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Emperor Tenmu

January 01, 1970

Emperor Tenmu (天武天皇, Tenmu tennō, c. 631 – October 1, 686) was the 40th Emperor of Japan,[1] according to the traditional order of succession.[2][3] He reigned from 673 until his death in 686.[4]

Emperor Tenmu
天武天皇
Emperor of Japan
Reign673–686
PredecessorKōbun
SuccessorJitō
BornŌama (大海人)
631
DiedOctober 1, 686(686-10-01) (aged 54–55)
Burial
Hinokuma no Ōuchi no misasagi (檜隈大内陵) (Nara)
SpouseUno-no-sarara (later Empress Jitō)
Issue
Among others...
Posthumous name
Chinese-style shigō:
Emperor Tenmu (天武天皇)

Japanese-style shigō:
Amanonunaharaokinomahito no Sumeramikoto (天渟中原瀛真人天皇)
HouseYamato
FatherEmperor Jomei
MotherEmpress Kōgyoku
ReligionShintoism, later Buddhism

Traditional narrative edit

Tenmu was the youngest son of Emperor Jomei and Empress Kōgyoku, and the younger brother of the Emperor Tenji. His name at birth was Prince Ōama (大海人皇子:Ōama no ōji). He was succeeded by Empress Jitō, who was both his niece and his wife. During the reign of his elder brother, Emperor Tenji, Tenmu was forced to marry several of Tenji's daughters because Tenji thought those marriages would help to strengthen political ties between the two brothers. The nieces he married included Princess Unonosarara, today known as Empress Jitō, and Princess Ōta. Tenmu also had other consorts whose fathers were influential courtiers.

Tenmu had many children, including his crown prince Kusakabe by Princess Unonosarara; Princess Tōchi; Prince Ōtsu and Princess Ōku by Princess Ōta (whose father also was Tenji); and Prince Toneri, the editor of the Nihon Shoki and father of Emperor Junnin. Through Prince Kusakabe, Tenmu had two emperors and two empresses among his descendants. Empress Kōken was the last of these imperial rulers from his lineage.

Events of Tenmu's life edit

Emperor Tenmu is the first monarch of Japan, to whom the title Tennō (Emperor of Japan) was assigned contemporaneously—not only by later generations.[5]

The only document on his life was Nihon Shoki. However, it was edited by his son, Prince Toneri, and the work was written during the reigns of his wife and children, causing one to suspect its accuracy and impartiality. He is also mentioned briefly in the preface to the Kojiki, being hailed as the emperor to have commissioned them.

Tenmu's father died while he was young, and he grew up mainly under the guidance of Empress Saimei. He was not expected to gain the throne, because his brother Tenji was the crown prince, being the older son of their mother, the reigning empress.

During the Tenji period, Tenmu was appointed his crown prince. This was because Tenji had no appropriate heir among his sons at that time, as none of their mothers was of a rank high enough to give the necessary political support. Tenji was suspicious that Tenmu might be so ambitious as to attempt to take the throne, and felt the necessity to strengthen his position through politically advantageous marriages.

Tenji was particularly active in improving the military institutions which had been established during the Taika reforms.[6]

In his old age, Tenji had a son, Prince Ōtomo, by a low-ranking consort. Since Ōtomo had weak political support from his maternal relatives, the general wisdom of the time[7] held that it was not a good idea for him to ascend to the throne, yet Tenji was obsessed with the idea.

In 671 Tenmu felt himself to be in danger and volunteered to resign the office of crown prince to become a monk. He moved to the mountains in Yoshino, Yamato Province (now Yoshino, Nara), officially for reasons of seclusion. He took with him his sons and one of his wives, Princess Unonosarara, a daughter of Tenji. However, he left all his other consorts at the capital, Omikyō in Ōmi Province (today in Ōtsu).

A year later, (in 672) Tenji died and Prince Ōtomo ascended to the throne as Emperor Kōbun. Tenmu assembled an army and marched from Yoshino to the east, to attack the capital of Omikyō in a counterclockwise movement. They marched through Yamato, Iga and Mino Provinces to threaten Omikyō in the adjacent province. The army of Tenmu and the army of the young Emperor Kōbun fought in the northwestern part of Mino (nowadays Sekigahara, Gifu), an incident known as the Jinshin War. Tenmu's army won and Kōbun committed suicide.

Post-Meiji chronology
  • In the 10th year of Tenji, in the 11th month (671): Emperor Tenji, in the 10th year of his reign (天智天皇十年), designated his son as his heir; and modern scholars construe this as meaning that the son would have received the succession (senso) after his father's death. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Kōbun is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).[8] If this understanding were valid, then it would follow:
  • In the 1st year of Kōbun (672): Emperor Kōbun, in the 1st year of his reign (弘文天皇一年), died; and his uncle Ōaomi-shinnō received the succession (senso) after the death of his nephew. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Tenmu could be said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).[9]
Pre-Meiji chronology
Prior to the 19th century, Otomo was understood to have been a mere interloper, a pretender, an anomaly; and therefore, if that commonly accepted understanding were to have been valid, then it would have followed:
  • In the 10th year of Tenji, in the 11th month (671): Emperor Tenji, in the 10th year of his reign (天智天皇十年), died; and despite any military confrontations which ensued, the brother of the dead sovereign would have received the succession (senso); and after a time, it would have been understood that Emperor Tenmu rightfully acceded to the throne (sokui).

As might be expected, Emperor Tenmu was no less active than former-Emperor Tenji in improving the Taika military institutions. Tenmu's reign brought many changes, such as: (1) a centralized war department was organized; (2) the defenses of the Inner Country near the Capital were strengthened; (3) forts and castles were built near Capital and in the western parts of Honshū—and in Kyushu; (4) troops were reviewed; and all provincial governors were ordered to complete the collection of arms and to study tactics.[10]

 
Memorial Shinto shrine and mausoleum honoring Emperor Tenmu

In 673 Tenmu moved the capital back to Yamato on the Kiymihara plain, naming his new capital Asuka. The Man'yōshū includes a poem written after the Jinshin War ended:

Our Sovereign, a god,

Has made his Imperial City[11]
Out of the stretch of swamps,
Where chestnut horses sank
To their bellies.
– Ōtomo Miyuki[12]

At Asuka, Emperor Tenmu was enthroned. He elevated Unonosarara to be his empress. Events of his reign include:

Tenmu reigned from this capital until his death in 686. His wife, Empress Jito became the emperor until their son became the 42nd Emperor.[15] The actual site of his grave is known.[1] This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial shrine (misasagi) in Nara Prefecture. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Tenmu's mausoleum. It is formally named Hinokuma no Ōuchi no misasagi.[16]

Buddhism edit

In 675 Emperor Tenmu banned the consumption of domesticated animal meat (horse, cattle, dogs, monkeys, birds), from April 1 to September 30 each year, due to the influence of Buddhism.[17]

Politics edit

 
The Nihon Shoki entry of April 15, 683 CE (Tenmu 12th year), mandates the use of copper coins instead of silver, suggesting that Japanese currency predates his reign. Excerpt of the 11th century edition.
 
Early Japanese currency: Fuhonsen coins (富本銭), found in Asukaike (飛鳥池), thought to have been minted during the reign of Emperor Tenmu, end of 7th century, copper and antimony. Currency Museum of the Bank of Japan.

In the Nihon Shoki, Tenmu is described as a great innovator, but the neutrality of this description is doubtful, since the work was written under the control of his descendants. It seems clear, however, that Tenmu strengthened the power of the emperor and appointed his sons to the highest offices of his government, reducing the traditional influence of powerful clans such as the Ōtomo and Soga clans. He renewed the system of kabane, the hereditary titles of duty and rank, but with alterations, including the abolition of some titles. Omi and Muraji, the highest kabane in the earlier period, were reduced in value in the new hierarchy, which consisted of eight kinds of kabane. Each clan received a new kabane according to its closeness to the imperial bloodline and its loyalty to Tenmu.

Tenmu attempted to keep a balance of power among his sons. Once he traveled to Yoshino together with his sons, and there had them swear to cooperate and not to make war on each other. This turned out to be ineffective: one of his sons, Prince Ōtsu, was later executed for treason after the death of Tenmu.

Tenmu's foreign policy favored the Korean kingdom Silla, which took over the entire Korean peninsula in 676. After the unification of Korea by Silla, Tenmu decided to break diplomatic relations with the Tang dynasty of China, evidently in order to keep on good terms with Silla.[18]

Tenmu used religious structures to increase the authority of the imperial throne. During his reign there was increased emphasis on the tie between the imperial household and Ise Grand Shrine (dedicated to the ancestor goddess of the emperors, Amaterasu) by sending his daughter Princess Ōku as the newly established Saiō of the shrine, and several festivals were financed from the national budget. He also showed favor to Buddhism, and built several large temples and monasteries. It is said that Tenmu asked that each household was encouraged to build an altar with a dais where a Buddha-image and a sutra could be placed so that family worshiping could be held, thus inventing the butsudan. On the other hand, all Buddhist priests, monks and nuns were controlled by the state, and no one was allowed to become a monk without the state's permission. This was aimed at preventing cults and stopping farmers from turning into priests.

Kugyō edit

Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Tenmu's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:

Era of Tenmu's reign edit

The years of Tenmu's reign were marked by only one era name or nengō, which was proclaimed in the final months of the emperor's life; and Shuchō ended with Tenmu's death.[20]

Non-nengō period edit

The early years of Tenmu's reign are not linked by scholars to any era or nengō.[20] The Taika era innovation of naming time periods – nengō – was discontinued during these years, but it was reestablished briefly in 686. The use of nengō languished yet again after Tenmu's death until Emperor Monmu reasserted an imperial right by proclaiming the commencement of Taihō in 701.

In this context, Brown and Ishida's translation of Gukanshō offers an explanation about the years of Empress Jitō's reign which muddies a sense of easy clarity in the pre-Taihō time-frame:

"The eras that fell in this reign were: (1) the remaining seven years of Shuchō [(686+7=692?)]; and (2) Taika, which was four years long [695–698]. (The first year of this era was kinoto-hitsuji [695].) ... In the third year of the Taika era [697], Empress Jitō yielded the throne to the Crown Prince."[21]

Wives and children edit

See also edit

 
Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylized chrysanthemum blossom

References edit

  1. ^ a b Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō): 天武天皇 (40); retrieved 2013-8-22.
  2. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 53.
  3. ^ Ohnuki-Tierney, E. (1991). The Emperor of Japan as Deity (Kami). Ethnology, 30(3), 199–215. https://doi.org/10.2307/3773631
  4. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 55–58, p. 55, at Google Books; Brown, Delmer M. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 268–269.
  5. ^ "Tennō" at Britannica.com; retrieved 2013-8-28.
  6. ^ Asakawa, Kan'ichi. (1903). The Early Institutional Life of Japan, p. 313.
  7. ^ de Gruyter, Walter (1976). Ancestors. Paris: Mouton Publishers. ISBN 90-279-7859-X.
  8. ^ Brown, pp. 268–269; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, p. 44; a distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami.
  9. ^ Titsingh, pp. 55–58; Varley, p. 44.
  10. ^ Asakawa, pp. 313–314.
  11. ^ Emperor Tenmu's capital was built on the plain of Kiymihara at Asuka.
  12. ^ Nippon Gakujutsu Shinkokai. (1969). The Man'yōshū, p. 60.
  13. ^ Beillevaire, Patrick. (2000). Ryūkyū Studies to 1854: Western Encounter, Vol. 1, p. 272, p. 272, at Google Books; excerpt, "Im dritten Jahre der Regierung des Mikado Ten mu (674) kamen auch Gesandte von Tane no kuni au den japanischen Hof. Jakusima und das heutige Tanegasima waren die nördlichsten der mehrgenannten Südseeinseln...."; compare NengoCalc Temmu 2 (天武二年)
  14. ^ Hakuhou jidai 白鳳時代, JAANUS (Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System); retrieved January 24, 2011; see also Nussbaum, "Yakushi-ji" at p. 1035., p. 1035, at Google Books; compare NengoCalc Tenmu 8 (天武九年)
  15. ^ "Kofun of Emperor Tenmu and Jito | MustLoveJapan". www.mustlovejapan.com. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
  16. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 420.
  17. ^ Hisao Nagayama. 「たべもの江戸史」 新人物往来社, 1976. ISBN 4309473105 p. 66. 『、「牛馬犬猿鶏の宍(肉)を食うことなかれ」の殺生禁断の令は有名拍車をかけたのが仏教の影響である。』
  18. ^ Totman, Conrad (September 11, 2014). A History of Japan. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781119022350.
  19. ^ a b Brown, p. 269.
  20. ^ a b Titsingh, pp. 55–58.
  21. ^ Brown, p. 270.

Further reading edit

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emperor Tenmu.
  • Asuka Historical National Government Park: image of Mausoleum Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jitō February 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, exterior view
Regnal titles
Preceded by Emperor of Japan:
Temmu
672–686 		Succeeded by

January 01, 1970
emperor, tenmu, this, article, lead, section, short, adequately, summarize, points, please, consider, expanding, lead, provide, accessible, overview, important, aspects, article, august, 2021, 天武天皇, tenmu, tennō, october, 40th, emperor, japan, according, tradi. This article s lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article August 2021 Emperor Tenmu 天武天皇 Tenmu tennō c 631 October 1 686 was the 40th Emperor of Japan 1 according to the traditional order of succession 2 3 He reigned from 673 until his death in 686 4 Emperor Tenmu天武天皇Emperor of JapanReign673 686PredecessorKōbunSuccessorJitōBornŌama 大海人 631DiedOctober 1 686 686 10 01 aged 54 55 BurialHinokuma no Ōuchi no misasagi 檜隈大内陵 Nara SpouseUno no sarara later Empress Jitō IssueAmong others Princess Tōchi Prince Takechi Prince Kusakabe Princess Ōku Prince Ōtsu Prince Naga Prince Yuge Prince Toneri Princess Tajima Prince Hozumi Princess Ki Princess Takata Prince Osakabe Princess Hatsusebe Princess TakiPosthumous nameChinese style shigō Emperor Tenmu 天武天皇 Japanese style shigō Amanonunaharaokinomahito no Sumeramikoto 天渟中原瀛真人天皇 HouseYamatoFatherEmperor JomeiMotherEmpress KōgyokuReligionShintoism later Buddhism Contents 1 Traditional narrative 1 1 Events of Tenmu s life 1 2 Buddhism 1 3 Politics 1 3 1 Kugyō 2 Era of Tenmu s reign 2 1 Non nengō period 3 Wives and children 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksTraditional narrative editTenmu was the youngest son of Emperor Jomei and Empress Kōgyoku and the younger brother of the Emperor Tenji His name at birth was Prince Ōama 大海人皇子 Ōama no ōji He was succeeded by Empress Jitō who was both his niece and his wife During the reign of his elder brother Emperor Tenji Tenmu was forced to marry several of Tenji s daughters because Tenji thought those marriages would help to strengthen political ties between the two brothers The nieces he married included Princess Unonosarara today known as Empress Jitō and Princess Ōta Tenmu also had other consorts whose fathers were influential courtiers Tenmu had many children including his crown prince Kusakabe by Princess Unonosarara Princess Tōchi Prince Ōtsu and Princess Ōku by Princess Ōta whose father also was Tenji and Prince Toneri the editor of the Nihon Shoki and father of Emperor Junnin Through Prince Kusakabe Tenmu had two emperors and two empresses among his descendants Empress Kōken was the last of these imperial rulers from his lineage Events of Tenmu s life edit Emperor Tenmu is the first monarch of Japan to whom the title Tennō Emperor of Japan was assigned contemporaneously not only by later generations 5 The only document on his life was Nihon Shoki However it was edited by his son Prince Toneri and the work was written during the reigns of his wife and children causing one to suspect its accuracy and impartiality He is also mentioned briefly in the preface to the Kojiki being hailed as the emperor to have commissioned them Tenmu s father died while he was young and he grew up mainly under the guidance of Empress Saimei He was not expected to gain the throne because his brother Tenji was the crown prince being the older son of their mother the reigning empress During the Tenji period Tenmu was appointed his crown prince This was because Tenji had no appropriate heir among his sons at that time as none of their mothers was of a rank high enough to give the necessary political support Tenji was suspicious that Tenmu might be so ambitious as to attempt to take the throne and felt the necessity to strengthen his position through politically advantageous marriages Tenji was particularly active in improving the military institutions which had been established during the Taika reforms 6 In his old age Tenji had a son Prince Ōtomo by a low ranking consort Since Ōtomo had weak political support from his maternal relatives the general wisdom of the time 7 held that it was not a good idea for him to ascend to the throne yet Tenji was obsessed with the idea In 671 Tenmu felt himself to be in danger and volunteered to resign the office of crown prince to become a monk He moved to the mountains in Yoshino Yamato Province now Yoshino Nara officially for reasons of seclusion He took with him his sons and one of his wives Princess Unonosarara a daughter of Tenji However he left all his other consorts at the capital Omikyō in Ōmi Province today in Ōtsu A year later in 672 Tenji died and Prince Ōtomo ascended to the throne as Emperor Kōbun Tenmu assembled an army and marched from Yoshino to the east to attack the capital of Omikyō in a counterclockwise movement They marched through Yamato Iga and Mino Provinces to threaten Omikyō in the adjacent province The army of Tenmu and the army of the young Emperor Kōbun fought in the northwestern part of Mino nowadays Sekigahara Gifu an incident known as the Jinshin War Tenmu s army won and Kōbun committed suicide Post Meiji chronology In the 10th year of Tenji in the 11th month 671 Emperor Tenji in the 10th year of his reign 天智天皇十年 designated his son as his heir and modern scholars construe this as meaning that the son would have received the succession senso after his father s death Shortly thereafter Emperor Kōbun is said to have acceded to the throne sokui 8 If this understanding were valid then it would follow In the 1st year of Kōbun 672 Emperor Kōbun in the 1st year of his reign 弘文天皇一年 died and his uncle Ōaomi shinnō received the succession senso after the death of his nephew Shortly thereafter Emperor Tenmu could be said to have acceded to the throne sokui 9 dd Pre Meiji chronology Prior to the 19th century Otomo was understood to have been a mere interloper a pretender an anomaly and therefore if that commonly accepted understanding were to have been valid then it would have followed In the 10th year of Tenji in the 11th month 671 Emperor Tenji in the 10th year of his reign 天智天皇十年 died and despite any military confrontations which ensued the brother of the dead sovereign would have received the succession senso and after a time it would have been understood that Emperor Tenmu rightfully acceded to the throne sokui As might be expected Emperor Tenmu was no less active than former Emperor Tenji in improving the Taika military institutions Tenmu s reign brought many changes such as 1 a centralized war department was organized 2 the defenses of the Inner Country near the Capital were strengthened 3 forts and castles were built near Capital and in the western parts of Honshu and in Kyushu 4 troops were reviewed and all provincial governors were ordered to complete the collection of arms and to study tactics 10 nbsp Memorial Shinto shrine and mausoleum honoring Emperor Tenmu In 673 Tenmu moved the capital back to Yamato on the Kiymihara plain naming his new capital Asuka The Man yōshu includes a poem written after the Jinshin War ended Our Sovereign a god Has made his Imperial City 11 Out of the stretch of swamps Where chestnut horses sank To their bellies Ōtomo Miyuki 12 dd dd dd dd dd At Asuka Emperor Tenmu was enthroned He elevated Unonosarara to be his empress Events of his reign include 674 Tenmu 2 Ambassadors of Tane no kuni were received in the Japanese court 13 680 Tenmu 8 Yakushi ji was founded in the Hakuhō period 14 Tenmu reigned from this capital until his death in 686 His wife Empress Jito became the emperor until their son became the 42nd Emperor 15 The actual site of his grave is known 1 This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial shrine misasagi in Nara Prefecture The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Tenmu s mausoleum It is formally named Hinokuma no Ōuchi no misasagi 16 Buddhism edit In 675 Emperor Tenmu banned the consumption of domesticated animal meat horse cattle dogs monkeys birds from April 1 to September 30 each year due to the influence of Buddhism 17 Politics edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp The Nihon Shoki entry of April 15 683 CE Tenmu 12th year mandates the use of copper coins instead of silver suggesting that Japanese currency predates his reign Excerpt of the 11th century edition nbsp Early Japanese currency Fuhonsen coins 富本銭 found in Asukaike 飛鳥池 thought to have been minted during the reign of Emperor Tenmu end of 7th century copper and antimony Currency Museum of the Bank of Japan In the Nihon Shoki Tenmu is described as a great innovator but the neutrality of this description is doubtful since the work was written under the control of his descendants It seems clear however that Tenmu strengthened the power of the emperor and appointed his sons to the highest offices of his government reducing the traditional influence of powerful clans such as the Ōtomo and Soga clans He renewed the system of kabane the hereditary titles of duty and rank but with alterations including the abolition of some titles Omi and Muraji the highest kabane in the earlier period were reduced in value in the new hierarchy which consisted of eight kinds of kabane Each clan received a new kabane according to its closeness to the imperial bloodline and its loyalty to Tenmu Tenmu attempted to keep a balance of power among his sons Once he traveled to Yoshino together with his sons and there had them swear to cooperate and not to make war on each other This turned out to be ineffective one of his sons Prince Ōtsu was later executed for treason after the death of Tenmu Tenmu s foreign policy favored the Korean kingdom Silla which took over the entire Korean peninsula in 676 After the unification of Korea by Silla Tenmu decided to break diplomatic relations with the Tang dynasty of China evidently in order to keep on good terms with Silla 18 Tenmu used religious structures to increase the authority of the imperial throne During his reign there was increased emphasis on the tie between the imperial household and Ise Grand Shrine dedicated to the ancestor goddess of the emperors Amaterasu by sending his daughter Princess Ōku as the newly established Saiō of the shrine and several festivals were financed from the national budget He also showed favor to Buddhism and built several large temples and monasteries It is said that Tenmu asked that each household was encouraged to build an altar with a dais where a Buddha image and a sutra could be placed so that family worshiping could be held thus inventing the butsudan On the other hand all Buddhist priests monks and nuns were controlled by the state and no one was allowed to become a monk without the state s permission This was aimed at preventing cults and stopping farmers from turning into priests Kugyō edit Kugyō 公卿 is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre Meiji eras In general this elite group included only three to four men at a time These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life s career During Tenmu s reign this apex of the Daijō kan included Sadaijin Soga no Akae no Omi 19 Udaijin Nakatomi no Kane no Muraji 19 NaidaijinEra of Tenmu s reign editThe years of Tenmu s reign were marked by only one era name or nengō which was proclaimed in the final months of the emperor s life and Shuchō ended with Tenmu s death 20 Shuchō 686 Non nengō period edit The early years of Tenmu s reign are not linked by scholars to any era or nengō 20 The Taika era innovation of naming time periods nengō was discontinued during these years but it was reestablished briefly in 686 The use of nengō languished yet again after Tenmu s death until Emperor Monmu reasserted an imperial right by proclaiming the commencement of Taihō in 701 See Tenmu period 673 686 In this context Brown and Ishida s translation of Gukanshō offers an explanation about the years of Empress Jitō s reign which muddies a sense of easy clarity in the pre Taihō time frame The eras that fell in this reign were 1 the remaining seven years of Shuchō 686 7 692 and 2 Taika which was four years long 695 698 The first year of this era was kinoto hitsuji 695 In the third year of the Taika era 697 Empress Jitō yielded the throne to the Crown Prince 21 dd Wives and children editEmpress Kōgō Princess Uno no sarara 鸕野讃良皇女 later Empress Jitō Emperor Tenji s daughter Second Son Prince Kusakabe 草壁皇子 662 10 May 689 Father of Emperor Monmu and Empress Genshō Consort Hi Princess Ōta 大田皇女 Emperor Tenji s daughter Second daughter Princess Ōku 大伯皇女 12 February 661 29 January 702 Saiō in Ise Shrine 673 686 Third Son Prince Ōtsu 大津皇子 663 25 October 686 Consort Hi Princess Ōe 大江皇女 Emperor Tenji s daughter Seventh Son Prince Naga 長皇子 d 9 July 715 Ninth Son Prince Yuge 弓削皇子 d 21 August 699 Consort Hi Princess Niitabe 新田部皇女 Emperor Tenji s daughter Sixth Son Prince Toneri 舎人皇子 676 2 December 735 Father of Emperor Junnin Madame Bunin Fujiwara no Hikami no iratsume 藤原氷上娘 d 682 Fujiwara no Kamatari s daughter Daughter Princess Tajima 但馬皇女 d 17 July 708 married to Prince Takechi Madame Bunin Fujiwara no Ioe no iratsume 藤原五百重娘 Fujiwara no Kamatari s daughter Tenth Son Prince Niitabe 新田部皇子 d 20 0ctomber 735 Madame Bunin Soga no Ōnu no iratsume 蘇我大蕤娘 Soga no Akae s daughter Fifth Son Prince Hozumi 穂積皇子 d 30 August 715 Daughter Princess Ki 紀皇女 Daughter Princess Takata 田形皇女 d 18 April 728 Saiō in Ise Shrine 706 707 later married to Prince Mutobe Beauty Hin Princess Nukata 額田王 Prince Kagami s daughter First Daughter Princess Tōchi 十市皇女 d 3 March 678 married to Emperor Kōbun Beauty Hin Munakata no Amako no iratsume 胸形尼子娘 Unakata no Kimi Tokuzen s daughter First Son Prince Takechi 高市皇子 654 13 August 696 Beauty Hin Shishihito no Kajihime no iratsume 宍人梶媛娘 Shishihito no Omi Ōmaro s daughter Fourth Son Prince Osakabe 刑部 忍壁皇子 d 2 June 705 Daughter Princess Hatsusebe 泊瀬部皇女 d 28 March 741 married to Prince Kawashima son of Emperor Tenji Daughter Princess Taki 託基皇女 多紀皇女 d 751 Saiō in Ise Shrine 698 before 701 later married to Prince Shiki son of Emperor Tenji Son Prince Shiki 磯城皇子 See also edit nbsp Japan portal nbsp History portal nbsp Biography portal Emperor of Japan List of Emperors of Japan Imperial cult nbsp Japanese Imperial kamon a stylized chrysanthemum blossomReferences edit a b Imperial Household Agency Kunaichō 天武天皇 40 retrieved 2013 8 22 Ponsonby Fane Richard 1959 The Imperial House of Japan p 53 Ohnuki Tierney E 1991 The Emperor of Japan as Deity Kami Ethnology 30 3 199 215 https doi org 10 2307 3773631 Titsingh Isaac 1834 Annales des empereurs du japon pp 55 58 p 55 at Google Books Brown Delmer M 1979 Gukanshō pp 268 269 Tennō at Britannica com retrieved 2013 8 28 Asakawa Kan ichi 1903 The Early Institutional Life of Japan p 313 de Gruyter Walter 1976 Ancestors Paris Mouton Publishers ISBN 90 279 7859 X Brown pp 268 269 Varley H Paul 1980 Jinnō Shōtōki p 44 a distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji and all sovereigns except Jitō Yōzei Go Toba and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go Murakami Titsingh pp 55 58 Varley p 44 Asakawa pp 313 314 Emperor Tenmu s capital was built on the plain of Kiymihara at Asuka Nippon Gakujutsu Shinkokai 1969 The Man yōshu p 60 Beillevaire Patrick 2000 Ryukyu Studies to 1854 Western Encounter Vol 1 p 272 p 272 at Google Books excerpt Im dritten Jahre der Regierung des Mikado Ten mu 674 kamen auch Gesandte von Tane no kuni au den japanischen Hof Jakusima und das heutige Tanegasima waren die nordlichsten der mehrgenannten Sudseeinseln compare NengoCalc Temmu 2 天武二年 Hakuhou jidai 白鳳時代 JAANUS Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System retrieved January 24 2011 see also Nussbaum Yakushi ji at p 1035 p 1035 at Google Books compare NengoCalc Tenmu 8 天武九年 Kofun of Emperor Tenmu and Jito MustLoveJapan www mustlovejapan com Retrieved February 17 2017 Ponsonby Fane p 420 Hisao Nagayama たべもの江戸史 新人物往来社 1976 ISBN 4309473105 p 66 牛馬犬猿鶏の宍 肉 を食うことなかれ の殺生禁断の令は有名拍車をかけたのが仏教の影響である Totman Conrad September 11 2014 A History of Japan John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 9781119022350 a b Brown p 269 a b Titsingh pp 55 58 Brown p 270 Further reading editAsakawa Kan ichi 1903 The Early Institutional Life of Japan Tokyo Shueisha OCLC 4427686 see online multi formatted full text book at openlibrary org Aston William 1896 Nihongi Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A D 697 London Kegan Paul Trench Trubner OCLC 448337491 Brown Delmer M and Ichirō Ishida eds 1979 Gukanshō The Future and the Past Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 03460 0 OCLC 251325323 Nippon Gakujutsu Shinkokai 1969 The Man yōshu The Nippon Gakujutsu Shinkokai Translation of One Thousand Poems New York Columbia University Press ISBN 0 231 08620 2 Ponsonby Fane Richard 1959 The Imperial House of Japan Kyoto Ponsonby Memorial Society OCLC 194887 Titsingh Isaac 1834 Nihon Ōdai Ichiran ou Annales des empereurs du Japon Paris Royal Asiatic Society Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland OCLC 5850691 Varley H Paul 1980 Jinnō Shōtōki A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns New York Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 04940 5 OCLC 59145842External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emperor Tenmu Asuka Historical National Government Park image of Mausoleum Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jitō Archived February 25 2012 at the Wayback Machine exterior view Regnal titles Preceded byEmperor Kōbun Emperor of Japan Temmu672 686 Succeeded byEmpress Jitō Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Emperor Tenmu amp oldid 1214789847, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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