The progymnosperms are an extinct group of woody, spore-bearing plants that is presumed to have evolved from the trimerophytes, and eventually gave rise to the gymnosperms, ancestral to acrogymnosperms and angiosperms (flowering plants).[1] They have been treated formally at the rank of division Progymnospermophyta or class Progymnospermopsida (as opposite). The stratigraphically oldest known examples belong to the Middle Devonian order the Aneurophytales, with forms such as Protopteridium, in which the vegetative organs consisted of relatively loose clusters of axes.[2]Tetraxylopteris is another example of a genus lacking leaves. In more advanced aneurophytaleans such as Aneurophyton these vegetative organs started to look rather more like fronds,[3] and eventually during Late Devonian times the aneurophytaleans are presumed to have given rise to the pteridosperm order, the Lyginopteridales. In Late Devonian times, another group of progymnosperms gave rise to the first really large trees known as Archaeopteris. The latest surviving group of progymnosperms is the Noeggerathiales, which persisted until the end of the Permian.[4]
^Stewart WN, Rothwell GW (1993). Paleobiology and the evolution of plants. Cambridge University Press. p. 521pp.
^Lang WH (1926). "II.—Contributions to the Study of the Old Red Sandstone Flora of Scotland. I. On Plant-Remains from the Fish-Beds of Cromarty. II. On a Sporangium-bearing Branch-System from the Stromness Beds". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 54 (2): 253–79. doi:10.1017/S0080456800027599. S2CID 131163187.
^Serlin BS, Banks HP (1979). "Morphology and anatomy of Aneurophyton, a progymnosperm from the Late Devonian of New York". Palaeontographica Americana. 8: 343–359.
^Wang J, Hilton J, Pfefferkorn HW, Wang S, Zhang Y, Bek J, et al. (March 2021). "Ancient noeggerathialean reveals the seed plant sister group diversified alongside the primary seed plant radiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (11): e2013442118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11813442W. doi:10.1073/pnas.2013442118. PMC7980368. PMID 33836571.
^Crane PR, Herendeen P, Friis EM (October 2004). "Fossils and plant phylogeny". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1683–99. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1683. PMID 21652317.
^Pelletier (2012). Empire biota: taxonomy and evolution 2nd ed. Lulu.com. p. 354. ISBN978-1329874008.
^Wang J, Hilton J, Pfefferkorn HW, Wang S, Zhang Y, Bek J, et al. (March 2021). "Ancient noeggerathialean reveals the seed plant sister group diversified alongside the primary seed plant radiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (11): e2013442118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11813442W. doi:10.1073/pnas.2013442118. PMC7980368. PMID 33836571.
External linksedit
Progymnospermophyta
Botany: an introduction to plant biology
This article related to a Devonianplant is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
progymnosperm, progymnosperms, extinct, group, woody, spore, bearing, plants, that, presumed, have, evolved, from, trimerophytes, eventually, gave, rise, gymnosperms, ancestral, acrogymnosperms, angiosperms, flowering, plants, they, have, been, treated, formal. The progymnosperms are an extinct group of woody spore bearing plants that is presumed to have evolved from the trimerophytes and eventually gave rise to the gymnosperms ancestral to acrogymnosperms and angiosperms flowering plants 1 They have been treated formally at the rank of division Progymnospermophyta or class Progymnospermopsida as opposite The stratigraphically oldest known examples belong to the Middle Devonian order the Aneurophytales with forms such as Protopteridium in which the vegetative organs consisted of relatively loose clusters of axes 2 Tetraxylopteris is another example of a genus lacking leaves In more advanced aneurophytaleans such as Aneurophyton these vegetative organs started to look rather more like fronds 3 and eventually during Late Devonian times the aneurophytaleans are presumed to have given rise to the pteridosperm order the Lyginopteridales In Late Devonian times another group of progymnosperms gave rise to the first really large trees known as Archaeopteris The latest surviving group of progymnosperms is the Noeggerathiales which persisted until the end of the Permian 4 ProgymnospermTemporal range Middle Devonian Lopingian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NArchaeopteris fossil leavesScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClass ProgymnospermopsidaOrders Aneurophytales Protopityales Archaeopteridales NoeggerathialesOther characteristics Vascular cambium with unlimited growth potential is present as well as xylem and phloem Ancestors of the earliest seed plants as well as the first true trees Strong monopodial growth is exhibited Some were heterosporous but others were homosporous Phylogeny editProgymnosperms are a paraphyletic grade of plants 5 6 7 Tracheophyta RhyniopsidaLycopodiophytina Clubmosses Spikemosses amp Quillworts Eophyllophyton TrimerophytopsidaMoniliformopses Polypodiophytina Ferns Radiatopses PerticaLignophytes AneurophytopsidaMetalignophytes Protopityales Nemejc 1963 Archaeopteridales Noeggerathiales Nemejc emend J Wang et al 2021Spermatophytina Seed plants ProgymnospermsReferences edit Stewart WN Rothwell GW 1993 Paleobiology and the evolution of plants Cambridge University Press p 521pp Lang WH 1926 II Contributions to the Study of the Old Red Sandstone Flora of Scotland I On Plant Remains from the Fish Beds of Cromarty II On a Sporangium bearing Branch System from the Stromness Beds Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 54 2 253 79 doi 10 1017 S0080456800027599 S2CID 131163187 Serlin BS Banks HP 1979 Morphology and anatomy of Aneurophyton a progymnosperm from the Late Devonian of New York Palaeontographica Americana 8 343 359 Wang J Hilton J Pfefferkorn HW Wang S Zhang Y Bek J et al March 2021 Ancient noeggerathialean reveals the seed plant sister group diversified alongside the primary seed plant radiation Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118 11 e2013442118 Bibcode 2021PNAS 11813442W doi 10 1073 pnas 2013442118 PMC 7980368 PMID 33836571 Crane PR Herendeen P Friis EM October 2004 Fossils and plant phylogeny American Journal of Botany 91 10 1683 99 doi 10 3732 ajb 91 10 1683 PMID 21652317 Pelletier 2012 Empire biota taxonomy and evolution 2nd ed Lulu com p 354 ISBN 978 1329874008 Wang J Hilton J Pfefferkorn HW Wang S Zhang Y Bek J et al March 2021 Ancient noeggerathialean reveals the seed plant sister group diversified alongside the primary seed plant radiation Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118 11 e2013442118 Bibcode 2021PNAS 11813442W doi 10 1073 pnas 2013442118 PMC 7980368 PMID 33836571 External links editProgymnospermophyta Botany an introduction to plant biology nbsp This article related to a Devonian plant is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte nbsp This article related to a Carboniferous plant is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte nbsp This article related to a Permian plant is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Progymnosperm amp oldid 1205936958, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
