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Proto-Palaungic language

January 01, 1970

Proto-Palaungic is the reconstructed proto-language of the Palaungic languages of mainland Southeast Asia.[1]

Proto-Palaungic
Reconstruction ofPalaungic languages
Reconstructed
ancestor

Homeland edit

Paul Sidwell (2015) suggests that the Urheimat (homeland) of Proto-Palaungic was in what is now the border region of Laos and Sipsongpanna in Yunnan, China. The Khmuic homeland was adjacent to the Palaungic homeland, resulting in many lexical borrowings among the two branches due to intense contact. Sidwell (2014) suggests that the word for 'water' (Proto-Palaungic *ʔoːm), which Gérard Diffloth had used as one of the defining lexical innovations for his Northern Mon-Khmer branch, was likely borrowed from Palaungic into Khmuic.

Reconstructed forms edit

The following list of Proto-Palaungic reconstructions, organized by semantic category, is from Sidwell (2015: 100-111).

Personal pronouns
singular dual plural
1st person (inclusive) *ʔɔːʔ *ʔaːj *ʔɛʔ
1st person (exclusive) - *jaːr *ˀjɛ/eːʔ
2nd person *miːʔ *paːr *pɛʔ
3rd person *ʔan; *ʔɤːn *gaːr, *gɛʔ *giːʔ
Demonstratives
  • *nɔʔ ‘this (prox.)’
  • *neʔ ‘this’
  • *tVj ‘that (dist.)’
Numerals
  • *diːʔ ‘one, alone’
  • *moːh ‘one’
  • *ləʔaːr ‘two’
  • *ləʔɔːj ‘three’
  • *poːn ‘four’
  • *pəsan ‘five’
  • *tɔːl ‘six’
  • *təpuːl ‘seven’
  • *taːʔ ‘eight’
  • *tiːm ‘nine’
  • *kɤːl ‘ten’
Cereal cultivation
  • *sŋɔːʔ ‘paddy rice’
  • *-gɔr ‘ear (of grain)’
  • *rəŋkoːʔ ‘husked rice’
  • *ɓaːʔ ‘paddy rice’ (restricted distribution)
  • *səkɔːj ‘millet’
  • *səɓeʔ ‘millet, Job's tears’
  • *soːŋ ‘to steam (rice)’
  • *səkaːm ‘chaff, bran’
  • *cəmaːl ‘seed grain’
  • *kənɟaːn ‘sickle’
  • *ʋɔk ‘hook’ / ‘to reap, harvest’
  • *ʋɤc ‘to reap, harvest’
  • *moːl ‘to dibble’
  • *ˀmaːr ‘swidden field’
  • *ɟiək ‘to cultivate’
  • *guːm ‘to winnow’
  • *piɛr ‘winnowing tray’
  • *kroːr ‘granary’
Agriculture and village economy
  • *pɔŋ ‘tuber’
  • *rəɓaːj ‘bean’
  • *kəlɔːŋ ‘seed’
  • *cəmaːl ‘seed’
  • *ləŋaːʔ ‘sesame’
  • *t.kiəl ‘cucumber’
  • *miəm ‘tea’
  • *-meːʔ ‘sugar’
  • *səroːɁ ‘taro’
  • *-piːr ‘pumpkin’
  • *-luŋ ‘eggplant/gourd’
  • *tərɗɔŋ ‘gourd bottle’
  • *rəŋɔ/aŋ ‘knife (iron?)’
  • *ɓoːj ‘dipper, ladle’
  • *kɔk ‘handle of tool’
  • *lak ‘to hoe, hammer’
  • *tiəm ‘to hammer’
  • *bliɛs ‘spear’
  • *plaːʔ ‘blade’
  • *kliːŋ ‘metal bell’
  • *kruːŋ ‘drum’
  • *klɔːŋ ‘drum’
  • *cətuŋ ‘drum’
  • *-ɓeʔ ‘clothes’
  • *-gɤːŋ ‘pillow’
  • *təcɔːs ‘knife’
  • *ʋaːc ‘knife, sword’
  • *-lac ‘needle’ (< ‘insert’)
  • *pəɲeːʔ ‘needle’
  • *ɟiŋ ‘to sew’
  • *cəduːʔ ‘silk’
  • *-siːʔ ‘rope, string’
  • *ruːp ‘fishing net’
  • *ɟɔːr ‘basket’
  • *ɗi(ː)ŋ ‘bamboo container’
  • *baːn ‘tray’
  • *suːr ‘bag’
Fruits and plant products
  • *ɟriːʔ ‘fig, Ficus’
  • *pliːʔ ‘fruit’
  • *ləŋʋaːʔ ‘fig tree’
  • *klɔːj ‘banana’
  • *rəmɔːs ‘banana’
  • *kəɗoːʔ ‘plantain, banana’
  • *rəʋɔj ‘sour fig’
  • *ˀrɤs ‘fig’
  • *cɤ/am ‘to plant’
  • *cənɤ/am ‘herb, medicine’
  • *ˀjɤc ‘drunk’
  • *smɤːʔ ‘vine, cord’
Domesticated animals
  • *bɛʔ ‘goat’
  • *cɔːʔ ‘dog’
  • *-leːk ‘pig’
  • *mraŋ ‘horse’
  • *miɛw ‘cat’
  • *mɤk ‘cattle’
  • *mənaːʔ ‘buffalo’
  • *traːk ‘buffalo’
  • *ʔiɛr ‘chicken’
  • *daːʔ ‘duck’
  • *koːŋ ‘peacock’
Invertebrates
  • *ɓa/ɤr ‘flying ant’
  • *ɓeːŋ ‘spider’
  • *caːr ‘grasshopper’
  • *cɔːʔ ‘red ant’
  • *gɔŋ ‘grub, worm’
  • *ʰraːc ‘maggot’
  • *-lɔːʔ ‘snail’
  • *lVŋ ‘firefly’
  • *maʔ ‘insect’
  • *-mɔːt ‘weevil’
  • *mrɤɲ ‘body louse’
  • *ɲaŋ ‘caterpillar’
  • *ŋruːɲ ‘ant/termite’
  • *pəsiɛr ‘bee’
  • *plɤːm ‘leech (land)’
  • *-praːŋ ‘mosquito’
  • *raːk ‘termite’
  • *rɔːj ‘housefly’
  • *-riːt ‘cricket’
  • *-riɛŋ ‘wasp’
  • *saːj ‘bee, wasp’
  • *smuːc ‘ant’
  • *suːt ‘bee’
  • *ʋaːk ‘insect, worm’
  • *-ʔiːp ‘centipede’
  • *-ʔɔːr ‘hornet’
  • *kəʔaːɲ ‘wasp’
Housing and infrastructure
  • *gaːŋ ‘house’
  • *rɔŋ ‘wall’
  • *təʋaːŋ ‘hearth’
  • *rəmɤs ‘bamboo flooring’
  • *tɔ(ː)ŋ ‘ladder, stair’
  • *plaŋ ‘thatching-grass’ (Imperata cylindrica)
  • *-rɔŋ ‘post, pole’
  • *ˀjɤːŋ ‘village’
  • *-ruʔ ‘village’
  • *-ɗeːŋ ‘road, way’
  • *rɔːŋ ‘ditch, channel’
  • *dap ‘to dam’
  • *kroːr ‘granary’
  • *kraːs ‘veranda’
  • *kraːʔ ‘road, way’

Lexical similarities with Khmuic edit

Sidwell (2015) notes that Palaungic and Khmuic share many lexical items, but considers this phenomenon to be a result of lexical diffusion due to intense language contact. Sidwell (2015:112-113) lists the following Proto-Palaungic forms as having diffused from Palaungic into Khmuic.

Palaungic > Khmuic lexical forms
  • *ʔɔːt ‘wipe’
  • *ʔiɛk ‘armpit’
  • *ɓɤs ‘carry on head/back’
  • *bliɛs ‘spear’
  • *cəˀŋam ‘clear, clean’
  • *criːl ‘gold’
  • *gɔːʔ ‘friend; relative’
  • *kərɗi(ː)ŋ ‘navel’
  • *kɤːŋ ‘to dig’
  • *kʋɤj ‘above, upper part’
  • *laj ‘to trade’
  • *mɔk ‘to fell’
  • *(ʰ)ɲɤk ‘sticky’
  • *tjaːk ‘sambar deer’

Sidwell (2015:113) lists the following Proto-Palaungic forms as having diffused from Khmuic into Palaungic.

Khmuic > Palaungic lexical forms
  • *ɟɤːl ‘light in weight’
  • *kla(ː)w ‘testicles’

Sidwell (2015:114) lists the following Proto-Palaungic forms that are also shared with Khmuic but not with other Austroasiatic branches, and is unsure of whether they diffused from Palaungic to Khmuic or vice versa.

  • *-daːk ‘palm, sole’
  • *-jaːŋ ‘female’
  • *kəlɔːŋ ‘seed’
  • *krlaːŋ ‘planet’
  • *-nuːs ‘mouth’
  • *tɤːʔ ‘smoke’
  • *sŋɔːʔ ‘paddy rice’

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Sidwell, Paul. 2015. The Palaungic Languages: Classification, Reconstruction and Comparative Lexicon 2019-10-23 at the Wayback Machine. München: Lincom Europa.
  • Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
  • Sidwell, Paul. Proto Palaungic phonology: reconstructing vowel lengths and qualities in a partially restructured system.
  • Shorto, Harry L. Sidwell, Paul, Doug Cooper and Christian Bauer, eds. 2006. A Mon–Khmer Comparative Dictionary. Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0-85883-570-3.

January 01, 1970
proto, palaungic, language, proto, palaungic, reconstructed, proto, language, palaungic, languages, mainland, southeast, asia, proto, palaungicreconstruction, ofpalaungic, languagesreconstructedancestorproto, austroasiatic, contents, homeland, reconstructed, f. Proto Palaungic is the reconstructed proto language of the Palaungic languages of mainland Southeast Asia 1 Proto PalaungicReconstruction ofPalaungic languagesReconstructedancestorProto Austroasiatic Contents 1 Homeland 2 Reconstructed forms 3 Lexical similarities with Khmuic 4 See also 5 ReferencesHomeland editPaul Sidwell 2015 suggests that the Urheimat homeland of Proto Palaungic was in what is now the border region of Laos and Sipsongpanna in Yunnan China The Khmuic homeland was adjacent to the Palaungic homeland resulting in many lexical borrowings among the two branches due to intense contact Sidwell 2014 suggests that the word for water Proto Palaungic ʔoːm which Gerard Diffloth had used as one of the defining lexical innovations for his Northern Mon Khmer branch was likely borrowed from Palaungic into Khmuic Reconstructed forms editThe following list of Proto Palaungic reconstructions organized by semantic category is from Sidwell 2015 100 111 Personal pronouns singular dual plural 1st person inclusive ʔɔːʔ ʔaːj ʔɛʔ 1st person exclusive jaːr ˀjɛ eːʔ 2nd person miːʔ paːr pɛʔ 3rd person ʔan ʔɤːn gaːr gɛʔ giːʔ Demonstratives nɔʔ this prox neʔ this tVj that dist Numerals diːʔ one alone moːh one leʔaːr two leʔɔːj three poːn four pesan five tɔːl six tepuːl seven taːʔ eight tiːm nine kɤːl ten Cereal cultivation sŋɔːʔ paddy rice gɔr ear of grain reŋkoːʔ husked rice ɓaːʔ paddy rice restricted distribution sekɔːj millet seɓeʔ millet Job s tears soːŋ to steam rice sekaːm chaff bran cemaːl seed grain kenɟaːn sickle ʋɔk hook to reap harvest ʋɤc to reap harvest moːl to dibble ˀmaːr swidden field ɟiek to cultivate guːm to winnow piɛr winnowing tray kroːr granary Agriculture and village economy pɔŋ tuber reɓaːj bean kelɔːŋ seed cemaːl seed leŋaːʔ sesame t kiel cucumber miem tea meːʔ sugar seroːɁ taro piːr pumpkin luŋ eggplant gourd terɗɔŋ gourd bottle reŋɔ aŋ knife iron ɓoːj dipper ladle kɔk handle of tool lak to hoe hammer tiem to hammer bliɛs spear plaːʔ blade kliːŋ metal bell kruːŋ drum klɔːŋ drum cetuŋ drum ɓeʔ clothes gɤːŋ pillow tecɔːs knife ʋaːc knife sword lac needle lt insert peɲeːʔ needle ɟiŋ to sew ceduːʔ silk siːʔ rope string ruːp fishing net ɟɔːr basket ɗi ː ŋ bamboo container baːn tray suːr bag Fruits and plant products ɟriːʔ fig Ficus pliːʔ fruit leŋʋaːʔ fig tree klɔːj banana remɔːs banana keɗoːʔ plantain banana reʋɔj sour fig ˀrɤs fig cɤ am to plant cenɤ am herb medicine ˀjɤc drunk smɤːʔ vine cord Domesticated animals bɛʔ goat cɔːʔ dog leːk pig mraŋ horse miɛw cat mɤk cattle menaːʔ buffalo traːk buffalo ʔiɛr chicken daːʔ duck koːŋ peacock Invertebrates ɓa ɤr flying ant ɓeːŋ spider caːr grasshopper cɔːʔ red ant gɔŋ grub worm ʰraːc maggot lɔːʔ snail lVŋ firefly maʔ insect mɔːt weevil mrɤɲ body louse ɲaŋ caterpillar ŋruːɲ ant termite pesiɛr bee plɤːm leech land praːŋ mosquito raːk termite rɔːj housefly riːt cricket riɛŋ wasp saːj bee wasp smuːc ant suːt bee ʋaːk insect worm ʔiːp centipede ʔɔːr hornet keʔaːɲ wasp Housing and infrastructure gaːŋ house rɔŋ wall teʋaːŋ hearth remɤs bamboo flooring tɔ ː ŋ ladder stair plaŋ thatching grass Imperata cylindrica rɔŋ post pole ˀjɤːŋ village ruʔ village ɗeːŋ road way rɔːŋ ditch channel dap to dam kroːr granary kraːs veranda kraːʔ road way Lexical similarities with Khmuic editSidwell 2015 notes that Palaungic and Khmuic share many lexical items but considers this phenomenon to be a result of lexical diffusion due to intense language contact Sidwell 2015 112 113 lists the following Proto Palaungic forms as having diffused from Palaungic into Khmuic Palaungic gt Khmuic lexical forms ʔɔːt wipe ʔiɛk armpit ɓɤs carry on head back bliɛs spear ceˀŋam clear clean criːl gold gɔːʔ friend relative kerɗi ː ŋ navel kɤːŋ to dig kʋɤj above upper part laj to trade mɔk to fell ʰ ɲɤk sticky tjaːk sambar deer Sidwell 2015 113 lists the following Proto Palaungic forms as having diffused from Khmuic into Palaungic Khmuic gt Palaungic lexical forms ɟɤːl light in weight kla ː w testicles Sidwell 2015 114 lists the following Proto Palaungic forms that are also shared with Khmuic but not with other Austroasiatic branches and is unsure of whether they diffused from Palaungic to Khmuic or vice versa daːk palm sole jaːŋ female kelɔːŋ seed krlaːŋ planet nuːs mouth tɤːʔ smoke sŋɔːʔ paddy rice See also editProto Palaungic reconstructions Wiktionary Proto Austroasiatic languageReferences edit Sidwell Paul 2015 The Palaungic Languages Classification Reconstruction and Comparative Lexicon Archived 2019 10 23 at the Wayback Machine Munchen Lincom Europa Sidwell Paul and Felix Rau 2015 Austroasiatic Comparative Historical Reconstruction An Overview In Jenny Mathias and Paul Sidwell eds 2015 The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages Leiden Brill Sidwell Paul Proto Palaungic phonology reconstructing vowel lengths and qualities in a partially restructured system Shorto Harry L Sidwell Paul Doug Cooper and Christian Bauer eds 2006 A Mon Khmer Comparative Dictionary Canberra Australian National University Pacific Linguistics ISBN 0 85883 570 3 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Proto Palaungic language amp oldid 1173294212, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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