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Inal the Great of Circassia

January 06, 2023

Inal Nekhu (Adyghe: Инал Нэф, romanized: Yinal Nəf, lit. 'Inal the Blind'; Kabardian: Инал Нэху, romanized: Yinal Nəxw, lit. 'Inal the Radiant'; also known as Inal the Great in Georgian sources) was the Supreme Prince (King) of Circassia from 1427 to 1453 who unified all Circassians (then divided into several princedoms) into one state.[6][7] He led campaigns into several countries and expanded borders on all directions.[8] He was the founder of several Circassian tribes, mainly Kabardia, Besleney, Temirgoy, Zhaney, and Hatuqwai.

Inal the Great
Inal the Radiant
Inal the Blind
King of Circassia
Circassia during the reign of Inal
Grand Prince of All Circassia
Reign1427 – 1453
PredecessorOffice established
SuccessorVarious princes self-proclaim themselves
Grand Prince of Zhaney-Zichia
Reign1427 – 1453
PredecessorParsabok (Berzebuch)[1]
SuccessorTemruk (?)
Grand Prince of Chemguy-Hatuqway
Reign1427 – 1453
PredecessorOffice established
SuccessorTemruk[2]
Grand Prince of Kabardia
Reign1434 – 1453
PredecessorOffice established
SuccessorTabulda[3][4]
Grand Prince of Besleney
Reign1434 – 1453
PredecessorOffice established
SuccessorBeslan[5]
BornTaman, Zichia
Died1458
Grand Principality of Circassia
Burial
Unknown, allegedly Inal-Quba, Abkhazia or the Ispravnaya region, Karachay-Cherkessia
SpouseTwo wives, an unnamed Abkhaz Anchabadze princess & an unnamed Circassian noblewoman
IssueТэбылду (Tabulda)
Темырикъу (Temruk)
Жанхъуэт (Jankhot)
Минболэт (Minbolat)
Беслъэн (Beslan)
Унэрмэс (Wunarmas)
Къэрмыщэ (Qermisha)
Names
Full name:
Абдун-хан икъуэ Къэс икъуэ Аду-хан икъуэ Хъурыфэлъей икъуэ Инал Нэху (Abdun-xan yiqwə Qəs yiqwə Adu-xan yiqwə Xhurıfətley yiqwə Yinal Nəxw)
DynastyInalid
FatherХъурыфэлӀ (Xhurıfəl')
ReligionEastern Orthodox Christianity syncretised with Khabzeism

Although the origin of Inal's nickname (Nef/Nekhu) is not known, sources claim that he had one eye blind, therefore it came from the word "Нэф" meaning "blind" in Circassian, and some claim that it came from the word "Нэху" meaning "enlightened" in Circassian.[9]

Kabarda (east Circassia) princes

Biography

Before the rise of Inal, the established lords in Circassia had separate territorial administration and an organized structure was not developed. Although the Circassians resisted Timurid forces in the Timur-Circassian wars,[10] the Circassian region suffered great destruction as a result of this war.[11]

Early life

He was born in the Taman Peninsula near modern-day Crimea and was raised among the princely caste. As a young boy, he was well-trained, proficient in martial arts, and educated about the vast land of the Circassian country and the numerous clans that controlled land and power throughout the homeland.

Rise to power

Inal initially owned land in the Taman peninsula.[12] A skilled strategist, in the early 1400s, he gathered a force mainly consisting of the Khegayk clan and set out to complete his goal of creating a unified Circassian kingdom under fealty. While Circassian lordships fell into Inal's hands one by one,[13] he fought and defeated warlords and clan chieftains. Despite the many attempts to divide and weaken his army, he used political intrigue to ward off any assassinations and divisions in his military.

Inal's rise disturbed established Circassian lords, and a confederation of 30 Circassian clans opposing Inal formed an alliance to fight him. In a battle near the Mzymta River, the coalition of thirty Circassian lords was defeated by Inal and his supporters. Ten of them were executed, while the remaining twenty lords declared allegiance and joined the forces of Inal's new state.[14]

Conquests

Conquest of Kuban and Eastern Circassia

 
The coat of Arms of the Cherkassky dynasty, used by the successors of Inal.

Inal, who then ruled Western Circassia, organized a campaign to Eastern Circassia in 1434 and established the Kabardia province, named after his military general, Kabard. Inal organized a new campaign to the north in 1438 and drove out the Turkic nomads near the Circassian settlements north of the Kuban River along the Ten River and expanded his borders to modern-day Azov.[15][16]

Conquest of Abkhazia

As the Circassian provinces began to unite under him, Inal turned his attention to Abkhazia, who has ethnic ties to the Circassians, where the Abkhazian clans Anchabadze and Shervashidze declared fealty. Together they defeated the opposing Mingrelians and unified Northern Abkhazia with Circassia. The Abkhaz people recognized Inal's rule, and Inal finalized his rule in Abkhazia.[8][17][18][19][20] The Georgian Chronicles mention Inal leading Circassians and Abkhazians against Mingrelians.[21][22] As a token of this moment, the statue of Inal stands in Abkhazia today. One of the stars on the flag of Abkhazia represents Inal's alleged grave, Inal-Quba.[23]

Johannes de Galonifontibus describes that at the turn of the XIV and XV centuries, Circassia expanded its borders to the north to the mouth of the Don, and he notes that “the city and port of Tana is located in the same country in Upper Circassia, on the Don River, which separates Europe from Asia".[24][25] His description matches with Inal's expansions.

Reforms

Administrative reforms

When his conquests subsided, Inal began to take measures to develop the Circassian nation by introducing reforms, organizing tribes and instituting courts of elders to govern the concerns of the Circassian provinces. He divided his possessions into four counties: Qabard, Beslan, Kemirghoqo, and Zhanaqo-Hatuqwai. He introduced the institution of 40 judges. However, Circassia was split up again after his death into separate feudal principalities.[26][27][28]

The city of Shanjir

After taking over the entire Circassian land with effective expansions, Inal declared the Grand Principality of Circassia, taking the title of the Grand Prince/King and the Leader of the Circassian Highlanders.[29][30][31] The capital of this new Circassian state became the city of Shanjir also known as Jansher, founded in the Taman region where Inal was born and raised.

 
Circassia during the reign of Inal

Peter Simon Pallas and Julius von Klaproth were the first researchers to draw attention to the city of Shanjir in history, they both described the city of Shanjir similarly.[32] According to them, Shanjir was very "cleverly designed", had the shape of a rectangle surrounded by walls and moats, and had four gates, thus reminiscent of Roman strategic architecture.[33] In the north, fake hills were built to gain an advantage over the enemy.[34] Klaproth visited the ruins of the city of Shanjir, met the Circassian elders and gathered detailed information about the city.[35] According to the information he learned, Shanjir was in an area close to Anapa.[36][37]

Between Psif and Nefil there is a quadrilateral with four exits, lined with ramparts and moats, reminiscent of a Roman camp. Remains of the walls and ditches are still visible and stretches eastward about half a German mile (3 km) in diameter. According to what I heard, this place was formerly the residence of the king and was called Shanjir. Circassians express that their ancestors lived here.

— Julius von Klaproth

Although the city's exact location is unknown, the general opinion is that the Krasnaya Batareya region fits the descriptions by Klarapoth and Pallas.[38][39][40]

Death and burial

Inal divided his lands between his sons and grandchildren in 1453 and died in 1458. Following this, Circassian tribal principalities were formed. According to the Abkhaz claim, Inal died in Northern Abkhazia. This place is known today as Inal-Quba and is located in the Pskhu region.[41] Although most sources used to accept this theory, recent researches and excavations in the region show that Inal's tomb is not here.[42]

According to Russian explorer and archaeologist Evgeniy Dimitrievich Felitsin, Inal's tomb is not in Abkhazia. In a map published in 1882, Felitsin attached great importance to Inal but placed his grave in the Ispravnaya region in Karachay-Cherkessia, not Abkhazia. He added that this area has ancient sculptures, mounds, tombs, churches, castles and ramparts, which would be an ideal tomb for someone like Inal.[43][44]

 
Coalition banner of the Inalid Talhosten and Gilaksteney principalities

Ancestors

 
Princes Of East Circassia (Kabardia)

Abdun-Khan
Kess
Adu-Khan
Khurfatal
Inal

[45][46]

Legacy

 
Abkhazian nationalists claim Inal-Quba in Pskhu is the burial site of Inal the Great

The Circassian and Abkhazian princes in following centuries claimed to be descendants of Inal and regarded him as their progenitor. Inal's name is also present in many geographical names in the Caucasus, as many places were named after him following his death. Place names associated with the name of Inal are found in Adygea, Krasnodar Krai, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia and Abkhazia. On the Black Sea coast of Circassia, there is the Inal Bay. In the Zolsk region of the Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria, not far from Mount Kanzhal, there is mount Inal (2990 m) between Baksan River and Tyzyl valleys.[47] Variations of Inal (Yinal, Inal, Yanal, etc.) are common names among Circassians and Abkhazians. There are many statues of Inal, especially in Abkhazia.

References

  1. ^ Khatko, Samir. Черкесские княжества в XIV - XV веках: вопросы формирования и взаимосвязи с субэтническими группами
  2. ^ Родословная карта № IV «Б»
  3. ^ "Родословная кабардинских князей и мурз XVII в. (из родословной книги, принадлежавшей А. М. Пушкину)". from the original on 2016-02-07. Retrieved 2019-03-23.
  4. ^ "Родословная кабардинских князей и мурз XVII в. (из родословной книги, принадлежавшей А. И. Лобанову-Ростовскому)". from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2019-03-23.
  5. ^ Родословная карта № IV «Б»
  6. ^ "PRENSLERİN PRENSİ İNAL NEKHU (PŞILERİN PŞISI İNAL NEKHU)". cherkessia.net (in Turkish). Retrieved 2021-03-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ Абасова, Шамсият (26 December 2020). Взгляд на османские и кавказские дела. ISBN 9785042257544. from the original on 7 July 2020.
  8. ^ a b . KAĞAZEJ Jıraslen. 2013. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020.
  9. ^ . Amjad Jaimoukha. Circassian Voices. 2013. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020.
  10. ^ . KAĞAZEJ Jıraslen. 2013. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020.
  11. ^ . KAĞAZEJ Jıraslen. 2013. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020.
  12. ^ Shora Nogma has 1427 (per Richmond, Northwest Caucasus, kindle@610). In a later book (Circassian Genocide kindle @47) Richmond reports the legend that Inal reunited the princedoms after they were driven into the mountains by the Mongols. In a footnote (@2271) he says that Inal was a royal title among the Oguz Turks
  13. ^ Cole, Jeffrey E. (2011). Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, LLC. OCLC 939825134.
  14. ^ . Vitaliy Shtybin. Abkhaz World. 17 May 2020. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  15. ^ . KAĞAZEJ Jıraslen. 2013. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020.
  16. ^ Klaproth, Julius Von, 1783—1835. (2005). Travels in the Caucasus and Georgia performed in the years 1807 and 1808 by command of the Russian government. Elibron Classics
  17. ^ Papaskʻiri, Zurab, 1950- (2010). Абхазия : история без фальсификации. Izd-vo Sukhumskogo Gos. Universiteta. ISBN 9941016526. OCLC 726221839.
  18. ^ . Vitaliy Shtybin. Abkhaz World. 17 May 2020. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  19. ^ Klaproth, Julius Von, 1783—1835. (2005). Travels in the Caucasus and Georgia performed in the years 1807 and 1808 by command of the Russian government. Elibron Classics
  20. ^ The 200-year Mingrelia-Abkhazian war and the defeat of the Principality of Mingrelia by the Abkhazians of XVII-XVIII cc.
  21. ^ The Georgian Chronicles II, Part No. 497
  22. ^ "ARMAZI Texts: Kartlis Cxovreba II". titus.uni-frankfurt.de. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
  23. ^ Gamaxaria, Jemal. Beradze, T. (Tamaz) Gvancʻelaże, Tʻeimuraz, 1951- (2011). Abkhazia : from ancient times till the present days; assays [essays] from the history of Georgia. Ministry of Education and Culture of Abkhazia. ISBN 9789941039287. OCLC 1062190076.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ де Галонифонтибус И., 1404, I. Таты и готы. Великая Татария: Кумания, Хазария и другие. Народы Кавказа (Гл. 8).
  25. ^ де Галонифонтибус И., 1404.
  26. ^ "Prensleri̇n Prensi̇ İnal Nekhu (Pşileri̇n Pşisi İnal Nekhu)".
  27. ^ . Vitaliy Shtybin. Abkhaz World. 17 May 2020. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  28. ^ Latham, Robert Gordon. Descriptive Ethnology. Londres: Voorst, 1859. Pp. 51
  29. ^ . KAĞAZEJ Jıraslen. 2013. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020.
  30. ^ . Vitaliy Shtybin. Abkhaz World. 17 May 2020. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  31. ^ Natho, Kadir (2009). Circassian History. ISBN 978-1441523884.
  32. ^ Dubois de Montpéreux, F., Voyage autour du Caucase, chez les Tcherkesses et les Abkhases, en Colchide, en Géorgie, en Arménie et en Crimée: Avec un atlas géographique, pittoresque, ... géologique, etc., Paris: Gide, 1839-43; reprinted: Adamant Media Corporation, Elibron Classics, 2002 (6 vols).
  33. ^ — Voyages dans les gouvernements méridionaux de l’empire de la Russie, Paris, 1805 (3 vols).
  34. ^ Klaproth, J.-H. (von), Travels in the Caucasus and Georgia, Performed in the Years 1807 and 1808, by Command of the Russian Government', translated from the German by F. Shoberl, London: Richard and Arthur Taylor for Henry Colburn, 1814. reprinted: Adamant Media Corporation, Elibron Classics, 2002. [Klaproth (1783-1835), born in Berlin in 1783, devoted his energies to the study of Asiatic languages, and published in 1802 his Asiatisches Magazin (Weimar, 1802-1803). He was consequently called to St. Petersburg and given an appointment in the academy there. In 1805 he was a member of Count Golovkin’s embassy to China. On his return he was despatched by the academy to the Caucasus on an ethnographical and linguistic exploration (1807-1808), and was afterwards employed for several years in connection with the Academy’s Oriental publications.]
  35. ^ Броневский, Семён, Новейшие географические и исторические известия о Кавказе, Москва, 1823.
  36. ^ . 2013. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020.
  37. ^ Kokov (K'wek'we), J. N., Iz adigskoi (cherkesskoi) onomastiki [From Circassian Onomastics], Nalchik: Elbrus Book Publishing House, 1983.
  38. ^ . 2013. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020.
  39. ^ Pallas, Peter Simon, Travels Through the Southern Provinces of the Russian Empire, in the Years 1793 and 1794, London: John Stockdale, Piccadilly, 1812 (2 vols). [Peter-Simon Pallas’ (1741-1811) second and most picturesque travel]
  40. ^ Абрамзон, М. Г., Фролова, Н. А., “Горлов Ю. В. Клад золотых боспорских статеров II в. н. э. с Краснобатарейного городища: [Краснодар. край]”, ВДИ, № 4, 2000, С. 60-68.
  41. ^ Asie occidentale aux XIVe-XVIe siècles, 2014.
  42. ^ . Amjad Jaimoukha. Circassian Voices. 2013. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020.
  43. ^ . Amjad Jaimoukha. Circassian Voices. 2013. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020.
  44. ^ Археологическая карта Кубанской области, Фелицын, Евгений Дмитриевич, 1882.
  45. ^ Ян Потоцкий, Этнография кавказа
  46. ^ "Ян Потоцкий". kmvline.ru. Retrieved 2022-12-23.
  47. ^ Pawel Krawczyk (2009). "Horse Farm at 2500 meters high". Kabardians.com. Retrieved 2015-01-24.

Sources

  • Caucasian Review. Vol. 2. Munich (München), 1956. Pp.; 19; 35.
  • Klaproth, Julius Von, 1783-1835. (2005). Travels in the Caucasus and Georgia performed in the years 1807 and 1808 by command of the Russian government. Elibron Classics. OCLC 742325358.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Latham, Robert Gordon. Descriptive Ethnology. London: Voorst, 1859. Pp. 51.

January 06, 2023
inal, great, circassia, inal, nekhu, adyghe, Инал, Нэф, romanized, yinal, nəf, inal, blind, kabardian, Инал, Нэху, romanized, yinal, nəxw, inal, radiant, also, known, inal, great, georgian, sources, supreme, prince, king, circassia, from, 1427, 1453, unified, . Inal Nekhu Adyghe Inal Nef romanized Yinal Nef lit Inal the Blind Kabardian Inal Nehu romanized Yinal Nexw lit Inal the Radiant also known as Inal the Great in Georgian sources was the Supreme Prince King of Circassia from 1427 to 1453 who unified all Circassians then divided into several princedoms into one state 6 7 He led campaigns into several countries and expanded borders on all directions 8 He was the founder of several Circassian tribes mainly Kabardia Besleney Temirgoy Zhaney and Hatuqwai Inal the GreatInal the RadiantInal the BlindKing of CircassiaCircassia during the reign of InalGrand Prince of All CircassiaReign1427 1453PredecessorOffice establishedSuccessorVarious princes self proclaim themselvesGrand Prince of Zhaney ZichiaReign1427 1453PredecessorParsabok Berzebuch 1 SuccessorTemruk Grand Prince of Chemguy HatuqwayReign1427 1453PredecessorOffice establishedSuccessorTemruk 2 Grand Prince of KabardiaReign1434 1453PredecessorOffice establishedSuccessorTabulda 3 4 Grand Prince of BesleneyReign1434 1453PredecessorOffice establishedSuccessorBeslan 5 BornTaman ZichiaDied1458Grand Principality of CircassiaBurialUnknown allegedly Inal Quba Abkhazia or the Ispravnaya region Karachay CherkessiaSpouseTwo wives an unnamed Abkhaz Anchabadze princess amp an unnamed Circassian noblewomanIssueTebyldu Tabulda Temyriku Temruk Zhanhuet Jankhot Minbolet Minbolat Beslen Beslan Unermes Wunarmas Kermyshe Qermisha NamesFull name Abdun han ikue Kes ikue Adu han ikue Huryfelej ikue Inal Nehu Abdun xan yiqwe Qes yiqwe Adu xan yiqwe Xhurifetley yiqwe Yinal Nexw DynastyInalidFatherHuryfelӀ Xhurifel ReligionEastern Orthodox Christianity syncretised with KhabzeismAlthough the origin of Inal s nickname Nef Nekhu is not known sources claim that he had one eye blind therefore it came from the word Nef meaning blind in Circassian and some claim that it came from the word Nehu meaning enlightened in Circassian 9 Kabarda east Circassia princes Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Early life 1 2 Rise to power 1 3 Conquests 1 3 1 Conquest of Kuban and Eastern Circassia 1 3 2 Conquest of Abkhazia 1 4 Reforms 1 4 1 Administrative reforms 1 4 2 The city of Shanjir 1 5 Death and burial 2 Ancestors 3 Legacy 4 References 5 SourcesBiography EditBefore the rise of Inal the established lords in Circassia had separate territorial administration and an organized structure was not developed Although the Circassians resisted Timurid forces in the Timur Circassian wars 10 the Circassian region suffered great destruction as a result of this war 11 Early life Edit He was born in the Taman Peninsula near modern day Crimea and was raised among the princely caste As a young boy he was well trained proficient in martial arts and educated about the vast land of the Circassian country and the numerous clans that controlled land and power throughout the homeland Rise to power Edit Inal initially owned land in the Taman peninsula 12 A skilled strategist in the early 1400s he gathered a force mainly consisting of the Khegayk clan and set out to complete his goal of creating a unified Circassian kingdom under fealty While Circassian lordships fell into Inal s hands one by one 13 he fought and defeated warlords and clan chieftains Despite the many attempts to divide and weaken his army he used political intrigue to ward off any assassinations and divisions in his military Inal s rise disturbed established Circassian lords and a confederation of 30 Circassian clans opposing Inal formed an alliance to fight him In a battle near the Mzymta River the coalition of thirty Circassian lords was defeated by Inal and his supporters Ten of them were executed while the remaining twenty lords declared allegiance and joined the forces of Inal s new state 14 Conquests Edit Conquest of Kuban and Eastern Circassia Edit The coat of Arms of the Cherkassky dynasty used by the successors of Inal Inal who then ruled Western Circassia organized a campaign to Eastern Circassia in 1434 and established the Kabardia province named after his military general Kabard Inal organized a new campaign to the north in 1438 and drove out the Turkic nomads near the Circassian settlements north of the Kuban River along the Ten River and expanded his borders to modern day Azov 15 16 Conquest of Abkhazia Edit As the Circassian provinces began to unite under him Inal turned his attention to Abkhazia who has ethnic ties to the Circassians where the Abkhazian clans Anchabadze and Shervashidze declared fealty Together they defeated the opposing Mingrelians and unified Northern Abkhazia with Circassia The Abkhaz people recognized Inal s rule and Inal finalized his rule in Abkhazia 8 17 18 19 20 The Georgian Chronicles mention Inal leading Circassians and Abkhazians against Mingrelians 21 22 As a token of this moment the statue of Inal stands in Abkhazia today One of the stars on the flag of Abkhazia represents Inal s alleged grave Inal Quba 23 Johannes de Galonifontibus describes that at the turn of the XIV and XV centuries Circassia expanded its borders to the north to the mouth of the Don and he notes that the city and port of Tana is located in the same country in Upper Circassia on the Don River which separates Europe from Asia 24 25 His description matches with Inal s expansions Reforms Edit Administrative reforms Edit When his conquests subsided Inal began to take measures to develop the Circassian nation by introducing reforms organizing tribes and instituting courts of elders to govern the concerns of the Circassian provinces He divided his possessions into four counties Qabard Beslan Kemirghoqo and Zhanaqo Hatuqwai He introduced the institution of 40 judges However Circassia was split up again after his death into separate feudal principalities 26 27 28 The city of Shanjir EditAfter taking over the entire Circassian land with effective expansions Inal declared the Grand Principality of Circassia taking the title of the Grand Prince King and the Leader of the Circassian Highlanders 29 30 31 The capital of this new Circassian state became the city of Shanjir also known as Jansher founded in the Taman region where Inal was born and raised Circassia during the reign of InalPeter Simon Pallas and Julius von Klaproth were the first researchers to draw attention to the city of Shanjir in history they both described the city of Shanjir similarly 32 According to them Shanjir was very cleverly designed had the shape of a rectangle surrounded by walls and moats and had four gates thus reminiscent of Roman strategic architecture 33 In the north fake hills were built to gain an advantage over the enemy 34 Klaproth visited the ruins of the city of Shanjir met the Circassian elders and gathered detailed information about the city 35 According to the information he learned Shanjir was in an area close to Anapa 36 37 Between Psif and Nefil there is a quadrilateral with four exits lined with ramparts and moats reminiscent of a Roman camp Remains of the walls and ditches are still visible and stretches eastward about half a German mile 3 km in diameter According to what I heard this place was formerly the residence of the king and was called Shanjir Circassians express that their ancestors lived here Julius von Klaproth Although the city s exact location is unknown the general opinion is that the Krasnaya Batareya region fits the descriptions by Klarapoth and Pallas 38 39 40 Death and burial Edit Inal divided his lands between his sons and grandchildren in 1453 and died in 1458 Following this Circassian tribal principalities were formed According to the Abkhaz claim Inal died in Northern Abkhazia This place is known today as Inal Quba and is located in the Pskhu region 41 Although most sources used to accept this theory recent researches and excavations in the region show that Inal s tomb is not here 42 According to Russian explorer and archaeologist Evgeniy Dimitrievich Felitsin Inal s tomb is not in Abkhazia In a map published in 1882 Felitsin attached great importance to Inal but placed his grave in the Ispravnaya region in Karachay Cherkessia not Abkhazia He added that this area has ancient sculptures mounds tombs churches castles and ramparts which would be an ideal tomb for someone like Inal 43 44 Coalition banner of the Inalid Talhosten and Gilaksteney principalitiesAncestors Edit Princes Of East Circassia Kabardia Abdun KhanKessAdu KhanKhurfatalInal 45 46 Legacy Edit Abkhazian nationalists claim Inal Quba in Pskhu is the burial site of Inal the Great The Circassian and Abkhazian princes in following centuries claimed to be descendants of Inal and regarded him as their progenitor Inal s name is also present in many geographical names in the Caucasus as many places were named after him following his death Place names associated with the name of Inal are found in Adygea Krasnodar Krai Kabardino Balkaria Karachay Cherkessia and Abkhazia On the Black Sea coast of Circassia there is the Inal Bay In the Zolsk region of the Republic of Kabardino Balkaria not far from Mount Kanzhal there is mount Inal 2990 m between Baksan River and Tyzyl valleys 47 Variations of Inal Yinal Inal Yanal etc are common names among Circassians and Abkhazians There are many statues of Inal especially in Abkhazia References Edit Khatko Samir Cherkesskie knyazhestva v XIV XV vekah voprosy formirovaniya i vzaimosvyazi s subetnicheskimi gruppami Rodoslovnaya karta IV B Rodoslovnaya kabardinskih knyazej i murz XVII v iz rodoslovnoj knigi prinadlezhavshej A M Pushkinu Archived from the original on 2016 02 07 Retrieved 2019 03 23 Rodoslovnaya kabardinskih knyazej i murz XVII v iz rodoslovnoj knigi prinadlezhavshej A I Lobanovu Rostovskomu Archived from the original on 2014 04 13 Retrieved 2019 03 23 Rodoslovnaya karta IV B PRENSLERIN PRENSI INAL NEKHU PSILERIN PSISI INAL NEKHU cherkessia net in Turkish Retrieved 2021 03 29 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Abasova Shamsiyat 26 December 2020 Vzglyad na osmanskie i kavkazskie dela ISBN 9785042257544 Archived from the original on 7 July 2020 a b PRENSLERIN PRENSI INAL NEKHU PSILERIN PSISI INAL NEKHU KAGAZEJ Jiraslen 2013 Archived from the original on 29 February 2020 Prince Inal the Great I The Tomb of the Mighty Potentate Is Located in Circassia Not Abkhazia Amjad Jaimoukha Circassian Voices 2013 Archived from the original on 4 June 2020 PRENSLERIN PRENSI INAL NEKHU PSILERIN PSISI INAL NEKHU KAGAZEJ Jiraslen 2013 Archived from the original on 29 February 2020 PRENSLERIN PRENSI INAL NEKHU PSILERIN PSISI INAL NEKHU KAGAZEJ Jiraslen 2013 Archived from the original on 29 February 2020 Shora Nogma has 1427 per Richmond Northwest Caucasus kindle 610 In a later book Circassian Genocide kindle 47 Richmond reports the legend that Inal reunited the princedoms after they were driven into the mountains by the Mongols In a footnote 2271 he says that Inal was a royal title among the Oguz Turks Cole Jeffrey E 2011 Ethnic Groups of Europe An Encyclopedia ABC CLIO LLC OCLC 939825134 The Legendary Circassian Prince Inal by Vitaliy Shtybin Vitaliy Shtybin Abkhaz World 17 May 2020 Archived from the original on 24 May 2020 Retrieved 24 July 2020 PRENSLERIN PRENSI INAL NEKHU PSILERIN PSISI INAL NEKHU KAGAZEJ Jiraslen 2013 Archived from the original on 29 February 2020 Klaproth Julius Von 1783 1835 2005 Travels in the Caucasus and Georgia performed in the years 1807 and 1808 by command of the Russian government Elibron Classics Papaskʻiri Zurab 1950 2010 Abhaziya istoriya bez falsifikacii Izd vo Sukhumskogo Gos Universiteta ISBN 9941016526 OCLC 726221839 The Legendary Circassian Prince Inal by Vitaliy Shtybin Vitaliy Shtybin Abkhaz World 17 May 2020 Archived from the original on 24 May 2020 Retrieved 24 July 2020 Klaproth Julius Von 1783 1835 2005 Travels in the Caucasus and Georgia performed in the years 1807 and 1808 by command of the Russian government Elibron Classics The 200 year Mingrelia Abkhazian war and the defeat of the Principality of Mingrelia by the Abkhazians of XVII XVIII cc The Georgian Chronicles II Part No 497 ARMAZI Texts Kartlis Cxovreba II titus uni frankfurt de Retrieved 2022 12 26 Gamaxaria Jemal Beradze T Tamaz Gvancʻelaze Tʻeimuraz 1951 2011 Abkhazia from ancient times till the present days assays essays from the history of Georgia Ministry of Education and Culture of Abkhazia ISBN 9789941039287 OCLC 1062190076 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link de Galonifontibus I 1404 I Taty i goty Velikaya Tatariya Kumaniya Hazariya i drugie Narody Kavkaza Gl 8 sfn error no target CITEREFde Galonifontibus I 1404 help de Galonifontibus I 1404 sfn error no target CITEREFde Galonifontibus I 1404 help Prensleri n Prensi Inal Nekhu Psileri n Psisi Inal Nekhu The Legendary Circassian Prince Inal by Vitaliy Shtybin Vitaliy Shtybin Abkhaz World 17 May 2020 Archived from the original on 24 May 2020 Retrieved 24 July 2020 Latham Robert Gordon Descriptive Ethnology Londres Voorst 1859 Pp 51 PRENSLERIN PRENSI INAL NEKHU PSILERIN PSISI INAL NEKHU KAGAZEJ Jiraslen 2013 Archived from the original on 29 February 2020 The Legendary Circassian Prince Inal by Vitaliy Shtybin Vitaliy Shtybin Abkhaz World 17 May 2020 Archived from the original on 24 May 2020 Retrieved 24 July 2020 Natho Kadir 2009 Circassian History ISBN 978 1441523884 Dubois de Montpereux F Voyage autour du Caucase chez les Tcherkesses et les Abkhases en Colchide en Georgie en Armenie et en Crimee Avec un atlas geographique pittoresque geologique etc Paris Gide 1839 43 reprinted Adamant Media Corporation Elibron Classics 2002 6 vols Voyages dans les gouvernements meridionaux de l empire de la Russie Paris 1805 3 vols Klaproth J H von Travels in the Caucasus and Georgia Performed in the Years 1807 and 1808 by Command of the Russian Government translated from the German by F Shoberl London Richard and Arthur Taylor for Henry Colburn 1814 reprinted Adamant Media Corporation Elibron Classics 2002 Klaproth 1783 1835 born in Berlin in 1783 devoted his energies to the study of Asiatic languages and published in 1802 his Asiatisches Magazin Weimar 1802 1803 He was consequently called to St Petersburg and given an appointment in the academy there In 1805 he was a member of Count Golovkin s embassy to China On his return he was despatched by the academy to the Caucasus on an ethnographical and linguistic exploration 1807 1808 and was afterwards employed for several years in connection with the Academy s Oriental publications Bronevskij Semyon Novejshie geograficheskie i istoricheskie izvestiya o Kavkaze Moskva 1823 Prince Inal the Great of Circassia II Shanjir the Fabled Capital of Inal s Empire 2013 Archived from the original on 4 June 2020 Kokov K wek we J N Iz adigskoi cherkesskoi onomastiki From Circassian Onomastics Nalchik Elbrus Book Publishing House 1983 Prince Inal the Great of Circassia II Shanjir the Fabled Capital of Inal s Empire 2013 Archived from the original on 4 June 2020 Pallas Peter Simon Travels Through the Southern Provinces of the Russian Empire in the Years 1793 and 1794 London John Stockdale Piccadilly 1812 2 vols Peter Simon Pallas 1741 1811 second and most picturesque travel Abramzon M G Frolova N A Gorlov Yu V Klad zolotyh bosporskih staterov II v n e s Krasnobatarejnogo gorodisha Krasnodar kraj VDI 4 2000 S 60 68 Asie occidentale aux XIVe XVIe siecles 2014 Prince Inal the Great I The Tomb of the Mighty Potentate Is Located in Circassia Not Abkhazia Amjad Jaimoukha Circassian Voices 2013 Archived from the original on 4 June 2020 Prince Inal the Great I The Tomb of the Mighty Potentate Is Located in Circassia Not Abkhazia Amjad Jaimoukha Circassian Voices 2013 Archived from the original on 4 June 2020 Arheologicheskaya karta Kubanskoj oblasti Felicyn Evgenij Dmitrievich 1882 Yan Potockij Etnografiya kavkaza Yan Potockij kmvline ru Retrieved 2022 12 23 Pawel Krawczyk 2009 Horse Farm at 2500 meters high Kabardians com Retrieved 2015 01 24 Sources EditCaucasian Review Vol 2 Munich Munchen 1956 Pp 19 35 Klaproth Julius Von 1783 1835 2005 Travels in the Caucasus and Georgia performed in the years 1807 and 1808 by command of the Russian government Elibron Classics OCLC 742325358 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Latham Robert Gordon Descriptive Ethnology London Voorst 1859 Pp 51 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Inal the Great of Circassia amp oldid 1130797463, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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