms 11 Medicinal use edit In Alfacar and Viznar Andalucia Spain P furfuracea is used for respiratory complaints The thallus is washed and boiled for a long time to prepare a decoction that is drunk 12 Water extracts of this species have been shown to have a potent protective effect on genotoxicity caused by bismuth compounds such as colloidal bismuth subcitrate 13 Heavy metal sorption edit Pseudevernia furfuracea has been investigated for its ability to absorb heavy metals from solution The metal binding biosorption for copper II and nickel II was shown to follow the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models suggesting it may have potential as a biosorbent for treatment of heavy metal wastes 14 Pollution monitors edit nbsp Specimen photographed in SloveniaBecause specimens of P furfuracea tend to bioaccumulate heavy metals like Cr Zn Cd Pb Ni Fe Mn and Cu proportional to their concentration in airborne particulates they may be used as a biomonitor of air quality 15 16 17 although it has been noted that both trace metal accumulation 18 and major element accumulation 19 is partly dependent on the hydration level of the specimen Also the species is sensitive to ozone concentrations ozone fumigation results in biophysical physiological and structural impairment of specimens 20 P furfuracea has also been used to monitor the levels of radionuclides such as Cesium 137 in Austria after the Chernobyl nuclear accident 21 Conservation status editIn Iceland P furfuracea is found in only two locations and is classified as critically endangered CR 22 Bioactive compounds editIn addition to the physodic acid mentioned above P furfuracea also contains 2 hydroxy 4 methoxy 3 6 dimethyl benzoic acid 23 atranorin oxyphysodic acid and virensic acid 24 Of these compounds atranorin showed the highest inhibition of proteolytic enzymes trypsin and porcine pancreatic elastase 24 Research suggests that the biosynthesis of both atranorin and physodic acid is influenced by the cooperation of epiphytic bacteria 25 A number of sterol compounds have been identified from P furfuracea including ergosterol peroxide ergosterol and lichosterol 26 References edit Synonymy Pseudevernia furfuracea L Zopf Beih Botan Centralbl Abt B 14 124 1903 Species Fungorum Retrieved 3 May 2021 Kranner I 2002 Glutathione status correlates with different degrees of desiccation tolerance in three lichens New Phytologist 154 2 451 460 doi 10 1046 j 1469 8137 2002 00376 x a b Hale ME 1968 A synopsis of the lichen genus Pseudevernia The Bryologist 71 1 1 11 doi 10 2307 3240645 JSTOR 3240645 Tretiach Mauro Crisafulli Paola Pittao Elena Rinino Simona Roccotiello Enrica Modenesi Paolo 2005 Isidia ontogeny and its effect on the CO2 gas exchanges of the epiphytic lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea L Zopf The Lichenologist 37 5 445 462 doi 10 1017 s0024282905014982 S2CID 86120983 sh diva portal org Retrieved 2008 12 19 Halvorsen R Bendiksen E 2008 The chemical variation of Pseudevernia furfuracea in Norway Nordic Journal of Botany 2 4 371 380 doi 10 1111 j 1756 1051 1982 tb01202 x Joulain D Guillamon N 2002 Pseudevernia furfuracea treemoss resinoid in fragrance compounding Analytical issues Koryo Terupen Oyobi Seiyu Kagaku Ni Kansuru Toronkai Koen Yoshishu 46 16 18 Club Torrey Botanical 1882 Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club Google Book Search Retrieved 2008 12 19 Nicholson Paul T Shaw Ian 2000 Ancient Egyptian Materials and Google Book Search ISBN 978 0 521 45257 1 Retrieved 2008 12 19 Baumann BB 1960 The Botanical Aspects of Ancient Egyptian Embalming and Burial Economic Botany 14 1 84 104 doi 10 1007 BF02859368 S2CID 10364286 Turk H Yilmaz M Tay T Turk AO Kivanc M 2006 Antimicrobial activity of extracts of chemical races of the lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea and their physodic acid chloroatranorin atranorin and olivetoric acid constituents Z Naturforsch 61c 499 507 PDF Gonzalez Tejero MR Martinez Lirola MJ Casares Porcel M Molero Mesa J 1995 Three Lichens Used in Popular Medicine in Eastern Andalucia Spain Economic Botany 49 1 96 98 doi 10 1007 BF02862281 S2CID 46031221 Geyikoglu F Turkez H Aslan A September 2007 The protective roles of some lichen species on colloidal bismuth subcitrate genotoxicity Toxicol Ind Health 23 8 487 92 doi 10 1177 0748233708089044 PMID 18669170 S2CID 32283760 Ates A Yildiz A Yildiz N Calimli A 2007 Heavy metal removal from aqueous solution by Pseudevernia furfuracea L Zopf Annali di Chimica 97 5 6 385 393 doi 10 1002 adic 200790023 PMID 17696016 Bari A Rosso A Minciardi MR Troiani F Piervittori R July 2001 Analysis of heavy metals in atmospheric particulates in relation to their bioaccumulation in explanted Pseudevernia furfuracea thalli PDF Environ Monit Assess 69 3 205 20 doi 10 1023 A 1010757924363 PMID 11497378 S2CID 38975818 Retrieved 2008 12 18 Jozic M Peer T Turk R April 2008 The impact of the tunnel exhausts in terms of heavy metals to the surrounding ecosystem Environ Monit Assess 150 1 4 261 71 doi 10 1007 s10661 008 0228 3 ISSN 0167 6369 PMID 18415694 S2CID 24997033 Sorbo S Aprile G Strumia S Castaldo Cobianchi R Leone A Basile A December 2008 Trace element accumulation in Pseudevernia furfuracea L Zopf exposed in Italy s so called Triangle of Death Sci Total Environ 407 1 647 54 Bibcode 2008ScTEn 407 647S doi 10 1016 j scitotenv 2008 07 071 PMID 18835631 Adamo P Giordano S Vingiani S Castaldo Cobianchi R Violante P 2003 Trace element accumulation by moss and lichen exposed in bags in the city of Naples Italy Environ Pollut 122 1 91 103 doi 10 1016 S0269 7491 02 00277 4 PMID 12535598 Vingiani S Adamo P Giordano S May 2004 Sulphur nitrogen and carbon content of Sphagnum capillifolium and Pseudevernia furfuracea exposed in bags in the Naples urban area Environ Pollut 129 1 145 58 doi 10 1016 j envpol 2003 09 016 PMID 14749078 Scheidegger C Schroeter B 1995 Effects of ozone fumigation on epiphytic macrolichens ultrastructure CO2 gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence Environ Pollut 88 3 345 54 doi 10 1016 0269 7491 95 93449 A PMID 15091548 Heinrich G Oswald K Muller HJ 1999 Lichens as monitors of radiocesium and radiostrontium in Austria Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 45 1 13 27 doi 10 1016 S0265 931X 98 00069 1 Natturufraedistofnun Islands Icelandic Institute of Natural History 1996 Valisti 1 Plontur in Icelandic Reykjavik Natturufraedistofnun Islands Kirmizigul S Koz M Anil H Icli S Zeybek U 2003 Isolation and structure elucidation of novel natural products from Turkish lichens Turkish Journal of Chemistry 27 4 493 500 a b Proksa B Adamcova J Sturdikova M Fuska J April 1994 Metabolites of Pseudevernia furfuracea L Zopf and their inhibition potential of proteolytic enzymes Pharmazie 49 4 282 3 PMID 8197230 Blanch M Blanco Y Fontaniella B Legaz ME Vicente C 2001 Production of phenolics by immobilized cells of the lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea the role of epiphytic bacteria Int Microbiol 4 2 89 92 doi 10 1007 s101230100019 PMID 11770830 S2CID 34053340 Wojciech ZA Goad LJ Goodwin TW 1973 Sterols of lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea Phytochemistry 12 6 1433 1436 doi 10 1016 0031 9422 73 80579 5 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pseudevernia furfuracea Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pseudevernia furfuracea amp oldid 1127600346, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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