A projectile is an object that is propelled by the application of an external force and then moves freely under the influence of gravity and air resistance.[1][2] Although any objects in motion through space are projectiles, they are commonly found in warfare and sports (for example, a thrown baseball, kicked football, fired bullet, shot arrow, stone released from catapult).[3][4]
Projectile and cartridge case for the huge World War IISchwerer Gustav artillery piece. Most projectile weapons use the compression or expansion of gases as their motive force.
Railguns utilize electromagnetic fields to provide a constant acceleration along the entire length of the device, greatly increasing the muzzle velocity.
Some projectiles provide propulsion during flight by means of a rocket engine or jet engine. In military terminology, a rocket is unguided, while a missile is guided. Note the two meanings of "rocket" (weapon and engine): an ICBM is a guided missile with a rocket engine.
An explosion, whether or not by a weapon, causes the debris to act as multiple high velocity projectiles. An explosive weapon or device may also be designed to produce many high velocity projectiles by the break-up of its casing; these are correctly termed fragments.
In sports
Ball speeds of 105 miles per hour (169 km/h) have been recorded in baseball.[5]
In projectile motion the most important force applied to the ‘projectile’ is the propelling force, in this case the propelling forces are the muscles that act upon the ball to make it move, and the stronger the force applied, the more propelling force, which means the projectile (the ball) will travel farther. See pitching, bowling.
As a weapon
Delivery projectiles
Many projectiles, e.g. shells, may carry an explosive charge or another chemical or biological substance. Aside from explosive payload, a projectile can be designed to cause special damage, e.g. fire (see also early thermal weapons), or poisoning (see also arrow poison).
The Homing Overlay Experiment used a metal fan that was rolled up during launch and expanded during flight. The metal has five times as much destructive power as an explosive warhead of the same weight.
A kinetic energy weapon (also known as kinetic weapon, kinetic energy warhead, kinetic warhead, kinetic projectile, kinetic kill vehicle) is a weapon based solely on a projectile's kinetic energy instead of an explosive or any other kind of payload.
The term Hit-to-kill, or kinetic kill, is also used in the military aerospace field to describe kinetic energy weapons. It has been used primarily in the anti-ballistic missiles (ABM) and anti-satellite weapons (ASAT) area, but some modern anti-aircraft missiles are also hit-to-kill. Hit-to-kill systems are part of the wider class of kinetic projectiles, a class that has widespread use in the anti-tank field.
Typical kinetic energy weapons are blunt projectiles such as rocks and round shots, pointed ones such as arrows, and somewhat pointed ones such as bullets. Among projectiles that do not contain explosives are those launched from railguns, coilguns, and mass drivers, as well as kinetic energy penetrators. All of these weapons work by attaining a high muzzle velocity, or initial velocity, generally up to hypervelocity, and collide with their targets, converting the kinetic energy associated with the relative velocity between the two objects into destructive shock waves and heat. Other types of kinetic weapons are accelerated over time by a rocket engine, or by gravity. In either case, it is this kinetic energy that destroys its target.
Wired projectiles
Some projectiles stay connected by a cable to the launch equipment after launching it:
to administer an electric shock, as in the case of a Taser (range up to 10.6 metres or 35 feet); two projectiles are shot simultaneously, each with a cable.
to make a connection with the target, either to tow it towards the launcher, as with a whaling harpoon, or to draw the launcher to the target, as a grappling hook does.
An object projected at an angle to the horizontal has both the vertical and horizontal components of velocity. The vertical component of the velocity on the y-axis is given as while the horizontal component of the velocity is . There are various calculations for projectiles at a specific angle :
1. Time to reach maximum height. It is symbolized as (), which is the time taken for the projectile to reach the maximum height from the plane of projection. Mathematically, it is given as where = acceleration due to gravity (app 9.81 m/s²), = initial velocity (m/s) and = angle made by the projectile with the horizontal axis.
2. Time of flight (): this is the total time taken for the projectile to fall back to the same plane from which it was projected. Mathematically it is given as .
3. Maximum Height (): this is the maximum height attained by the projectile OR the maximum displacement on the vertical axis (y-axis) covered by the projectile. It is given as .
4. Range (): The Range of a projectile is the horizontal distance covered (on the x-axis) by the projectile. Mathematically, . The Range is maximum when angle = 45°, i.e. .
^Pepin, Matt (2010-08-26). "Aroldis Chapman hits 105 mph". Boston.com. from the original on 31 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
^"Facts and figures". European Organization for Nuclear Research. CERN. 2008. Archived from the original on 2018-07-02. Retrieved 2018-07-02.
Heidi Knecht (29 June 2013). Projectile Technology. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN978-1-4899-1851-2.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Projectiles.
Look up projectile in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Open Source Physics computer model
Projectile Motion Applet
Another projectile Motion Applet
May 07, 2023
projectile, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, cit. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Projectile news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed December 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message A projectile is an object that is propelled by the application of an external force and then moves freely under the influence of gravity and air resistance 1 2 Although any objects in motion through space are projectiles they are commonly found in warfare and sports for example a thrown baseball kicked football fired bullet shot arrow stone released from catapult 3 4 A projectile being fired from an artillery piece In ballistics mathematical equations of motion are used to analyze projectile trajectories through launch flight and impact Contents 1 Motive force 2 In sports 3 As a weapon 3 1 Delivery projectiles 3 2 Kinetic projectiles 4 Wired projectiles 5 Typical projectile speeds 6 Equations of motion 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External linksMotive force EditSee also Projectile motion Projectile and cartridge case for the huge World War II Schwerer Gustav artillery piece Most projectile weapons use the compression or expansion of gases as their motive force Blowguns and pneumatic rifles use compressed gases while most other guns and cannons utilize expanding gases liberated by sudden chemical reactions by propellants like smokeless powder Light gas guns use a combination of these mechanisms Railguns utilize electromagnetic fields to provide a constant acceleration along the entire length of the device greatly increasing the muzzle velocity Some projectiles provide propulsion during flight by means of a rocket engine or jet engine In military terminology a rocket is unguided while a missile is guided Note the two meanings of rocket weapon and engine an ICBM is a guided missile with a rocket engine An explosion whether or not by a weapon causes the debris to act as multiple high velocity projectiles An explosive weapon or device may also be designed to produce many high velocity projectiles by the break up of its casing these are correctly termed fragments In sports Edit Ball speeds of 105 miles per hour 169 km h have been recorded in baseball 5 In projectile motion the most important force applied to the projectile is the propelling force in this case the propelling forces are the muscles that act upon the ball to make it move and the stronger the force applied the more propelling force which means the projectile the ball will travel farther See pitching bowling As a weapon EditDelivery projectiles Edit Many projectiles e g shells may carry an explosive charge or another chemical or biological substance Aside from explosive payload a projectile can be designed to cause special damage e g fire see also early thermal weapons or poisoning see also arrow poison Kinetic projectiles Edit This section is an excerpt from Kinetic energy weapon edit The Homing Overlay Experiment used a metal fan that was rolled up during launch and expanded during flight The metal has five times as much destructive power as an explosive warhead of the same weight A kinetic energy weapon also known as kinetic weapon kinetic energy warhead kinetic warhead kinetic projectile kinetic kill vehicle is a weapon based solely on a projectile s kinetic energy instead of an explosive or any other kind of payload The term Hit to kill or kinetic kill is also used in the military aerospace field to describe kinetic energy weapons It has been used primarily in the anti ballistic missiles ABM and anti satellite weapons ASAT area but some modern anti aircraft missiles are also hit to kill Hit to kill systems are part of the wider class of kinetic projectiles a class that has widespread use in the anti tank field Typical kinetic energy weapons are blunt projectiles such as rocks and round shots pointed ones such as arrows and somewhat pointed ones such as bullets Among projectiles that do not contain explosives are those launched from railguns coilguns and mass drivers as well as kinetic energy penetrators All of these weapons work by attaining a high muzzle velocity or initial velocity generally up to hypervelocity and collide with their targets converting the kinetic energy associated with the relative velocity between the two objects into destructive shock waves and heat Other types of kinetic weapons are accelerated over time by a rocket engine or by gravity In either case it is this kinetic energy that destroys its target Wired projectiles EditSome projectiles stay connected by a cable to the launch equipment after launching it for guidance wire guided missile range up to 4 000 metres or 13 000 feet to administer an electric shock as in the case of a Taser range up to 10 6 metres or 35 feet two projectiles are shot simultaneously each with a cable to make a connection with the target either to tow it towards the launcher as with a whaling harpoon or to draw the launcher to the target as a grappling hook does Typical projectile speeds EditThis section s factual accuracy is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on Talk Projectile Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced December 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message See also Orders of magnitude speed and Muzzle velocity Projectile Speed Specific kinetic energy J kg m s km h ft s mph Object falling 1 m in vacuum at Earth s surface 4 43 15 948 14 5 9 9 9 8Object falling 10 m in vacuum at Earth s surface 14 50 4 46 31 98Thrown club expert thrower 40 144 130 90 800Object falling 100 m in vacuum at Earth s surface 45 162 150 100 980Refined flexible atlatl dart expert thrower 45 162 150 100 1 000Ice hockey puck slapshot professional player 50 180 165 110 1 30080 lb draw pistol crossbow bolt 58 208 8 190 130 1 700War arrow shot from a 150 lbs medieval warbow 63 228 2 208 141 2 000Blunt Impact Projectile shot from a 40mm grenade launcher 87 313 2 285 194 6 3 785Paintball fired from marker 91 327 6 300 204 4 100175 lb draw crossbow bolt 97 349 2 320 217 4 7006 mm Airsoft pellet 100 360 328 224 5 000Air Rifle BB 4 5 mm 150 540 492 336 11 000Air gun pellet 177 magnum power air rifle 305 878 4 1 000 545 29 8009 19mm bullet of a pistol 340 1224 1 116 761 58 00012 7 99 mm bullet of a heavy machine gun 800 2 880 2 625 1 790 320 000German Tiger I 88 mm tank shell Pzgr 39 APCBCHE 810 2 899 2 657 1 812 328 0505 56 45mm standard round used in many modern rifles 920 3 312 3 018 2 058 470 00020 102mm standard US cannon round used in fighter cannons 1 039 3 741 3 410 2 325 540 00025 140mm APFSDS tank penetrator 1 700 6 120 5 577 3 803 1 400 0002 kg tungsten Slug from Experimental Railgun 3 000 10 800 9 843 6 711 4 500 000MRBM reentry vehicle Up to 4 000 Up to 14 000 Up to 13 000 Up to 9 000 Up to 8 000 000projectile of a light gas gun Up to 7 000 Up to 25 000 Up to 23 000 Up to 16 000 Up to 24 000 000Satellite in low Earth orbit 8 000 29 000 26 000 19 000 32 000 000Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle 10 000 36 000 33 000 22 000 50 000 000Projectile e g space debris and target both in low Earth orbit 0 16 000 58 000 53 000 36 000 130 000 0007 TeV particle in LHC 6 299 792 455 note 1 1 079 252 839 983571079 670 616 536 6 7 1020 note 2 Equations of motion EditMain article Projectile motion An object projected at an angle to the horizontal has both the vertical and horizontal components of velocity The vertical component of the velocity on the y axis is given as V y U sin 8 displaystyle V y U sin theta while the horizontal component of the velocity is V x U cos 8 displaystyle V x U cos theta There are various calculations for projectiles at a specific angle 8 displaystyle theta 1 Time to reach maximum height It is symbolized as t displaystyle t which is the time taken for the projectile to reach the maximum height from the plane of projection Mathematically it is given as t U sin 8 g displaystyle t U sin theta g where g displaystyle g acceleration due to gravity app 9 81 m s U displaystyle U initial velocity m s and 8 displaystyle theta angle made by the projectile with the horizontal axis 2 Time of flight T displaystyle T this is the total time taken for the projectile to fall back to the same plane from which it was projected Mathematically it is given as T 2 U sin 8 g displaystyle T 2U sin theta g 3 Maximum Height H displaystyle H this is the maximum height attained by the projectile OR the maximum displacement on the vertical axis y axis covered by the projectile It is given as H U 2 sin 2 8 2 g displaystyle H U 2 sin 2 theta 2g 4 Range R displaystyle R The Range of a projectile is the horizontal distance covered on the x axis by the projectile Mathematically R U 2 sin 2 8 g displaystyle R U 2 sin 2 theta g The Range is maximum when angle 8 displaystyle theta 45 i e sin 2 8 1 displaystyle sin 2 theta 1 See also EditAtlatl Ballistics Gunpowder Bullet Impact depth Kinetic bombardment Shell projectile Projectile point Projectile use by animals Arrow Dart Missile Sling ammunition Spear Torpedo Range of a projectile Space debris Trajectory of a projectileNotes Edit Approximate equivalent of 99 9999991 c In relation to the rest mass of proton References Edit Pius Okeke Maduka Anyakoha 2001 Senior Secondary School Physics Macmillan Lagos Nigeria projectile merriam webster com Retrieved 13 April 2017 projectile The Free Dictionary Retrieved 2010 05 19 projectile Dictionary com Retrieved 2010 05 19 Pepin Matt 2010 08 26 Aroldis Chapman hits 105 mph Boston com Archived from the original on 31 August 2010 Retrieved 2010 08 30 Facts and figures European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN 2008 Archived from the original on 2018 07 02 Retrieved 2018 07 02 Heidi Knecht 29 June 2013 Projectile Technology Springer Science amp Business Media ISBN 978 1 4899 1851 2 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Projectiles Look up projectile in Wiktionary the free dictionary Open Source Physics computer model Projectile Motion Applet Another projectile Motion Applet Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Projectile amp oldid 1143742339, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
