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Pribina

May 01, 2023

For the Croatian medieval nobleman, see Pribina, Ban of Croatia.

Pribina (c. 800 – 861) was a Slavic prince whose adventurous career, recorded in the Conversion of the Bavarians and the Carantanians (a historical work written in 870), illustrates the political volatility of the Franco–Slavic frontiers of his time.[2] Pribina was the first ruler of Slavic origin to build a Christian church on Slavic territory in Nitra, and also the first to accept baptism.[3]

Pribina
Pribina (centre) depicted on the reverse of the 10 koruna coin of the Slovak Republic
Prince of Nitra (?)
Reign 825 –833
SuccessorMojmír I
Duke of Lower Pannonia
Reign846–861
SuccessorKoceľ
Bornc. 800
Died861
IssueKoceľ
Muntimerus Sclav.[1]
House(?)
One view about the borders of the Principality of Nitra around 833

He was attacked and expelled from his homeland by Mojmir I, duke of Moravia.[4] Pribina first fled to Ratpot, one of the border lords in East Francia.[4] Thereafter he was wandering in Central and Southeastern Europe for several years.[4] Finally, in the late 830s, Louis the German, king of East Francia granted Pribina lands near Lake Balaton (now in Hungary) where he set up his own principality under the king's suzerainty.[4][5] He died fighting against the Moravians.[6]

Early life

According to a marginal notation to the Conversion that has by now been incorporated into its main text, Pribina's allodial lands were situated in Nitrava ultra Danuvium where Archbishop Adalram of Salzburg (821–836) consecrated a church,[7][8] Since Nitrava has been identified, although not unanimously, with modern Nitra in Slovakia, Pribina is considered to have ruled the large early medieval fortress excavated at that town.[7][8] The consecration of the church in Nitrava took place around 827, thus it was the first church in all Eastern Europe whose existence is documented in writing.[7][9] That the church was consecrated for Pribina himself (who, all the same, still remained a catechumen), or for his wife cannot be decided.[10][11] She seems to have been a member of the Bavarian Wilhelminer family.[7]

Whether Pribina held Nitrava as a lieutenant of Mojmir I, the first known ruler of Moravia, or he was – maybe the second or third – prince of an independent Slavic principality is still debated by modern historians.[10][12] The best source of his life,[13] the Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum never regarded him as dux (gentilis).[13] Nevertheless, according to the Conversion, he was "driven across the Danube by Mojmir, duke of the Moravians" shortly after the defense of the eastern marches in East Francia had been taken over by Ratpot in around 833.[7][14][15]

Wanderings

Having been expelled, Pribina fled to Ratpot who presented him to Louis the German.[8] The king ordered that Pribina be baptized in the church of Traismauer (Austria) and then serve with his followers in Ratpot's army.[7] Before long, however, Ratpot and Pribina fell out, and the latter, fearing for his life, fled with his son Koceľ to the First Bulgarian Empire.[16] However, Malamir of Bulgaria had by that time made peace with East Francia, thus Pribina was unable to persuade him to act against the Franks.[17]

Subsequently, Pribina departed for Lower Pannonia, the region ruled by a Slavic prince, Ratimir.[16] Since Lower Pannonia was part of Ratpot's prefecture, Ratimir's harboring of Pribina was tantamount to rebellion.[7] Therefore, in 838 Louis the German sent Ratpot at the head of a large Bavarian army to crush Ratimir, but Pribina and his followers took refuge with the count of Carniola, Salacho.[7][16] In short time the latter brokered a reconciliation between Ratpot and Pribina.[7][16]

Louis the German now devised a plan to solve the ongoing instability in Lower Pannonia by making Pribina himself the new client ruler of that region.[7] On January 10, 846, at the request of his followers, the king granted Pribina lands near Lake Balaton on the river Zala where he was to rule as Louis the German's faithful dux ("duke").[7][15][16]

Having these events taken place, Ratpot took command of the borderlands' defense. In his day one Pribina driven across the Danube by Mojmir, duke of the Moravians came to Ratpot. Ratpot soon presented him to our lord and king, Louis. By order of the king Pribina was introduced to the faith and baptized in Saint Martin Church in a place called Traismauer, that is to say at a grange belonging to the Archbishopric of Salzburg. In time he was commended to Ratpot with whom he stayed for a time. Meanwhile, however, dissensions began to spring up between them. Feeling anxious about it, Pribina and his men, together with his son Kocil, fled for the land of the Bulgarians. Some time later he left the Bulgarians for dux Ratimar's territory. At that time king Louis sent Ratpot with a large force to expel prince Ratimar. Having no confidence in being able to defend himself, he took to flight together with his men who had escaped from the massacre. The above mentioned Pribina stopped, and crossed the river Sava, together with his men, where Count Salacho gave shelter to him and brought about his reconciliation with Ratbot. In time, as soon as the occasion arose, the king, at the request of his faithful men, gave Pribina as benefice the region of Lower Pannonia around the Zala River. He then began to live there, to build a fortress in a certain forest and swamp on the Zala River, gathered the surrounding peoples, and greatly thrived in that land. <For him, Archbishop Adalram had long ago consecrated a church on his estate at a place over the Danube called Nitrava.

— Conversion of the Bavarians and the Carantanians[18]

Dux in Lower Pannonia

 
Principality of Lower Pannonia under Pribina's rule

Pribina's main duty was to gather the groups of Slavs who were fleeing from various directions, and to keep them loyal to the Franks.[17] For this purpose, he began to build in 846 a large fortress as his seat of power in the region of Lake Balaton, in a territory of modern Zalavár surrounded by forests and swamps along the river Zala.[15][17][19] His extremely well fortified castle that became known as Blatnohrad (Blatnograd)[20] or Moosburg ("Swamp Fortress") served as a bulwark both against the Bulgarians and the Moravians.[15][17][19] Pribina's authority stretched from the Rába river to the north, to Pécs to the southeast, and to Ptuj to the West.[21]

Pribina undertook to Christianize the local population and built churches in the region.[5] At his request, the archbishop of Salzburg consecrated a number of churches in Lower Pannonia, among them one at modern Pécs.[22] Pribina also made a donation of three hundred homesteads and vineyards on a knee of the river Zala to the monastery of Niederaltaich, which was confirmed in 860 by Louis the German.[23]

Pribina seems to have played a prominent role in Louis the German's campaigns against Mojmir I of Moravia.[24] For example, in 846 the king made a generous gift of one hundred homesteads in the Bavarian marches to him, presumably in order to help supply Pribina's troops in the upcoming campaign.[25] Moreover, in 847 Louis the German converted all Pribina's benefices near Lake Balaton, save those he held from the archbishop of Salzburg, into personal property in order to reward him for his loyal service, presumably in the recent campaigns against the Bohemians and the Moravians.[26]

There is some uncertainty about Pribina's death.[27] He may have been killed in a battle with the Moravians who supported Louis the German's son, Carloman in a revolt against the king, or he may have been captured and handed over to the Moravians by Carloman.[27][28] His son, Koceľ was installed as the ruler of Lower Pannonia in 864 by Louis the German.[29]

See also

References

  1. ^ Wolfram 1979, p. 179ff.
  2. ^ Goldberg 2006, pp. 16., 83-84.
  3. ^ Spiesz et al. 2006, p. 20.
  4. ^ a b c d Curta 2006, p. 333
  5. ^ a b Kirschbaum 2007, p. 232
  6. ^ Goldberg 2006, p. 267
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Goldberg 2006, p. 84
  8. ^ a b c Bowlus 1994, p. 105
  9. ^ Bartl 2002, p. 17
  10. ^ a b Vlasto 1970, p. 24
  11. ^ Sommer et al. 2007, p. 221.
  12. ^ Kirschbaum 2007, pp. 207., 232.
  13. ^ a b SZŐKE, Béla Miklós, A KÁRPÁT-MEDENCE A KAROLING-KORBAN ÉS A MAGYAR HONFOGLALÁS, p. 2.
  14. ^ Bowlus 1994, pp. 101., 104., 106.
  15. ^ a b c d Bartl 2002, p. 19
  16. ^ a b c d e Bowlus 1994, p. 104
  17. ^ a b c d Róna-Tas 1999, p. 243
  18. ^ Wolfram 1979, pp. 50–53
  19. ^ a b Goldberg 2006, p. 85
  20. ^ Chropovský 1989, p. 73.
  21. ^ Luthar 2008, p. 105
  22. ^ Curta 2006, p. 134
  23. ^ Bowlus 1994, p. 134
  24. ^ Goldberg 2006, p. 139
  25. ^ Goldberg 2006, pp. 139–140
  26. ^ Goldberg 2006, p. 142
  27. ^ a b Róna-Tas 1999, p. 244
  28. ^ Bartl 2002, p. 20
  29. ^ Goldberg 2006, pp. 273–274

Sources

  • Bartl, Július (2002). Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. ISBN 0-86516-444-4.
  • Bowlus, Charles R. (1994). Franks, Moravians and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788–907. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3276-3.
  • Chropovský, Bohuslav (1989), The Slavs: Their Significance, Political and Cultural History, Prague: Orbis Press Agency
  • Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4.
  • Goldberg, Eric J. (2006). Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict under Louis the German, 817–876. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7529-0.
  • Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (2007). Historical Dictionary of Slovakia. Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8108-5535-9.
  • Luthar, Oto (2008). The Land Between: A History of Slovenia. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-631-57011-1.
  • Róna-Tas, András (1999). Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History. Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-9116-48-1.
  • Sommer, Petr; Třeštík, Dušan; Žemlička, Josef; Opačić, Zoë (2007). Bohemia and Moravia. In: Berend, Nora (2007); Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus’, c. 900–1200; Cambridge University Press; ISBN 978-0-521-87616-2.
  • Spiesz, Anton; Caplovic, Dusan; Bolchazy, Ladislaus J. (2006). Illustrated Slovak History: A Struggle for Sovereignty in Central Europe. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-0-86516-426-0.
  • Vlasto, A. P. (1970). The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-07459-2.
  • Wolfram, Herwig (1979). Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum: Das Weissbuch der Salzburger Kirche über die erfolgreiche Mission in Karantanien und Pannonien. Böhlau Quellenbücher. ISBN 978-3-205-08361-0.

External links

  • The Statue of Prince Pribina
  • Map - Principalities ruled by Pribina

May 01, 2023
pribina, croatian, medieval, nobleman, croatia, slavic, prince, whose, adventurous, career, recorded, conversion, bavarians, carantanians, historical, work, written, illustrates, political, volatility, franco, slavic, frontiers, time, first, ruler, slavic, ori. For the Croatian medieval nobleman see Pribina Ban of Croatia Pribina c 800 861 was a Slavic prince whose adventurous career recorded in the Conversion of the Bavarians and the Carantanians a historical work written in 870 illustrates the political volatility of the Franco Slavic frontiers of his time 2 Pribina was the first ruler of Slavic origin to build a Christian church on Slavic territory in Nitra and also the first to accept baptism 3 PribinaPribina centre depicted on the reverse of the 10 koruna coin of the Slovak RepublicPrince of Nitra Reign 825 833SuccessorMojmir IDuke of Lower PannoniaReign846 861SuccessorKoceľBornc 800Died861IssueKoceľMuntimerus Sclav 1 House One view about the borders of the Principality of Nitra around 833 He was attacked and expelled from his homeland by Mojmir I duke of Moravia 4 Pribina first fled to Ratpot one of the border lords in East Francia 4 Thereafter he was wandering in Central and Southeastern Europe for several years 4 Finally in the late 830s Louis the German king of East Francia granted Pribina lands near Lake Balaton now in Hungary where he set up his own principality under the king s suzerainty 4 5 He died fighting against the Moravians 6 Contents 1 Early life 2 Wanderings 3 Dux in Lower Pannonia 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 External linksEarly life EditAccording to a marginal notation to the Conversion that has by now been incorporated into its main text Pribina s allodial lands were situated in Nitrava ultra Danuvium where Archbishop Adalram of Salzburg 821 836 consecrated a church 7 8 Since Nitrava has been identified although not unanimously with modern Nitra in Slovakia Pribina is considered to have ruled the large early medieval fortress excavated at that town 7 8 The consecration of the church in Nitrava took place around 827 thus it was the first church in all Eastern Europe whose existence is documented in writing 7 9 That the church was consecrated for Pribina himself who all the same still remained a catechumen or for his wife cannot be decided 10 11 She seems to have been a member of the Bavarian Wilhelminer family 7 Whether Pribina held Nitrava as a lieutenant of Mojmir I the first known ruler of Moravia or he was maybe the second or third prince of an independent Slavic principality is still debated by modern historians 10 12 The best source of his life 13 the Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum never regarded him as dux gentilis 13 Nevertheless according to the Conversion he was driven across the Danube by Mojmir duke of the Moravians shortly after the defense of the eastern marches in East Francia had been taken over by Ratpot in around 833 7 14 15 Wanderings EditHaving been expelled Pribina fled to Ratpot who presented him to Louis the German 8 The king ordered that Pribina be baptized in the church of Traismauer Austria and then serve with his followers in Ratpot s army 7 Before long however Ratpot and Pribina fell out and the latter fearing for his life fled with his son Koceľ to the First Bulgarian Empire 16 However Malamir of Bulgaria had by that time made peace with East Francia thus Pribina was unable to persuade him to act against the Franks 17 Subsequently Pribina departed for Lower Pannonia the region ruled by a Slavic prince Ratimir 16 Since Lower Pannonia was part of Ratpot s prefecture Ratimir s harboring of Pribina was tantamount to rebellion 7 Therefore in 838 Louis the German sent Ratpot at the head of a large Bavarian army to crush Ratimir but Pribina and his followers took refuge with the count of Carniola Salacho 7 16 In short time the latter brokered a reconciliation between Ratpot and Pribina 7 16 Louis the German now devised a plan to solve the ongoing instability in Lower Pannonia by making Pribina himself the new client ruler of that region 7 On January 10 846 at the request of his followers the king granted Pribina lands near Lake Balaton on the river Zala where he was to rule as Louis the German s faithful dux duke 7 15 16 Having these events taken place Ratpot took command of the borderlands defense In his day one Pribina driven across the Danube by Mojmir duke of the Moravians came to Ratpot Ratpot soon presented him to our lord and king Louis By order of the king Pribina was introduced to the faith and baptized in Saint Martin Church in a place called Traismauer that is to say at a grange belonging to the Archbishopric of Salzburg In time he was commended to Ratpot with whom he stayed for a time Meanwhile however dissensions began to spring up between them Feeling anxious about it Pribina and his men together with his son Kocil fled for the land of the Bulgarians Some time later he left the Bulgarians forduxRatimar s territory At that time king Louis sent Ratpot with a large force to expel prince Ratimar Having no confidence in being able to defend himself he took to flight together with his men who had escaped from the massacre The above mentioned Pribina stopped and crossed the river Sava together with his men where Count Salacho gave shelter to him and brought about his reconciliation with Ratbot In time as soon as the occasion arose the king at the request of his faithful men gave Pribina as benefice the region of Lower Pannonia around the Zala River He then began to live there to build a fortress in a certain forest and swamp on the Zala River gathered the surrounding peoples and greatly thrived in that land lt For him Archbishop Adalram had long ago consecrated a church on his estate at a place over the Danube called Nitrava Conversion of the Bavarians and the Carantanians 18 Dux in Lower Pannonia Edit Principality of Lower Pannonia under Pribina s rule Pribina s main duty was to gather the groups of Slavs who were fleeing from various directions and to keep them loyal to the Franks 17 For this purpose he began to build in 846 a large fortress as his seat of power in the region of Lake Balaton in a territory of modern Zalavar surrounded by forests and swamps along the river Zala 15 17 19 His extremely well fortified castle that became known as Blatnohrad Blatnograd 20 or Moosburg Swamp Fortress served as a bulwark both against the Bulgarians and the Moravians 15 17 19 Pribina s authority stretched from the Raba river to the north to Pecs to the southeast and to Ptuj to the West 21 Pribina undertook to Christianize the local population and built churches in the region 5 At his request the archbishop of Salzburg consecrated a number of churches in Lower Pannonia among them one at modern Pecs 22 Pribina also made a donation of three hundred homesteads and vineyards on a knee of the river Zala to the monastery of Niederaltaich which was confirmed in 860 by Louis the German 23 Pribina seems to have played a prominent role in Louis the German s campaigns against Mojmir I of Moravia 24 For example in 846 the king made a generous gift of one hundred homesteads in the Bavarian marches to him presumably in order to help supply Pribina s troops in the upcoming campaign 25 Moreover in 847 Louis the German converted all Pribina s benefices near Lake Balaton save those he held from the archbishop of Salzburg into personal property in order to reward him for his loyal service presumably in the recent campaigns against the Bohemians and the Moravians 26 There is some uncertainty about Pribina s death 27 He may have been killed in a battle with the Moravians who supported Louis the German s son Carloman in a revolt against the king or he may have been captured and handed over to the Moravians by Carloman 27 28 His son Koceľ was installed as the ruler of Lower Pannonia in 864 by Louis the German 29 See also EditPrincipality of Nitra Principality of Lower PannoniaReferences Edit Wolfram 1979 p 179ff sfn error no target CITEREFWolfram1979 help Goldberg 2006 pp 16 83 84 Spiesz et al 2006 p 20 a b c d Curta 2006 p 333harvnb error no target CITEREFCurta2006 help a b Kirschbaum 2007 p 232harvnb error no target CITEREFKirschbaum2007 help Goldberg 2006 p 267harvnb error no target CITEREFGoldberg2006 help a b c d e f g h i j k Goldberg 2006 p 84harvnb error no target CITEREFGoldberg2006 help a b c Bowlus 1994 p 105harvnb error no target CITEREFBowlus1994 help Bartl 2002 p 17harvnb error no target CITEREFBartl2002 help a b Vlasto 1970 p 24harvnb error no target CITEREFVlasto1970 help Sommer et al 2007 p 221 Kirschbaum 2007 pp 207 232 a b SZOKE Bela Miklos A KARPAT MEDENCE A KAROLING KORBAN ES A MAGYAR HONFOGLALAS p 2 Bowlus 1994 pp 101 104 106 a b c d Bartl 2002 p 19harvnb error no target CITEREFBartl2002 help a b c d e Bowlus 1994 p 104harvnb error no target CITEREFBowlus1994 help a b c d Rona Tas 1999 p 243harvnb error no target CITEREFRona Tas1999 help Wolfram 1979 pp 50 53harvnb error no target CITEREFWolfram1979 help a b Goldberg 2006 p 85harvnb error no target CITEREFGoldberg2006 help Chropovsky 1989 p 73 Luthar 2008 p 105harvnb error no target CITEREFLuthar2008 help Curta 2006 p 134harvnb error no target CITEREFCurta2006 help Bowlus 1994 p 134harvnb error no target CITEREFBowlus1994 help Goldberg 2006 p 139harvnb error no target CITEREFGoldberg2006 help Goldberg 2006 pp 139 140harvnb error no target CITEREFGoldberg2006 help Goldberg 2006 p 142harvnb error no target CITEREFGoldberg2006 help a b Rona Tas 1999 p 244harvnb error no target CITEREFRona Tas1999 help Bartl 2002 p 20harvnb error no target CITEREFBartl2002 help Goldberg 2006 pp 273 274harvnb error no target CITEREFGoldberg2006 help Sources EditBartl Julius 2002 Slovak History Chronology amp Lexicon Bolchazy Carducci Publishers ISBN 0 86516 444 4 Bowlus Charles R 1994 Franks Moravians and Magyars The Struggle for the Middle Danube 788 907 University of Pennsylvania Press ISBN 0 8122 3276 3 Chropovsky Bohuslav 1989 The Slavs Their Significance Political and Cultural History Prague Orbis Press AgencyCurta Florin 2006 Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages 500 1250 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 89452 4 Goldberg Eric J 2006 Struggle for Empire Kingship and Conflict under Louis the German 817 876 Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0 8014 7529 0 Kirschbaum Stanislav J 2007 Historical Dictionary of Slovakia Scarecrow Press Inc ISBN 978 0 8108 5535 9 Luthar Oto 2008 The Land Between A History of Slovenia Peter Lang ISBN 978 3 631 57011 1 Rona Tas Andras 1999 Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages An Introduction to Early Hungarian History Central European University Press ISBN 978 963 9116 48 1 Sommer Petr Trestik Dusan Zemlicka Josef Opacic Zoe 2007 Bohemia and Moravia In Berend Nora 2007 Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy Scandinavia Central Europe and Rus c 900 1200 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 87616 2 Spiesz Anton Caplovic Dusan Bolchazy Ladislaus J 2006 Illustrated Slovak History A Struggle for Sovereignty in Central Europe Bolchazy Carducci Publishers Inc ISBN 978 0 86516 426 0 Vlasto A P 1970 The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 07459 2 Wolfram Herwig 1979 Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum Das Weissbuch der Salzburger Kirche uber die erfolgreiche Mission in Karantanien und Pannonien Bohlau Quellenbucher ISBN 978 3 205 08361 0 External links EditThe Statue of Prince Pribina Map Principalities ruled by Pribina Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pribina amp oldid 1141816516, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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