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Production vehicle

May 15, 2023

Production vehicles or production cars are mass-produced identical models, offered for sale to the public, and able to be legally driven on public roads (street legal). Legislation and other rules further define the production vehicle within particular countries or uses. There is no single fixed global definition of the term.

A Volkswagen assembly line in 1960 at Wolfsburg

Origin

In 1896 the term production car was used to describe a railway carriage that carried the scenery for an opera company.[1] The earliest use of the term production car being applied to motor cars, found to date, was in a June 1914 American advertisement for a Regal motor car.[2] The phrase was a shortened form of mass-produced or quantity-produced car.[3][4] The phrase was also used in terms of the car to be made in production, as opposed to the prototype.[5]

 
Early production car - 1912 Ford Model T Touring

At that time production cars referred to cheaper vehicles such as Model T's that were made in relatively large numbers on production lines, as opposed to the more expensive coach built models. Now the term has broadened to include vehicles that are hand assembled, or assembled on a production or assembly line. The main criteria being that there are a number of the same model with the same specifications.

There is no fixed definition of the number of vehicles or the amount of modification allowed outside of motorsports or national regulations or laws that determine what is or is not a production vehicle. For example, Guinness recognises a modified 2-seat Jaguar XK120 as the world's fastest production car in 1949.[6]

Definitions

Guinness Book of Records

In 2010, the Guinness Book of Records awarded the record for the "Fastest production car" to the Bugatti Veyron Super Sport. In 2013, their decision was appealed on the ground that the Bugatti was a modified version—the limiter was turned off, a fact already known in 2010. Guinness, which had listed speeds by British cars with modified limiters as production car records in the 1990s, upheld the appeal and initiated a review of their production car definition. The outcome was that turning off the limiter was not a fundamental modification and the Bugatti record was reinstated.[7][8] Guinness were also reported in some sources as saying that at least 50 identical vehicles were needed to be made to constitute a production car but several models which were built less than 15 times got certified for production car records.[9][10] In February 2014, Road & Track wrote that Guinness required 30 identical vehicles.[11]

Motorsports

Main articles: Production car racing and Stock car racing
 
1956 Chrysler 300-B Stock car

FIA definitions

There have been numerous disputes over what constituted production and modified cars when used in motorsports. Even under Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), the exact definition of what was (or was not) a production car was unclear and controversial, which led to rules written in 1955.[12] Although the term is defined for particular types of vehicles, and that a certain number of a model must be produced in order to qualify as "production", it is another matter to enforce the rules.[12] For example, the 1968 FIA rules state that "production" for sports cars need to have at least 25 identical cars produced within a 12-month period and they were meant for normal sale to individual purchasers.[13] However, FIA rules tend to allow a degree of modification from the original.

Utah Salt Flats Racing Association

Another example is the Utah Salt Flats Racing Association which is concerned solely with the speed of a vehicle. The Association uses its own definition of a production vehicle.[14] The Association allows quite a high level of modification over the original. In 2006 a Pontiac TransAm of John Rains Racing was classified as being the fastest production model (Bonneville D/PS class) with a top speed in excess of 297 mph.[15] Road tests of the same type of car available from the production line were incapable of anything like this speed and Popular Mechanics referred to the car as production based, which was probably a more accurate description.

Stock car

A stock car, in the original sense of the term, is an automobile that has not been modified from its original factory configuration. Later the term stock car came to mean any production-based automobile used in racing. This term is used to differentiate such a car from a "race car", a special, custom-built car designed only for racing purposes.

The actual degree to which the cars conform to standard model specs has changed over the years and varies from country to country. Today most American stock cars may superficially resemble standard American family sedans, but are in fact purpose-built racing machines built to a strict set of regulations governing the car design ensuring that the chassis, suspension, engine, etc. are architecturally identical on all vehicles. For example, the NASCAR Sprint Cup series now requires fuel injection. The closest European equivalent to stock car racing is probably touring car racing. In the UK and New Zealand there is a racing formula called stock cars but the cars are markedly different from any road car one might see. In Australia there was a formula that was similar to NASCAR called AUSCAR, but it has been ended, and a form of touring cars has taken its place (this is known locally as sSpercars, featuring the Bathurst 1000 and Adelaide 500).

Land speed records

 
Chevrolet Vectra JL G-09

The FIA Land Speed Records Commission has regulations governing series-production cars attempting land speed records under its 2014 Appendix D - Regulations for Land Speed Record Attempts. Series-production cars fall under rule D2.3.2 and state that they must be:

Category B: Series-production Automobiles in production at the time of the application for the Record Attempt and either homologated by the FIA, or for which an application for homologation has been made to the FIA or recognised by the ASN of the country in which they are manufactured for National Records.[16]

The high level of modification allowed under these FIA's rules would tend to indicate that the cars are production based, rather than straight from an assembly line. For example, Category B Group III had a Dodge Dakota with a top speed of 217.395 mph.[16] Forums citing the Dakota's top speed indicate a standard production Dakota R/T would only reach about 125 mph.[17]

Production cars under the Southern California Timing Association (SCTA) rules refers purely to the body class. Beyond that the cars are extensively modified.[18]

Legislation

Main articles: Type approval, Motor vehicle type approval, and Vehicle category

Various countries have laws that define production vehicles. For example, in the United States Briggs Cunningham's business was classified as a hobby by tax officials because he did not manufacture enough of each model for the Cunningham automobile to be considered a production vehicle, but rather the IRS classified them as high-performance prototype automobiles built as racecars.[19] Legislative definitions tend to revolve around issues of safety or revenue (taxation).[20]

Modified cars

Main article: Modified car

Not all performance specialists are officially recognised and their cars are not usually referred to as production vehicles. The primary means of identifying a cars manufacturer since the mid 1980s has been the vehicle identification or VIN. The first three digits are the manufacturer or WMI identifier.[21] If the performance specialist is the manufacturer then its WMI identifier will be in the VIN. An example would be vehicles made or modified by tuning and manufacturing company RUF, which specialises in Porsche based vehicles. In general, if the RUF vehicle is a RUF modified Porsche then the WMI will be Porsche's (WP0), but if it is built by RUF then its WMI will be RUF's (W09).[22]

Limited production cars

These are usually vehicles where the production run is restricted to a specific number of vehicles. An example of this is the 1957 Rambler Rebel, a limited-production car where only 1,500 were produced.[23]

Statistics

Motor vehicle production statistics are available for countries worldwide, by country, make, and model. Production statistics by country and by model, as far as announced, are available for each make as well.[24]

From concept car to production model

Pre-production cars come after prototypes or development mules, which themselves may be preceded by concept cars. Pre-production vehicles are followed by production vehicles in the mass production for distribution through car dealerships. For example the Bugatti Chiron in which Andy Wallace achieved a maximum of 490.48 km/h (304.77 mph) on 2 August 2019 was described by Bugatti a "near production ready prototype".[25][26][27][28]

See also

Wikipedia

Three lists within Wikipedia and the discussions on their talk pages illustrate the difficulty in defining what a production car is. These are:

In the first two lists a production car is described as:

  • constructed principally for retail sale to consumers, for their personal use, and to transport people on public roads (no commercial or industrial vehicles are eligible);
  • had 25 or more instances made by the original vehicle manufacturer, and offered for commercial sale to the public in new condition (kit cars and cars modified by either professional tuners or individuals are not eligible); and
  • street-legal in their intended markets, and capable of passing any official tests or inspections required to be granted this status.

The third list used the same description until April 2018. It was changed to the following after a vote based on suggestions by a Koenigsegg employee :

  • constructed principally for retail sale to consumers, for their personal use, to transport people on public roads (no commercial or industrial vehicles are eligible)
  • available for commercial sale to the public in the same specification as the vehicle used to achieve the record
  • manufactured in the record-claiming specification by a manufacturer whose WMI number is shown on the VIN, including vehicles that are modified by either professional tuners or others that result in a VIN with a WMI number in their name (for example, if a Porsche-based car is remanufactured by RUF and has RUF's WMI W09, it is eligible; but if it has Porsche's WMI, WP0, it is not eligible)
  • pre-1981 vehicles must be made by the original vehicle manufacturer and not modified by either professional tuners or individuals
  • street-legal in its intended markets, having fulfilled the homologation tests or inspections required under either a) United States of America, b) European Union law, or (c) Japan to be granted this status
  • sold in more than one national market.

The talk pages for all these lists continue to have ongoing discussions about the definitions.

References

  1. ^ "Amusement notes". The Times. 14 February 1897. p. 18. Retrieved 24 June 2015 – via Newspapers.com.  
  2. ^ "Hanke Motor Car Company advertisement". The Fort Wayne Journal-Gazette. 28 June 1914. p. 37. Retrieved 24 June 2015 – via Newspapers.com.  
  3. ^ "The Olympia Motor Show London". The Mercury. Hobart, Tasmania. 6 January 1920. p. 8.
  4. ^ "Cartoon". Auckland Star. Vol. 62, no. 302. 21 December 1926. p. 16.
  5. ^ "The Speedy Car (display Advertisement)". The Times. No. 42240. London, England. 25 October 1919. p. 17.
  6. ^ Hodges, David; Burgess-Wise, David; Davenport, John; Harding, Anthony (1994). The Guinness Book of Car Facts and Feats (Fourth ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 52. ISBN 0851127681.
  7. ^ Wilkinson, Leo (15 April 2013). "Bugatti Veyron gets its 'fastest car' title reinstated". The Telegraph. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  8. ^ "And the world's fastest car is ... The Bugatti Veyron Super Sport (Again)". 16 April 2013.
  9. ^ http://www.venomgt.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/hennessey-venom-gt-record-34.jpg[bare URL image file]
  10. ^ Lloyd, Alex (5 April 2013). "At 265.7 mph, Hennessey Venom GT claims "fastest production car" title — but is it really?". autos.yahoo. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  11. ^ Nunez, Alex (24 February 2014). "The Hennessey Venom GT is the world's fastest carHits 270 mph on tarmac reserved for astronauts". Road & Track. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  12. ^ a b Charters, David Anderson (2007). The chequered past: sports car racing and rallying in Canada, 1951-1991. University of Toronto Press. p. 65. ISBN 9780802093943. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
  13. ^ "Appendix J to the International Sporting Code" (PDF). FIA. 1969. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  14. ^ Editors@BRC (21 April 2012). "Find Your Car Classification for Bonneville". Bonneville Racing. Retrieved 27 February 2014. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  15. ^ Barbee, Jr., Warren (1 October 2009). "10 Mega-Speed Cars @ Bonneville Speed". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  16. ^ a b "FIA World Land Speed Records". Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. 10 June 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  17. ^ "RE: Top Speed for Dakota Sport? I got 117mph - Dodge Dakota Forum". www.dodgedakota.net. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  18. ^ Freiburger, David (24 October 2012). "Salt 101 - Bonneville Racing Guide". Hot Rod Magazine. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  19. ^ Rogers, Kane. "Racing In America". Briggs Cunningham. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  20. ^ "Type Approval for Cars". VCA. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  21. ^ "ISO 3780:2009 Road vehicles – World manufacturer identifier (WMI) code". ISO. 5 October 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  22. ^ www.rufregistry.com http://www.rufregistry.com/what-exactly-is-a-ruf/. Retrieved 10 August 2018. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  23. ^ Foster, Patrick R. (2013). American Motors Corporation: the rise and fall of America's last independent automaker. Motorbooks. p. 40. ISBN 9780760344255. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
  24. ^ . marklines. Archived from the original on 8 October 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  25. ^ "Bugatti hits 304.77mph in a Chiron | Top Gear". YouTube. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021.
  26. ^ "Top gear reporting Bugatti Chiron breaking the 300mph barrier".
  27. ^ https://www.driven.co.nz/news/news/watch-bugatti-chiron-hits-490km-h-in-a-record-breaking-speed-run/ Bugatti Chrion hists 490kmh, retrieved 3 Sept 2019
  28. ^ Duff, Mike (2 September 2019). "Bugatti Chiron Passes 300-MPH Barrier with 304-MPH Run, Sets World Record". Car and Driver. Retrieved 2 September 2019.

May 15, 2023
production, vehicle, production, cars, mass, produced, identical, models, offered, sale, public, able, legally, driven, public, roads, street, legal, legislation, other, rules, further, define, production, vehicle, within, particular, countries, uses, there, s. Production vehicles or production cars are mass produced identical models offered for sale to the public and able to be legally driven on public roads street legal Legislation and other rules further define the production vehicle within particular countries or uses There is no single fixed global definition of the term A Volkswagen assembly line in 1960 at Wolfsburg Contents 1 Origin 2 Definitions 2 1 Guinness Book of Records 2 2 Motorsports 2 2 1 FIA definitions 2 2 2 Utah Salt Flats Racing Association 2 2 3 Stock car 2 3 Land speed records 2 4 Legislation 2 5 Modified cars 2 6 Limited production cars 3 Statistics 4 From concept car to production model 5 See also 6 Wikipedia 7 ReferencesOrigin EditIn 1896 the term production car was used to describe a railway carriage that carried the scenery for an opera company 1 The earliest use of the term production car being applied to motor cars found to date was in a June 1914 American advertisement for a Regal motor car 2 The phrase was a shortened form of mass produced or quantity produced car 3 4 The phrase was also used in terms of the car to be made in production as opposed to the prototype 5 Early production car 1912 Ford Model T Touring At that time production cars referred to cheaper vehicles such as Model T s that were made in relatively large numbers on production lines as opposed to the more expensive coach built models Now the term has broadened to include vehicles that are hand assembled or assembled on a production or assembly line The main criteria being that there are a number of the same model with the same specifications There is no fixed definition of the number of vehicles or the amount of modification allowed outside of motorsports or national regulations or laws that determine what is or is not a production vehicle For example Guinness recognises a modified 2 seat Jaguar XK120 as the world s fastest production car in 1949 6 Definitions EditGuinness Book of Records Edit In 2010 the Guinness Book of Records awarded the record for the Fastest production car to the Bugatti Veyron Super Sport In 2013 their decision was appealed on the ground that the Bugatti was a modified version the limiter was turned off a fact already known in 2010 Guinness which had listed speeds by British cars with modified limiters as production car records in the 1990s upheld the appeal and initiated a review of their production car definition The outcome was that turning off the limiter was not a fundamental modification and the Bugatti record was reinstated 7 8 Guinness were also reported in some sources as saying that at least 50 identical vehicles were needed to be made to constitute a production car but several models which were built less than 15 times got certified for production car records 9 10 In February 2014 Road amp Track wrote that Guinness required 30 identical vehicles 11 Motorsports Edit Main articles Production car racing and Stock car racing 1956 Chrysler 300 B Stock car FIA definitions Edit There have been numerous disputes over what constituted production and modified cars when used in motorsports Even under Federation Internationale de l Automobile FIA the exact definition of what was or was not a production car was unclear and controversial which led to rules written in 1955 12 Although the term is defined for particular types of vehicles and that a certain number of a model must be produced in order to qualify as production it is another matter to enforce the rules 12 For example the 1968 FIA rules state that production for sports cars need to have at least 25 identical cars produced within a 12 month period and they were meant for normal sale to individual purchasers 13 However FIA rules tend to allow a degree of modification from the original Utah Salt Flats Racing Association Edit Another example is the Utah Salt Flats Racing Association which is concerned solely with the speed of a vehicle The Association uses its own definition of a production vehicle 14 The Association allows quite a high level of modification over the original In 2006 a Pontiac TransAm of John Rains Racing was classified as being the fastest production model Bonneville D PS class with a top speed in excess of 297 mph 15 Road tests of the same type of car available from the production line were incapable of anything like this speed and Popular Mechanics referred to the car as production based which was probably a more accurate description Stock car Edit A stock car in the original sense of the term is an automobile that has not been modified from its original factory configuration Later the term stock car came to mean any production based automobile used in racing This term is used to differentiate such a car from a race car a special custom built car designed only for racing purposes The actual degree to which the cars conform to standard model specs has changed over the years and varies from country to country Today most American stock cars may superficially resemble standard American family sedans but are in fact purpose built racing machines built to a strict set of regulations governing the car design ensuring that the chassis suspension engine etc are architecturally identical on all vehicles For example the NASCAR Sprint Cup series now requires fuel injection The closest European equivalent to stock car racing is probably touring car racing In the UK and New Zealand there is a racing formula called stock cars but the cars are markedly different from any road car one might see In Australia there was a formula that was similar to NASCAR called AUSCAR but it has been ended and a form of touring cars has taken its place this is known locally as sSpercars featuring the Bathurst 1000 and Adelaide 500 Land speed records Edit Chevrolet Vectra JL G 09 The FIA Land Speed Records Commission has regulations governing series production cars attempting land speed records under its 2014 Appendix D Regulations for Land Speed Record Attempts Series production cars fall under rule D2 3 2 and state that they must be Category B Series production Automobiles in production at the time of the application for the Record Attempt and either homologated by the FIA or for which an application for homologation has been made to the FIA or recognised by the ASN of the country in which they are manufactured for National Records 16 The high level of modification allowed under these FIA s rules would tend to indicate that the cars are production based rather than straight from an assembly line For example Category B Group III had a Dodge Dakota with a top speed of 217 395 mph 16 Forums citing the Dakota s top speed indicate a standard production Dakota R T would only reach about 125 mph 17 Production cars under the Southern California Timing Association SCTA rules refers purely to the body class Beyond that the cars are extensively modified 18 Legislation Edit Main articles Type approval Motor vehicle type approval and Vehicle category Various countries have laws that define production vehicles For example in the United States Briggs Cunningham s business was classified as a hobby by tax officials because he did not manufacture enough of each model for the Cunningham automobile to be considered a production vehicle but rather the IRS classified them as high performance prototype automobiles built as racecars 19 Legislative definitions tend to revolve around issues of safety or revenue taxation 20 Modified cars Edit Main article Modified car Not all performance specialists are officially recognised and their cars are not usually referred to as production vehicles The primary means of identifying a cars manufacturer since the mid 1980s has been the vehicle identification or VIN The first three digits are the manufacturer or WMI identifier 21 If the performance specialist is the manufacturer then its WMI identifier will be in the VIN An example would be vehicles made or modified by tuning and manufacturing company RUF which specialises in Porsche based vehicles In general if the RUF vehicle is a RUF modified Porsche then the WMI will be Porsche s WP0 but if it is built by RUF then its WMI will be RUF s W09 22 Limited production cars Edit These are usually vehicles where the production run is restricted to a specific number of vehicles An example of this is the 1957 Rambler Rebel a limited production car where only 1 500 were produced 23 Statistics EditMotor vehicle production statistics are available for countries worldwide by country make and model Production statistics by country and by model as far as announced are available for each make as well 24 From concept car to production model EditPre production cars come after prototypes or development mules which themselves may be preceded by concept cars Pre production vehicles are followed by production vehicles in the mass production for distribution through car dealerships For example the Bugatti Chiron in which Andy Wallace achieved a maximum of 490 48 km h 304 77 mph on 2 August 2019 was described by Bugatti a near production ready prototype 25 26 27 28 See also EditAftermarket automotive Car classification Concept car Development mule Euro NCAP Mass production Pre production car Production car racing Production World Rally Championship Product lifecycle management Vehicle category Vehicle regulation World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle RegulationsWikipedia EditThree lists within Wikipedia and the discussions on their talk pages illustrate the difficulty in defining what a production car is These are List of automotive superlatives List of fastest production cars by acceleration Production car speed recordIn the first two lists a production car is described as constructed principally for retail sale to consumers for their personal use and to transport people on public roads no commercial or industrial vehicles are eligible had 25 or more instances made by the original vehicle manufacturer and offered for commercial sale to the public in new condition kit cars and cars modified by either professional tuners or individuals are not eligible and street legal in their intended markets and capable of passing any official tests or inspections required to be granted this status The third list used the same description until April 2018 It was changed to the following after a vote based on suggestions by a Koenigsegg employee constructed principally for retail sale to consumers for their personal use to transport people on public roads no commercial or industrial vehicles are eligible available for commercial sale to the public in the same specification as the vehicle used to achieve the record manufactured in the record claiming specification by a manufacturer whose WMI number is shown on the VIN including vehicles that are modified by either professional tuners or others that result in a VIN with a WMI number in their name for example if a Porsche based car is remanufactured by RUF and has RUF s WMI W09 it is eligible but if it has Porsche s WMI WP0 it is not eligible pre 1981 vehicles must be made by the original vehicle manufacturer and not modified by either professional tuners or individuals street legal in its intended markets having fulfilled the homologation tests or inspections required under either a United States of America b European Union law or c Japan to be granted this status sold in more than one national market The talk pages for all these lists continue to have ongoing discussions about the definitions References Edit Amusement notes The Times 14 February 1897 p 18 Retrieved 24 June 2015 via Newspapers com Hanke Motor Car Company advertisement The Fort Wayne Journal Gazette 28 June 1914 p 37 Retrieved 24 June 2015 via Newspapers com The Olympia Motor Show London The Mercury Hobart Tasmania 6 January 1920 p 8 Cartoon Auckland Star Vol 62 no 302 21 December 1926 p 16 The Speedy Car display Advertisement The Times No 42240 London England 25 October 1919 p 17 Hodges David Burgess Wise David Davenport John Harding Anthony 1994 The Guinness Book of Car Facts and Feats Fourth ed Guinness Publishing p 52 ISBN 0851127681 Wilkinson Leo 15 April 2013 Bugatti Veyron gets its fastest car title reinstated The Telegraph Retrieved 25 February 2014 And the world s fastest car is The Bugatti Veyron Super Sport Again 16 April 2013 http www venomgt com wp content uploads 2012 12 hennessey venom gt record 34 jpg bare URL image file Lloyd Alex 5 April 2013 At 265 7 mph Hennessey Venom GT claims fastest production car title but is it really autos yahoo Retrieved 25 February 2014 Nunez Alex 24 February 2014 The Hennessey Venom GT is the world s fastest carHits 270 mph on tarmac reserved for astronauts Road amp Track Retrieved 25 February 2014 a b Charters David Anderson 2007 The chequered past sports car racing and rallying in Canada 1951 1991 University of Toronto Press p 65 ISBN 9780802093943 Retrieved 27 February 2014 Appendix J to the International Sporting Code PDF FIA 1969 Retrieved 25 February 2014 Editors BRC 21 April 2012 Find Your Car Classification for Bonneville Bonneville Racing Retrieved 27 February 2014 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a author has generic name help Barbee Jr Warren 1 October 2009 10 Mega Speed Cars Bonneville Speed Popular Mechanics Retrieved 25 February 2014 a b FIA World Land Speed Records Federation Internationale de l Automobile 10 June 2012 Retrieved 20 January 2018 RE Top Speed for Dakota Sport I got 117mph Dodge Dakota Forum www dodgedakota net Retrieved 20 January 2018 Freiburger David 24 October 2012 Salt 101 Bonneville Racing Guide Hot Rod Magazine Retrieved 20 January 2018 Rogers Kane Racing In America Briggs Cunningham Retrieved 25 February 2014 Type Approval for Cars VCA Retrieved 25 February 2014 ISO 3780 2009 Road vehicles World manufacturer identifier WMI code ISO 5 October 2009 Retrieved 27 September 2010 www rufregistry com http www rufregistry com what exactly is a ruf Retrieved 10 August 2018 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Foster Patrick R 2013 American Motors Corporation the rise and fall of America s last independent automaker Motorbooks p 40 ISBN 9780760344255 Retrieved 26 February 2014 Market Reports marklines Archived from the original on 8 October 2010 Retrieved 25 February 2014 Bugatti hits 304 77mph in a Chiron Top Gear YouTube Archived from the original on 19 December 2021 Top gear reporting Bugatti Chiron breaking the 300mph barrier https www driven co nz news news watch bugatti chiron hits 490km h in a record breaking speed run Bugatti Chrion hists 490kmh retrieved 3 Sept 2019 Duff Mike 2 September 2019 Bugatti Chiron Passes 300 MPH Barrier with 304 MPH Run Sets World Record Car and Driver Retrieved 2 September 2019 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Production vehicle amp oldid 1148238477, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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